DISTRIBUTION OF GASES ALONG THE SECTION OF PRODUCTION STRA TA OF POTASSIUM DEPOSITS

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 271-283
Author(s):  
A.N. ZEMSKOV ◽  
◽  
M.Y. LISKOVA ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Sharp Increase ◽  
Component Composition ◽  
Gas Content ◽  
Gas Migration ◽  
Gas Distribution ◽  
Mining Operations ◽  
Salt Rocks ◽  
Accurate Picture

The problem of changing gas content with depth, in the extension and fall of formations has long been of interest to scientists. The change in the gas content of rocks and the component composition of gases with depth is now becoming more relevant due to the tendency of a sharp increase in the depth of formation of productive formations at new mines and deepening of mining operations at already operating facilities. The article discusses the change in the gas content of salt rocks with depth, peculiarities of gas distribution along the section of the productive thickness ofpotassium deposits, gas migration. Unfortunately, the peculiarities of various mine fields according to the conditions of formation and structure of productive formations, the specificity of mineralogical and morphogenetic composition of rocks do not allow to reveal ranges of depths with preferential detection of certain gases and to give a more accurate picture of their distribution.

scholarly journals Geological CO2 quantified by high-temporal resolution stable isotope monitoring in a salt mine

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander H. Frank ◽  
Robert van Geldern ◽  
Anssi Myrttinen ◽  
Martin Zimmer ◽  
Johannes A. C. Barth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Resolution ◽  
Underground Mining ◽  
Stable Carbon Isotope ◽  
Underground Mines ◽  
Background Concentration ◽  
High Temporal Resolution ◽  
Salt Mine ◽  
Gas Migration ◽  
Mining Operations ◽  
Anthropogenic Contributions

AbstractThe relevance of CO2 emissions from geological sources to the atmospheric carbon budget is becoming increasingly recognized. Although geogenic gas migration along faults and in volcanic zones is generally well studied, short-term dynamics of diffusive geogenic CO2 emissions are mostly unknown. While geogenic CO2 is considered a challenging threat for underground mining operations, mines provide an extraordinary opportunity to observe geogenic degassing and dynamics close to its source. Stable carbon isotope monitoring of CO2 allows partitioning geogenic from anthropogenic contributions. High temporal-resolution enables the recognition of temporal and interdependent dynamics, easily missed by discrete sampling. Here, data is presented from an active underground salt mine in central Germany, collected on-site utilizing a field-deployed laser isotope spectrometer. Throughout the 34-day measurement period, total CO2 concentrations varied between 805 ppmV (5th percentile) and 1370 ppmV (95th percentile). With a 400-ppm atmospheric background concentration, an isotope mixing model allows the separation of geogenic (16–27%) from highly dynamic anthropogenic combustion-related contributions (21–54%). The geogenic fraction is inversely correlated to established CO2 concentrations that were driven by anthropogenic CO2 emissions within the mine. The described approach is applicable to other environments, including different types of underground mines, natural caves, and soils.

Assessment of instability initiation in exposed salt rock roofs

2021 ◽  
pp. 34-38
Author(s):  
D. N. Shkuratskiy ◽  
D. S. Chernopazov ◽  
I. B. Vaulina
Keyword(s):  
Damage Zone ◽  
Shear Plane ◽  
Plane Elasticity ◽  
Mining Operations ◽  
Support Design ◽  
Salt Rocks ◽  
Main Requirement ◽  
Potash Salt ◽  
Failure Conditions ◽  
Coulomb Criterion

Stability of rocks is the main requirement for the safe operation of mines. For this purpose, certain measures are applied for the protection and support of underground openings, including roof support design and roof arrangement in the most stable rocks. Stability assessment of underground excavations is largely related to their roof stability. Determination of possible instability conditions in mine roofs governs the choice of support system design and parameters of mine excavations. The Upper Kama Potash Salt Deposit represents a stratified layer of solid salt rocks. Roof instability develops as stratification and roof collapse. The Mohr–Coulomb criterion of coherent rocks is currently used to estimate parameters of a possible damage zone in the exposed roof. This criterion allows evaluating shear plane angles in roof rocks and, as a result, finding parameters of the possible collapse zone. The experience of mining operations in the Upper Kama deposit shows different failure conditions as against the Mohr–Coulomb criterion as the stress state is scarcely included in the criterion used. This study is an attempt to assess parameters of rock exposures by solving a Lame problem in terms of a single mine excavation. The analytical results were compared with the parameters obtained from the plane elasticity solutions by the finite element method. Based on the implemented studies, an engineering approach is developed for the assessment of anticipated instability parameters in exposed roofs in horizontal excavations driven in salt rocks.

A Review of Technical Potential for Coal Production and Coal Degasification – A Conventional Source of Methane – In Nigeria

2003 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-67
Author(s):  
Adepo Jepson Olumide ◽  
Ayodele Charles Oludare ◽  
Balogun Olufemi
Keyword(s):  
Coal Seam ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Underground Mining ◽  
Simple Calculation ◽  
Gas Content ◽  
Gelling Agent ◽  
Coal Bed ◽  
Natural State ◽  
Mining Operations ◽  
Inorganic Matter

Coal, a solid fuel in its natural state has been identified as one of the world's major fossil fuels. It is a compact, stratified mass of mummified plant debris interspersed with smaller amounts of inorganic matter buried in sedimentary rocks. The use of coal as an energy source can be dated back to the prehistoric times. Methane is associated with many if not all coal seams, and is the dreaded “fire damp” responsible for many pit explosions. Coal mines are designed to vent as much methane as possible. It is present in the pores of coal under pressure, released during mining operations and can be extracted through vertical well bores. This paper highlights the fact that pipeline- quality methane can be extracted economically from coal seems before and during underground mining operations. The stimulation method involves hydraulic fracturing of the coal seam by using water, sand and, a gelling agent in a staged and alternating sand/and no sand sequence. The purpose is to create new fractures in the coal seam(s). The cleating of the coal helps to determine the flow characteristics of the coal formation and is vital in the initial productivity of a coal-methane well. The simple calculation of gas-in-place is achieved by multiplying the gas content of the coal by net coal thickness, the density, and the aerial extent of the drainage. The method is claimed to be suitable for use in Nigeria and potential sites for coal bed methane extraction in Nigeria are identified.

scholarly journals The Analysis of Conditions of Hydraulic Backhoes Use in the Coal-Bearing Zones at Kuzbass Open Pits

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 01027
Author(s):  
Andrew Strelnikov ◽  
Michal Radek ◽  
Markus Stolz ◽  
Ralf Rosenberg
Keyword(s):  
Sharp Increase ◽  
Western Siberia ◽  
Coal Industry ◽  
Open Pit ◽  
Open Pit Mining ◽  
Mining Operations ◽  
Market Relations

The period of open pit mining development in Kuzbass (Western Siberia, Russia) until the mid-1990s was characterized by the application of rope and hydraulic shovels in coal-bearing zones, the work of which is not effective enough due to a decrease in productivity in mining operations, high losses and dilution of coal. The supply of this type of excavators was fully provided by Russian excavators' manufacturers. With the transition to market relations since the early 90's, in the coal industry of the Kuzbass two interrelated phenomena have occurred. First, the restructuring of coal industry and the massive privatization of licensed development of explored deposits forced a sharp increase in the open pit construction (from 24 in the early 1990's to 62 now). Secondly, the bankruptcy of excavators' manufacturers led to a reduction in the volume of production of domestic rope shovels. So the problem of defining the conditions of hydraulic backhoes use in the coal-bearing zones became very important.

scholarly journals REGULARITIES OF CHANGES IN THE GAS-DYNAMIC AND GEOMECHANICAL SITUATION AT POTASH MINES

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 426-432
Author(s):  
Alexander ZEMSKOV ◽  
◽  
Maria LISKOVA ◽  
Guzel SHARIPZYANOVA ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Barometric Pressure ◽  
Gas Content ◽  
Mining Operations ◽  
Gas Emissions ◽  
Gas Dynamic ◽  
Natural Factors ◽  
Labor Safety ◽  
Available Information ◽  
Dynamic Phenomena ◽  
Safe Working

Mining operations in potash and salt deposits are complicated by gas emissions and gas dynamic phenomena. The analysis of a large number of gas dynamic phenomena and intense gas emissions at potash mines in Russia and Belarus allowed the authors to identify some patterns. In particular, it was found that the maximum number of gas dynamic phenomena occurs in the 7–10 year of operation of the mines. The purpose of the study is to analyze and identify available information on the influence of heliophysical and manmade factors on the state of rock massifs, which will allow purposefully predicting and preventing the manifestations of these factors, increasing labor safety and efficiency of mining enterprises. Research methods: methods of a full-scale mine experiment to determine the gas content of rocks and the gas content of workings, as well as analysis of statistical data. The results of the study showed that the analysis of data on 84 cases of gas dynamic phenomena at the mines of PJSC Uralkali revealed an increase in the volume of gas emissions from the developed lavas spaces at the mines of JSC Belaruskali as a result of a drop in barometric pressure on the surface. In conclusion, it can be noted that the combination of natural factors together with a powerful man-made impact on the environment creates certain prerequisites for disasters of various scales, ranging from destructive earthquakes to subsidence of mountain pressure, gas dynamic phenomena and intense gas emissions in mines and mines. The set of established patterns formed the basis for the development of a number of preventive measures that increase the safe working conditions of miners and the efficiency of mining enterprises.

Gas content of the D6 coal seam

2021 ◽  
Vol 101 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-25
Author(s):  
S.B. Imanbaeva ◽  
◽  
A.D. Mausymbaeva ◽  
V.M. Yurov ◽  
V.S. Portnov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coal Seam ◽  
Coalbed Methane ◽  
Underground Mining ◽  
Lower Layer ◽  
Complex Structure ◽  
Gas Content ◽  
Mining Operations ◽  
Coal Particles ◽  
The Difference ◽  
External Forces

The article deals with the issues of gas content of the most thick and stable D6 coal seam in the Tentek region. This complex structure seam is dangerous in underground mining for gas and dust outbursts, it consists of coal packs separated by interlayers of mudstones, while the lower layer 0.5-1.5 m thick is very soft, has a strong shear disturbance and is most saturated with methane. Extraction of coalbed methane is a necessary process to ensure the safety of mining operations, to reduce its emissions into the atmosphere, and to utilize it as a fuel and a product for obtaining synthetic materials. The regularity of changes in the particle size distribution of the upper thick pack and the lower thin pack indicates the difference in small coal particles in them, while there are much more of them in the lower layer therefore, the specific surface is larger, which is an important factor of the adsorption processes intensity in the accumulation of methane, and during the gas drainage from the seam. The activation energy of methane from carbohydrate has been determined. A quadratic relationship between methane gas evolution and its initial concentration has been shown. In carbohydrate, it depends on the energy of external forces. A complex relationship has been established between the gas pressure in the coal seam and its concentration and characteristics of the «coal-methanenatural moisture» system. Regularities of changing the methane content of the coal seam depending on its fracturing formed due to the effect of the energy of destruction and the energy appearing with increasing the area of a crack in the coal, have been obtained. The effect of the coal mineral composition on the gas content has been shown.

Unit weight patterns of overlying rocks above commercial-value salt strata in the Upper Kama deposit

2021 ◽  
pp. 39-45
Author(s):  
D. S. Chernopazov ◽  
D. N. Shkuratskiy ◽  
A. I. Sekuntsov
Keyword(s):  
Damage Zone ◽  
Shear Plane ◽  
Plane Elasticity ◽  
Unit Weight ◽  
Mining Operations ◽  
Support Design ◽  
Salt Rocks ◽  
Main Requirement ◽  
Potash Salt ◽  
Coulomb Criterion

Stability of rocks is the main requirement for the safe operation of mines. For this purpose, certain measures are applied for the protection and support of underground openings, including roof support design and roof arrangement in the most stable rocks. Stability assessment of underground excavations is largely related to their roof stability. Determination of possible instability conditions in mine roofs governs the choice of support system design and parameters of mine excavations. The Upper Kama Potash Salt Deposit represents a stratified layer of solid salt rocks. Roof instability develops as stratification and roof collapse. The Mohr–Coulomb criterion of coherent rocks is currently used to estimate parameters of a possible damage zone in the exposed roof. This criterion allows evaluating shear plane angles in roof rocks and, as a result, finding parameters of the possible collapse zone. The experience of mining operations in the Upper Kama deposit shows different failure conditions as against the Mohr–Coulomb criterion as the stress state is scarcely included in the criterion used. This study is an attempt to assess parameters of rock exposures by solving a Lame problem in terms of a single mine excavation. The analytical results were compared with the parameters obtained from the plane elasticity solutions by the finite element method. Based on the implemented studies, an engineering approach is developed for the assessment of anticipated instability parameters in exposed roofs in horizontal excavations driven in salt rocks.

scholarly journals Occurrence Forms, Composition, Distribution, Origin and Potential Hazard of Natural Hydrogen–Hydrocarbon Gases in Ore Deposits of the Khibiny and Lovozero Massifs: A Review

Minerals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 535 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentin A. Nivin
Keyword(s):  
Underground Mining ◽  
Carbon Oxide ◽  
Ore Deposits ◽  
Gas Content ◽  
Potential Hazard ◽  
Mining Operations ◽  
Hydrocarbon Gases ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
Igneous Complexes ◽  
Main Component

The Khibiny and Lovozero massifs—the world’s largest alkaline massifs—contain deposits with unique reserves of phosphorus and rare metals, respectively. The reduced gas content in the rocks and, especially, the ore deposits of these massifs is unusually high for igneous complexes, thus representing both geochemical and practical interests. There are three morphological types (or occurrence forms) of the gas phase in these deposits: occluded (predominantly in vacuoles of micro-inclusions in minerals), diffusely dispersed, and free. All three morphological types have the same qualitative chemical gas composition. Methane is the main component, and molecular hydrogen (which sometimes dominates) and ethane are the subordinate constituents. Heavier methane homologs (up to and including pentanes), alkenes, helium, and rarely carbon oxide and dioxide are present in minor or trace amounts. All three morphological types of gases are irregularly distributed in space to various degrees. Free gases also show a release intensity that varies in time. The majority of researchers recognize that the origin of these gases is abiogenic and mostly related to the formation of the massifs and deposits. However, the relative time and mechanism of their generation are still debated. Emissions of combustible and explosive hydrogen–hydrocarbon gases pose hazards during the underground mining of ore deposits. Therefore, the distinctive features of gas-bearing capacity are an essential part of the mining and geological characterization of such deposits because they provide a basis for establishing and implementing special measures of the gas regime during mining operations.

Impact of in-seam drilling performance on coal seam gas production and remaining gas distribution

2019 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 328
Author(s):  
Fengde Zhou ◽  
Glen Fernandes ◽  
Joao Luft ◽  
Kai Ma ◽  
Mahmoud Oraby ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coal Seam ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Gas Content ◽  
Gas Distribution ◽  
Coal Seams ◽  
Coal Seam Gas ◽  
Gas Saturation ◽  
Drilling Performance ◽  
Permeability Anisotropy ◽  
The Impact

Drilling horizontal wells in low permeability coal seams is a key technology to increase the drainage area of a well, and hence, decrease costs. It’s unavoidable that some parts of the horizontal section will be drilled outside the targeted coal seam due to unforeseen subsurface conditions, such as sub-seismic faulting, seam rolls, basic geosteering tools, drilling practices and limited experiences. Therefore, understanding the impact of horizontal in-seam drilling performance on coal seam gas (CSG) production and remaining gas distribution is an important consideration in drilling and field development plans. This study presents a new workflow to investigate the impact of horizontal in-seam performance on CSG production and gas distribution for coal seams with different porosity, permeability, permeability anisotropy, initial gas content (GC), initial gas saturation and the ratio of in-coal length to in-seam length (RIIL). First, a box model with an area of 2 km × 0.3 km × 6 m was used for conceptual simulations. Reduction indexes of the cumulative gas production at the end of 10 years of simulations were compared. Then, a current Chevron well consisting of a vertical well and two lateral wells, was selected as a case study in which the impact of outside coal drilling on history matching and remaining gas distribution were analysed. Results show that the RIIL plays an increasing role for cases with decreasing permeability or initial gas saturation, while it plays a very similar role for cases with varied porosity, permeability anisotropy and GC. The size and location of outside coal drilling will affect the CSG production and remaining gas distribution.

Using social media to navigate land access issues

2012 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 669
Author(s):  
Jeremy Samuel ◽  
Katherine Teh-White
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Mining Industry ◽  
Mining Operations ◽  
Land Access ◽  
Accurate Picture ◽  
Drilling Operations ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
Staged Approach ◽  
The Right ◽  
Activist Groups

Activist groups and others opposed to drilling operations have used social media with great effect to influence community perceptions of CSG and other mining operations. When faced with the reality of the level of community outrage apparent in social media, many industry executives throw their hands up in despair and conclude they cannot influence the discussion. Others decide that the best approach is to run broad-based advertising and PR campaigns that present only the industry's case–after all, this approach worked well for the mining industry in opposing the mining tax. Neither of these approaches actually addresses or mitigates the outrage that exists in the community or provides a hope of resolving the underlying issues. This extended abstract presents a staged approach to social media engagement using land access as an exemplar, which builds on more than a decade of risk communications experience and applies this to creating engagement and influence in the social media sphere. The approach has five stages. These stages involve: Listening–to key issues and influencers; Understanding–the expectations and outrage factors that emerge; Following–tracking how the conversations are evolving; Engaging–starting to participate in the conversations and only then; Influencing–having built a presence and a community you may start to shape the conversations. You may not always like what you read and hear in social media, but if you participate in a considered way you will get an accurate picture of community expectations and earn the right to help shape the conversations.

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