scholarly journals Estimation of Annual Runoff of Galal Badra Transboundary Watershed Using Arc Swat Model, Wasit, Eastern of Iraq

2021 ◽  
Vol 54 (1D) ◽  
pp. 69-81
Author(s):  
Hazim Manhi
Keyword(s):  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Swat Model ◽  
Water System ◽  
Optimal Investment ◽  
Annual Runoff ◽  
Climatic Data ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Hydrological System ◽  
Initial Perception

Optimal investment of natural water resources in an area is an effective way to provide significant amounts of water that can contribute to reduce the negative impacts of climate extremism. Proper assessment of the components of any hydrological system is a priority in watersheds studying. SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) model was used within ArcGIS, to assess the hydrological situation in general, and surface runoff in particular for Galal Badra Watershed GBW (Wasit Governorate, eastern Iraq). GBW has an area of 2,655 square kilometers (89% of which is in Iran and the rest 11% within Iraq). The data set for SWAT model running were digital elevation model, slope map, soil map, LULC map, and climatic data (precipitation, relative humidity, wind speed, solar radiation, minimum/ maximum air temperature). SWAT simulation concluded that the annual average surface runoff in GBW was 244x106 cubic meters (with an average discharge of 7.8 M3 / s), which accounts for about 25.7% of the total precipitation. This ratio can be used in preliminary forecasting of surface runoff resulting from different amounts of precipitation. The model was not calibrated due to insufficient data available to complete the calibration process. However, the results provided by the SWAT model regarding the water balance elements in the watershed, make the SWAT model an effective tool for hydrological assessments, especially in cases where the necessary data are scarce for various reasons. Also, SWAT results can be considered as a preliminary assessment, which gives an overview of the hydrological situation of the area, contributes to building an initial perception of the water system, determining the most important elements in it, and anticipating the factors most influencing it. This enables policymakers, decision-makers, and stakeholders to adopt future plans at the level of research and implementation that will develop the reality of water investment in the region under conditions of climate extremism.

scholarly journals Hydrological modeling using the SWAT Model in urban and peri-urban environments: The case of Kifissos experimental sub-basin (Athens, Greece)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evgenia Koltsida ◽  
Nikos Mamassis ◽  
Andreas Kallioras
Keyword(s):  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Hydrological Modeling ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Swat Model ◽  
Model Performance ◽  
Curve Number ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Curve Number Method ◽  
Hourly Rainfall

Abstract. SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) is a continuous time, semi-distributed river basin model that has been widely used to evaluate the effects of alternative management decisions on water resources. This study, demonstrates the application of SWAT model for streamflow simulation in an experimental basin with daily and hourly rainfall observations to investigate the influence of rainfall resolution on model performance. The model was calibrated for 2018 and validated for 2019 using the SUFI-2 algorithm in the SWAT-CUP program. Daily surface runoff was estimated using the Curve Number method and hourly surface runoff was estimated using the Green and Ampt Mein Larson method. A sensitivity analysis conducted in this study showed that the parameters related to groundwater flow were more sensitive for daily time intervals and channel routing parameters were more influential for hourly time intervals. Model performance statistics and graphical techniques indicated that the daily model performed better than the sub-daily model. The Curve Number method produced higher discharge peaks than the Green and Ampt Mein Larson method and estimated better the observed values. Overall, the general agreement between observations and simulations in both models suggests that the SWAT model appears to be a reliable tool to predict discharge over long periods of time.

scholarly journals Hydrological modeling of Upper Ribb watershed, Abbay Basin, Ethiopia.

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Hydrological Modeling ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Swat Model ◽  
Simulated Data ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Climate Data ◽  
Water Balance Components ◽  
Discharge Data ◽  
Forested Areas

<p>Hydrological modeling of a watershed is necessary for water resources planning and management. The hydrology of upper Ribb watershed has been analyzed using spatially semi-distributed Soil and water assessment tool (SWAT) model. This study aimed to determine the water balance components and its relation with the rainfall which reaches to the surface of the earth. Different spatio-temporal (land use, soil, digital elevation model, climate data, river discharge) data were used for hydrological modelling of Upper Ribb watershed. The applicability of SWAT model in Upper Ribb watershed has been evaluated using coefficient of determination (R2) and Nash Sutcliff efficiency (NSE) parameters. The calibration results revealed the observed data showed a very good agreement with the simulated data with the R2 and NSE values of 0.90 and 0.84 respectively. Similarly, the validation results of streamflow were acceptable with the R2 and NSE values of 0.80 and 0.82 respectively. The monthly average streamflow from Upper Ribb watershed were found 13.39 m3/s. The major portion of the rainfall contributes to the surface runoff due to the major percentage of the watershed is covered with agricultural lands. The groundwater flow was high in forested areas, while evapotranspiration was found very high in water bodies (Ribb reservoir). In this study area the rainfall showed a direct relationship with the streamflow. The ratio of streamflow and evapotranspiration with rainfall was 0.61 and 0.36 respectively. Due to the presence of high amount of surface runoff and evapotranspiration the deep recharge which contributes to the ground water is not that much significant.</p>

scholarly journals Modeling runoff response to land-use changes using the SWAT model in the Mundaú watershed, Brazil

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 194-206
Author(s):  
Carolyne Wanessa Lins de Andrade Farias ◽  
Suzana Maria Gico Lima Montenegro ◽  
Abelardo Antônio de Assunção Montenegro ◽  
José Romualdo de Sousa Lima ◽  
Raghavan Srinivasan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Land Use Change ◽  
Sediment Yield ◽  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Swat Model ◽  
Land Use Changes ◽  
Water Yield ◽  
Grazing Land ◽  
Runoff And Sediment Yield

Land-use change has a significant influence on runoff process of any watershed, and the deepening of this theme is essential to assist decision making, within the scope of water resources management. The study was conducted for Mundaú River Basin (MRB) using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model. The study aims to assess the issue of land-use change and its effect on evapotranspiration, surface runoff, and sediment yield. Input data like land use, topography, weather, and soil data features are required to undertake watershed simulation. Two scenarios of land use were analyzed over 30 years, which were: a regeneration scenario (referring to use in the year 1987) and another scene of degradation (relating to use in the year 2017). Land use maps for 1987 and 2017 were acquired from satellite images. Overall, during the last three decades, 76.4% of forest was lost in the MRB. The grazing land increased in 2017 at a few more than double the area that existed in 1987. Changes in land use, over the years, resulted in an increase of about 37% in the water yield of MRB. Changes have led to increased processes such as surface runoff and sediment yield and in the decrease of evapotranspiration. The spatial and temporal distribution of land use controls the water balance and sediment production in the MRB.

Evaluation of Forest Water Storage by changing Land Cover in Korea Peninsula

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Youngjin Ko ◽  
Hyun-Woo Jo ◽  
Sujong Lee ◽  
Halim Lee ◽  
Chul-Hee Lim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Cover ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Swat Model ◽  
Google Earth ◽  
Water Infiltration ◽  
Water Yield ◽  
Climatic Data ◽  
Fog Water ◽  
Positive Effects

&lt;p&gt;Water security depends on forests. Forest return less water to soil compared with grasslands or cultivation land because of their higher contribution to atmospheric moisture content via evapotranspiration. Water infiltration and retention are encouraged in forest soil by root systems. They are vital for reducing soil erosion and reducing drought by capturing fog water, reducing surface water run-off and promoting groundwater recharge. Deforestation and Afforestation in Korea Peninsula may cause change of water yield on precipitation storage and erosion control. This study is focus on how much water is contented in the changing land cover, especially forests. SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) model needs some data for simulation of water yield for example DEM, climatic data, land cover, soil data, etc. In this study, evaluation of water yield was performed at two time, 2005 and 2018 using SWAT model. Land cover was classified by using GEE (Google Earth Engine) which is useful tool for classification about enormous data. Through GEE, we got the two land cover maps, 2005 and 2018, these data were used for input data in SWAT model. Soil data is used by FAO Soil. To calibrate result data, we controlled some parameters like soil depth, porous volume which have stronger correlation between forests and soil properties. We can find that forest can store more water than other classes such as city, agriculture, and so on. In this study, we quantitatively estimated the water content by changing land cover. This study present functional positive effects of forests to store water. This study can be used in preparing various forest strategy in South Korea. Above all, this result maybe useful background data for supporting North Korea in afforestation.&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals Assessing the hydrological effect of the check dams in the Loess Plateau, China, by model simulations

2013 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 2185-2193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. D. Xu ◽  
B. J. Fu ◽  
C. S. He
Keyword(s):  
Loess Plateau ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Swat Model ◽  
Annual Runoff ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Reference Period ◽  
The Loess Plateau ◽  
Check Dams ◽  
Hydrological Effects

Abstract. Check dams are commonly used for soil conservation. In the Loess Plateau of China, check dams have been widely constructed as the principal means to retain floodwater and intercept soil sediments since the 1970s. For instance, there are more than 6572 check dams in the Yanhe watershed with an area of 7725 km2 in the Loess Plateau. However, little research has been done to quantify the hydrological effects of the check dams. In this research, the SWAT model (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) was applied to simulate the runoff and sediment in the Yanhe watershed. We treated the 1950s to 1960s as the reference period since there were very few check dams during the period. The model was firstly calibrated and validated in the reference period. The calibrated model was then used in the later periods to simulate the hydrological effects of the check dams. The results showed that the check dams had a regulation effect on runoff and a retention effect on sediment. From 1984 to 1987, the runoff in rainy season (from May to October) decreased by 1.54 m3 s−1 (14.7%) to 3.13 m3 s−1 (25.9%) due to the check dams; while in dry season (from November to the following April), runoff increased by 1.46 m3 s−1 (60.5%) to 1.95 m3 s−1 (101.2%); the sediment in rainy season decreased by 2.49 × 106 ton (34.6%) to 4.35 × 106 ton (48.0%). From 2006 to 2008, the runoff in rainy season decreased by 0.79 m3 s−1 (15.5%) to 1.75 m3 s−1 (28.9%), and the runoff in dry season increased by 0.51 m3 s−1 (20.1%) to 0.97 m3 s−1 (46.4%); the sediment in rainy season decreased by 2.03 × 106 ton (79.4%) to 3.12 × 106 ton (85.5%). Construction of the large number of check dams in the Loess Plateau has enhanced the region's capacity to control the runoff and sediment. In the Yanhe watershed, the annual runoff was reduced by less than 14.3% due to the check dams; and the sediment in rainy season was blocked by up to 85.5%. Thus, check dams are effective measures for soil erosion control in the Loess Plateau.

scholarly journals Assessing the hydrological effect of the check dams in the Loess Plateau, China by model simulations

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 13491-13517 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. D. Xu ◽  
B. J. Fu ◽  
C. S. He
Keyword(s):  
Loess Plateau ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Swat Model ◽  
Annual Runoff ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Reference Period ◽  
The Loess Plateau ◽  
Check Dams ◽  
Hydrological Effects

Abstract. Check dams are commonly used for soil conservation. In the Loess Plateau of China, check dams have been widely constructed as the principal means to retain floodwater and intercept soil sediments since the 1970s. However, little research has been done to quantify the hydrological effects of the check dams. In this research, the SWAT model (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) was applied to simulate the runoff and sediment in the Yanhe watershed in the Loess Plateau. We treated the 1950s to 1960s as "reference period" since there were very few check dams during the period. The model was first calibrated and validated in the "reference period". The calibrated model was then used in the later periods to simulate the hydrological effects of the check dams. The results showed that the check dams had a regulation effect on runoff and a retention effect on sediment. From 1984 to 1987, the runoff in rainy season (from May to October) decreased by 14.7 to 25.9% due to the check dams, while in dry season (from November to the following April), runoff increased by 60.5 to 101.2%; the sediment in rainy season decreased by 34.6 to 48.0%. From 2006 to 2008, the runoff in rainy season decreased by 15.5 to 28.9%, and the runoff in dry season increased by 20.1 to 46.4%; the sediment in rainy season decreased by 79.4 to 85.5%. Construction of the large number of in the Loess Plateau has enhanced the region's capacity to control the runoff and sediment. In the Yanhe watershed, the annual runoff was reduced by less than 14.3% due to the check dams; and the sediment in rainy season was blocked by up to 85.5%. Thus, check dams are effective measures for soil erosion control in the Loess Plateau.

scholarly journals Karakteristik Hidrologi dan Pengelolaannya dengan Model Hidrologi Soil and Water Assessment Tool Sub DAS Cisadane Hulu

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 342-348
Author(s):  
Widya Ulfah Utami ◽  
Enni Dwi Wahjunie ◽  
Suria Darma Tarigan
Keyword(s):  
Land Cover ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Surface Runoff ◽  
River Flow ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Swat Model ◽  
Hydrological Characteristics ◽  
Software Analysis ◽  
Water Assessment ◽  
Soil And Water

One of the priority watersheds to be managed in Indonesia is the Cisadane watershed due to the high degradation problems. The Cisadene watershed degradation could be indicated by a high river flow during rainy season, low baseflow in dry season, and high erosion and sedimentation. One of the main problems in the Cisadane watershed is a huge landcover changes in the Cisadane Hulu watershed that causes a decrease in water absorption region and a surface runoff. The study aimed to analyze landcover changes in the Cisadane Hulu Watershed during 2013-2018 and analyze the watershed conditions based on their hydrological characteristics. Analysis of landcover changes patterns was carried out by processing spatial data using GIS software. Analysis for hydrological characteristics was conducted by using SWAT modelling (Soil and Water Assessment Tool). The results showed that there were land cover changes during 2013-2018. The most significant landcover changes in the Cisadane Hulu watershed was residential area (455.95 ha). The result simulation scenario of the model SWAT showed scenario 2 was the best scenario for the management of the Cisadane Hulu watershed. The application of Soil and Water Conservation can decrease surface runoff by 32.1% and increase lateral flow by 8.89%. Therefore, it is expected that the results of this SWAT model simulation will be taken into consideration by the local government for the optimal management of the Cisadane Hulu watershed.   Keywords: Cisadane watershed, land cover change, SWAT modelling

scholarly journals Impacts of Climate Change and Human Activity on the Runoff Changes in the Guishui River Basin

Land ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 291 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meilin Wang ◽  
Yaqi Shao ◽  
Qun’ou Jiang ◽  
Ling Xiao ◽  
Haiming Yan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Human Activities ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Swat Model ◽  
Temporal Variations ◽  
Annual Runoff ◽  
Average Annual Runoff ◽  
Runoff Changes ◽  
Impacts Of Climate Change

Guishui River Basin in northwestern Beijing has ecological significance and will be one of the venues of the upcoming Beijing Winter Olympic Games in 2022. However, accelerating climate change and human disturbance in recent decades has posed an increasing challenge to the sustainable use of water in the basin. This study simulated the runoff of the Guishui River Basin using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model to reveal the spatio-temporal variations of runoff in the basin and the impacts of climate change and human activities on the runoff changes. The results showed that annual runoff from 2004 to 2018 was relatively small, with an uneven intra-annual runoff distribution. The seasonal trends in runoff showed a decreasing trend in spring and winter while an increasing trend in summer and autumn. There was a first increasing and then decreasing trend of average annual runoff depth from northwest to southeast in the study area. In addition, the contributions of climate change and human activities to changes in runoff of the Guishui River Basin were 60% and 40%, respectively, but with opposite effects. The results can contribute to the rational utilization of water resources in the Guishui River Basin.

scholarly journals INFLUENCE OF SOIL TYPE IN STREAM FLOW AND RUNOFF MODELED FOR THE UPPER DIDESSA CATCHMENT SOUTHWEST ETHIOPIA USING SWAT MODEL

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 444-457 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adisu Befekadu Kebede
Keyword(s):  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Stream Flow ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Swat Model ◽  
Model Performance ◽  
Hydrological Process ◽  
Southwest Ethiopia ◽  
Digital Elevation ◽  
Elevation Model ◽  
Water Assessment

This study aimed to model the flow of streams and identify the sub-basins responsible for the high flow in the Didessa watershed, southwest Ethiopia, considering the regional soils types. Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model was used to simulate stream flow and quantify surface runoff. The input data used were Digital Elevation Model (DEM), land use/land cover map, soil map and metrological data. The data were obtained from Ministry of Water, Irrigation and Electricity and National Meteorology Agency of Ethiopia. Simulation of SWAT was used to identify the most vulnerable sub-basins to the hydrological process. The model was calibrated and validated using the stream flow data. The simulated stream flow was calibrated by the SWAT-CUP2012 calibration sub-model of SWAT-CUP SUFI2. Sensitivity analysis showed that curve numbers (CN2), ALPHA-BNK and CH-K2 are the most sensitive top three parameters. The R2 and Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) values were used to examine the model performance. The results indicate 0.84 and 0.80 for R2 and 0.65 and 0.54 for NSE during calibration and validation, respectively. The average annual surface runoff in the delineated catchment was 774.13 mm. Changes in precipitation explained 89% of the variation in surface runoff, as more than 89% of precipitation from the catchment converted to surface runoff. The most three annual surface runoffs contributing were the 11, 23 and 5 sub-basins. INFLUÊNCIA DO TIPO DE SOLO NO FLUXO DE CÓRREGOS PARA A BACIA SUPERIOR DO RIO DIDESSA, SUDOESTE DA ETIÓPIA UTILIZANDO O MODELO SWATResumoEste estudo teve como objetivo modelar o fluxo de córregos e identificar as sub-bacias responsáveis pelo alto fluxo na bacia hidrográfica do Rio Didessa, sudoeste da Etiópia, considerando os tipos de solos regionais. O modelo SWAT (Solo and Water Assessment Tool) foi utilizado para simular o fluxo da corrente e quantificar o escoamento superficial. Os dados de entrada utilizados foram o Modelo Digital de Elevação (DEM), mapa de uso / cobertura do solo, mapa do solo e dados metrológicos. Os dados foram obtidos no Ministério da Água, Irrigação e Eletricidade e Agência Nacional de Meteorologia da Etiópia. A simulação do SWAT foi utilizada para identificar as sub-bacias mais vulneráveis ao processo hidrológico. O modelo foi calibrado e validado usando os dados de fluxo dos córregos. O fluxo de corrente simulado foi calibrado pelo submodelo de calibração SWAT-CUP2012, do SWAT-CUP SUFI2. A análise de sensibilidade mostrou que os números da curva (CN2), ALPHA-BNK e CH-K2 são os três principais parâmetros mais sensíveis. Os valores de R2 e Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) foram usados para examinar o desempenho do modelo. Os resultados indicam 0,84 e 0,80 para R2 e 0,65 e 0,54 para NSE durante a calibração e validação, respectivamente. O escoamento superficial médio anual na bacia hidrográfica foi de 774,13 mm. Mudanças na precipitação explicaram 89% da variação no escoamento superficial, pois mais de 89% da precipitação da bacia foi convertida em escoamento superficial. As sub-bacias 11, 23 e 5 foram as que mais contribuíram para os fluxos superficiais anuais da Bacia do Rio Didessa. Palavras-chave: Tipo de solo. Análise sensitiva. Fluxo de córregos. Swat-Cup. Bacia Superior do Rio.

scholarly journals CPLFD-GDPT5: High-resolution gridded daily precipitation and temperature data set for two largest Polish river basins

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 127-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomasz Berezowski ◽  
Mateusz Szcześniak ◽  
Ignacy Kardel ◽  
Robert Michałowski ◽  
Tomasz Okruszko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Daily Precipitation ◽  
Hydrological Modelling ◽  
Temperature Data ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
System Modelling ◽  
Climatic Data ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Spatial Coverage ◽  
Precipitation And Temperature

Abstract. The CHASE-PL (Climate change impact assessment for selected sectors in Poland) Forcing Data–Gridded Daily Precipitation &amp; Temperature Dataset–5 km (CPLFD-GDPT5) consists of 1951–2013 daily minimum and maximum air temperatures and precipitation totals interpolated onto a 5 km grid based on daily meteorological observations from the Institute of Meteorology and Water Management (IMGW-PIB; Polish stations), Deutscher Wetterdienst (DWD, German and Czech stations), and European Climate Assessment and Dataset (ECAD) and National Oceanic and Atmosphere Administration–National Climatic Data Center (NOAA-NCDC) (Slovak, Ukrainian, and Belarusian stations). The main purpose for constructing this product was the need for long-term aerial precipitation and temperature data for earth-system modelling, especially hydrological modelling. The spatial coverage is the union of the Vistula and Oder basins and Polish territory. The number of available meteorological stations for precipitation and temperature varies in time from about 100 for temperature and 300 for precipitation in the 1950s up to about 180 for temperature and 700 for precipitation in the 1990s. The precipitation data set was corrected for snowfall and rainfall under-catch with the Richter method. The interpolation methods were kriging with elevation as external drift for temperatures and indicator kriging combined with universal kriging for precipitation. The kriging cross validation revealed low root-mean-squared errors expressed as a fraction of standard deviation (SD): 0.54 and 0.47 for minimum and maximum temperature, respectively, and 0.79 for precipitation. The correlation scores were 0.84 for minimum temperatures, 0.88 for maximum temperatures, and 0.65 for precipitation. The CPLFD-GDPT5 product is consistent with 1971–2000 climatic data published by IMGW-PIB. We also confirm good skill of the product for hydrological modelling by performing an application using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) in the Vistula and Oder basins. Link to the data set: doi:10.4121/uuid:e939aec0-bdd1-440f-bd1e-c49ff10d0a07.

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