scholarly journals Preliminary Report of Object Carrying Behavior by Provisioned Wild Australian Humpback Dolphins (Sousa sahulensis) in Tin Can Bay, Queensland, Australia

2016 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamzin M. Barber
Keyword(s):  
Small Group ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Tool Use ◽  
Preliminary Report ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Cetacean Species ◽  
Play Interactions ◽  
Object Use

Object use by cetaceans is associated with complex cognitive processes, social relations, play and tool use. A comparative approach of how cetacean species use objects will increase our understanding of how this behavior evolved. This study reports on observations of object use by a small group of wild, provisioned Australian humpback dolphins (Sousa sahulensis) in Tin Can Bay, Australia. Data were collated from attendance records, interviews and photographs revealing 23 separate occasions of object use over seven years. A variety of objects, biological and artificial were used by male dolphins during social and play interactions often directed at people. Comparable interactions have occurred in another provisioning program suggesting the behavior may be unique to these situations. The behavior observed in the current study also indicates variations of object use within the species, as objects were not associated with foraging as has been reported in the literature.

scholarly journals VNS in drug resistant epilepsy: preliminary report on a small group of patients

2010 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emilio Franzoni ◽  
Valentina Gentile ◽  
Maria Colonnelli ◽  
Daniela Brunetto ◽  
Ilaria Cecconi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Group ◽  
Preliminary Report ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Drug Resistant Epilepsy

TOOLS AND BRAINS IN BIRDS

Behaviour ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 139 (7) ◽  
pp. 939-973 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denis Boire ◽  
Nektaria Nicolakakis ◽  
Louis Lefebvre
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Tool Use ◽  
Brain Size ◽  
Short Note ◽  
Relative Size ◽  
The Body ◽  
Whole Brain ◽  
Strong Concentration ◽  
The World ◽  
Innovation Rate

AbstractTools are traditionally defined as objects that are used as an extension of the body and held directly in the hand or mouth. By these standards, a vulture breaking an egg by hitting it with a stone uses a tool, but a gull dropping an egg on a rock does not. This distinction between true and borderline (or proto-tool) cases has been criticized for its arbitrariness and anthropocentrism. We show here that relative size of the neostriatum and whole brain distinguish the true and borderline categories in birds using tools to obtain food or water. From two sources, the specialized literature on tools and an innovation data base gathered in the short note sections of 68 journals in 7 areas of the world, we collected 39 true (e.g. use of probes, hammers, sponges, scoops) and 86 borderline (e.g. bait fishing, battering and dropping on anvils, holding with wedges and skewers) cases of tool use in 104 species from 15 parvorders. True tool users have a larger mean residual brain size (regressed against body weight) than do users of borderline tools, confirming the distinction in the literature. In multiple regressions, residual brain size and residual size of the neostriatum (one of the areas in the avian telencephalon thought to be equivalent to the mammalian neocortex) are the best predictors of true tool use reports per taxon. Innovation rate is the best predictor of borderline tool use distribution. Despite the strong concentration of true tool use cases in Corvida and Passerida, independent constrasts suggest that common ancestry is not responsible for the association between tool use and size of the neostriatum and whole brain. Our results demonstrate that birds are more frequent tool users than usually thought and that the complex cognitive processes involved in tool use may have repeatedly co-evolved with large brains in several orders of birds.

scholarly journals Global Free Trade and the Fragmentation of Capitalist Classes: An Uneven and Combined Development Approach to MUSIAD in Turkey

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Akif Avcı
Keyword(s):  
Small Group ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Capital Accumulation ◽  
Uneven Development ◽  
Uneven And Combined Development ◽  
Main Class ◽  
Twitter Account ◽  
Catch Up ◽  
Development Approach

“A small group of young Turkish patriots who have fallen in love with their country have laid the foundation of MUSIAD 30 years ago”. This passage has been taken from the official Twitter account of MUSIAD whose categorisation has always been a contested issue. MUSIAD has been called the “Anatolian Capital”, “Muslim Bourgeoisie”, “Devout Bourgeoisie”, and finally “patriots who have fall in love with their country”. The uniqueness of this study lays in its class-based approach to the MUSIAD affiliates, as it argues that MUSIAD is composed of three main class fractions which are nationally oriented, internationally oriented and transnational. This categorisation is based on the ways in which MUSIAD affiliates engage in social relations of production rather than matters of religion, culture, and ideology. Subsequently, this study argues that the rise of MUSIAD is part of a process of transformation in the patterns of capital accumulation and uneven development of capitalism in Turkey. Accordingly, this study draws on the uneven and combined development approach to understand why MUSIAD affiliates could not catch up with TUSIAD affiliated companies which mostly represent the transnational fraction of Turkish capital. 

scholarly journals The structure of the relationship between physical activity and psychosocial functioning of women and men during the COVID-19 epidemic in Poland

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Mazur ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Physical Activity ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Psychosocial Functioning ◽  
Structural Model ◽  
Mental Health Disorders ◽  
Health Disorders ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Relationship

Since the COVID.19 pandemic is a serious crisis in many countries around the world, it is important to conduct empirical research aimed at identifying risks and factors protecting the functioning of people affected by it [1, 2]. For this reason, the goal of this research is to determine the structure of the relationship between physical activity and psychosocial functioning of 226 women and 226 men during the COVID.19 epidemic in Poland by looking at connections between physical activity, mental health disorders and cognitive processes and their significance for the quality of social relations. Methodologically, the research relies on IPAQ Questionnaire [3], GHQ-28 Questionnaires [4], TUS Test — 6/9 version [5] and the original SFS Scale. The structural model indicates that physical activity weakens the relationship between mental health disorders and cognitive processes, and gender is the moderator of these relationships. This suggests that physical activity adapted to the condition of health may be an important component of gender. individualized psycho. preventive interventions.

Unique features of human movement control predicted by the leading joint hypothesis

2012 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 223-224
Author(s):  
Natalia Dounskaia
Keyword(s):  
Motor Control ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Tool Use ◽  
Movement Control ◽  
Human Movement ◽  
Limb Movements ◽  
Human Limb

AbstractVaesen suggests that motor control is not among the primary origins of the uniqueness of human tool use. However, recent findings show that cognitive processes involved in control of human limb movements may be much more sophisticated than it was believed previously. The sophistication of movement control may substantially contribute to the uniqueness of humans in tool use.

Cognitive processes in psychological adaptation to miscarriage: A preliminary report

1993 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 369-381 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jill R. Tunaley ◽  
Pauline Slade ◽  
Sheila B. Duncan
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Preliminary Report ◽  
Psychological Adaptation

Language and tool making are similar cognitive processes

2012 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 226-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralph L. Holloway
Keyword(s):  
Social Control ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Tool Use ◽  
Stone Tools ◽  
Design Features

AbstractDesign features for language and stone toolmaking (not tool use) involve similar if not homologous cognitive processes. Both are arbitrary transformations of internal “intrinsic” symbolization, whereas non-human tool using is mostly an iconic transformation. The major discontinuity between humans and non-humans (chimpanzees) is language. The presence of stone tools made to standardized patterns suggests communicative and social control skills that involved language.

scholarly journals Specialization in the vicarious learning of novel arbitrary sequences in humans but not orangutans

2020 ◽  
Vol 375 (1805) ◽  
pp. 20190442 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Renner ◽  
Eric M. Patterson ◽  
Francys Subiaul
Keyword(s):  
Tool Use ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Cultural Learning ◽  
Vicarious Learning ◽  
Trial And Error ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Learning Conditions ◽  
Error Learning ◽  
Cognitive Feature ◽  
Do So

Sequence learning underlies many uniquely human behaviours, from complex tool use to language and ritual. To understand whether this fundamental cognitive feature is uniquely derived in humans requires a comparative approach. We propose that the vicarious (but not individual) learning of novel arbitrary sequences represents a human cognitive specialization. To test this hypothesis, we compared the abilities of human children aged 3–5 years and orangutans to learn different types of arbitrary sequences (item-based and spatial-based). Sequences could be learned individually (by trial and error) or vicariously from a human (social) demonstrator or a computer (ghost control). We found that both children and orangutans recalled both types of sequence following trial-and-error learning; older children also learned both types of sequence following social and ghost demonstrations. Orangutans' success individually learning arbitrary sequences shows that their failure to do so in some vicarious learning conditions is not owing to general representational problems. These results provide new insights into some of the most persistent discontinuities observed between humans and other great apes in terms of complex tool use, language and ritual, all of which involve the cultural learning of novel arbitrary sequences. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Ritual renaissance: new insights into the most human of behaviours’.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document