A Cognitive Measure of Entrepreneurial Alertness

Alertness is a foundational concept in current understandings of the spotting and exploitation of entrepreneurial opportunities. Yet, despite being identified as a key theoretical construct of individual entrepreneurs, its cognitive features are not fully described in the literature. And as a result, the existing instruments for measuring this cognitive feature of entrepreneurs do not fully reflect the broad nature of this concept. In this study, the cognitive theoretical basis of alertness is reviewed and a new scale, which better reflects the broader cognitive features of entrepreneurial alertness, is presented. This may assist the validity of future empirical studies that involve entrepreneurial alertness.

Word-Formation Representation of Concept FRIENDSHIP in Modern Russian

The features of word-formation objectification of the concept FRIENDSHIP in the Russian linguistic picture of the world are considered. The research focuses on the structure and semantics of words that form a word-formation nest with apex “friend” in Russian. It was found that the word-formative nest with the top “friend” in Russian includes 53 words. The question is raised about the verification and clarification of the cognitive features of the “Friendship” concept identified at the previous stages of the analysis. It is shown that substantive derivatives embody in conceptual block I “friendship as a feeling and attitude” such new cognitive features as “uniting someone based on friendship, unity of views, interests; cooperationʼ and friendly, benevolent attitude towards someoneʼ, and in conceptual block II the subject of friendshipʼ — such new cognitive features as ʽthe subject of marital relations (only for females)ʼ, ʽthe object that is paired with another object, forming together whole. The analysis of verb derivatives revealed a new cognitive feature for conceptual block III “friendship as a process” is a cognitive feature “to render a friendly service, to serve”. The analysis of adjective and adverbi-al derivatives helped to substantiate the need to introduce into consideration a new conceptual block IV — “quality, property, feature, characteristic of attitude / feeling of friend-ship”, in which 9 new cognitive features were found.

АВТОПОЕЗИС СИСТЕМИ ЕТИЧНИХ КАТЕГОРІЙ В АНГЛІЙСЬКІЙ МОВІ: ЛІНГВОСИНЕРГЕТИЧНИЙ ПІДХІД

The paper represents the results of ethical categories study on the material of the English language from the linguo-synergetic approach. The aim of the paper is to address the issue of self-organization of the system of English-language ethical categories in diachronical perspective. It also highlights the principles of autopoiesis of language systems, invento-rizes the lexical verbalization means of the target ethical categories, reveals the etymological images that underpin ethical categories verbalizers, explains the cognitive connections among the categories in the process of self-organization. The employed methods include semantic analysis, which reveals the meaning of the analyzed words; etymological analysis, which unravels the inner form of the lexicalization units; cognitive reinterpretation, which explains the mental associative connections between the meanings; synergetic analysis, which explains the process of self-organization of the system of ethical categories. The paper draws a borderline between ethical categories and values and argues that ethical cate-gories appeared as a result of generalizations when, for example, a good deed of recurring character was conceived as something good in general, or an obligation in a particular situation was generalized to an all-embracing duty etc. The synergetic properties of language systems are revealed and they include complex hierarchical organization, being open and dynamic, instability and non-linearity. The paper reveals the etymological images that underly the analyzed cate-gories. The process of self-organization of the corpus of ethical categories consists in the fact that the most primordial moral category being reinterpreted gave birth to all other ones. The most primary cognitive trait is “whole” which underlies the category GOOD, while the antagonistic category EVIL is based on the cognitive feature “split”, which proves the polar perception of these categories on the cognitive level in diachrony but not only on the level of current lexico-semantic vari-ants. The autopoiesis of the system of linguoethical categories in the English language has a complex non-linear character, since the connections between the images, which underlie them are multifaced.Key words: cognitive feature, diachrony, etymological image, non-linearity, self-organization. У статті представлені результати дослідження етичних категорій на матеріалі англійської мови з позицій лінгвосинергетичного підходу. Метою статті є викладення проблеми самоорганізації системи англомовних етичних категорій у діахронії. У роботі розглядаються принципи автопоезису мовних систем, здійснюється інвентаризація лексичних засобів вербалізації аналізованих етичних категорій, викладаються етимологічні образи, що покладені в основу вербалізаторів, пояснюються когнітивні зв’язки між категоріями в процесі самоорганізації. Застосовані методи містять семантичний аналіз, етимологічний аналіз, когнітивну інтерпретацію, синергетичний аналіз. У статті здійснено розмежування між етичними категоріями й етичними цінностями й зроблено висновок, що етичні категорії з'явилися в результаті узагальнень, коли, наприклад, повторення певного доброго вчинку стало осмислюватися як щось хороше в цілому або обов'язок у конкретній ситуації був узагальнений до всеосяжного обов'язку тощо. Схарактеризовано синергетичні властивості мовних систем, до яких належать складна ієрархічна організація, відкритість, динамічність, нерівноважність і нелінійність. Було визначено, що між цими параметрами існує кільцева залежність, зміна одного з них веде до зміни всіх інших. У статті розкриваються етимологічні образи, що покладені в основу аналізованих категорій. Викладено процес самоорганізації корпусу етичних категорій, який полягає в тому, що найбільш первинна етична категорія внаслідок когнітивного переосмислення стала основою для утворення інших, що цілком корелює з принципом метафоричності людського мислення. Найбільш первинною когнітивною рисою є «цілісність», яку покладено в основу категорії ДОБРО, тоді як антагоністична категорія ЗЛО базується на когнітивній ознаці «розкол», що доводить полярне сприйняття цих категорій на когнітивному рівні в діахронії, а не лише на рівні сучасних лексико-семантичних варіантів. Автопоезис системи лінгвоетичних категорій в англійській мові має складний нелінійний характер, оскільки зв'язки між образами, які покладено в їх основи, є багатоплановими.Ключові слова: діахронія, етимологічний образ, когнітивна риса, нелінійність, самоорганізація.

Co-occurrence of apathy and impulsivity in progressive supranuclear palsy

BackgroundApathy and impulsivity are common problems in progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) and can worsen its prognosis. They can co-exist in the same patients although their concomitant prevalence remains unclear. Their relationship to emotional lability is also unknown.ObjectivesTo estimate the co-occurrence of apathy and impulsivity and their relationship to emotional lability in PSP. To characterize the demographic, clinical, and cognitive features of PSP patients with apathy and impulsivity.MethodsIn a retrospective study of a long-term clinical cohort, we assessed the prevalence of apathy, impulsivity, and emotional lability from clinical interviews, medical records, and contemporary carer questionnaires. N=154 patients with a diagnosis of probable or possible PSP (according to the 2017 Movement Disorder Society criteria) were identified. N=64 of these patients had neuropathological confirmation of PSP. PSP patients with both apathy and impulsivity were compared in terms of demographic, clinical, and cognitive characteristics to PSP patients with either one or neither of these neuropsychiatric features.ResultsApathy and impulsivity co-existed in two-thirds of people with PSP. A fifth displayed emotional lability in addition to apathy and impulsivity. Apathy and impulsivity were more commonly co-expressed than by chance. There was no single demographic, clinical or cognitive feature that distinguished between PSP patients with versus patients without apathy and impulsivity.ConclusionsThe co-existence of apathy and impulsivity in PSP suggests that these neuropsychiatric features may share similar risk factors and etio-pathogenetic mechanisms. Apathy and impulsivity should be jointly assessed when planning symptomatic treatments for behavioural problems in PSP.

Specialization in the vicarious learning of novel arbitrary sequences in humans but not orangutans

Sequence learning underlies many uniquely human behaviours, from complex tool use to language and ritual. To understand whether this fundamental cognitive feature is uniquely derived in humans requires a comparative approach. We propose that the vicarious (but not individual) learning of novel arbitrary sequences represents a human cognitive specialization. To test this hypothesis, we compared the abilities of human children aged 3–5 years and orangutans to learn different types of arbitrary sequences (item-based and spatial-based). Sequences could be learned individually (by trial and error) or vicariously from a human (social) demonstrator or a computer (ghost control). We found that both children and orangutans recalled both types of sequence following trial-and-error learning; older children also learned both types of sequence following social and ghost demonstrations. Orangutans' success individually learning arbitrary sequences shows that their failure to do so in some vicarious learning conditions is not owing to general representational problems. These results provide new insights into some of the most persistent discontinuities observed between humans and other great apes in terms of complex tool use, language and ritual, all of which involve the cultural learning of novel arbitrary sequences. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Ritual renaissance: new insights into the most human of behaviours’.

Happiness is from the soul: The nature and origins of our happiness concept

What is happiness? Is happiness about feeling good or about being good? Across five studies, we explored the nature and origins of our happiness concept developmentally and cross-linguistically. We found that surprisingly, children as young as age 4 viewed morally bad people as less happy than morally good people, even if the characters all have positive subjective states (Study 1). Moral character did not affect attributions of physical traits (Study 2), and was more powerfully weighted than subjective states in attributions of happiness (Study 3). Moreover, moral character but not intelligence influenced children and adults’ happiness attributions (Study 4). Finally, Chinese people responded similarly when attributing happiness with two words, despite one (“Gao Xing”) being substantially more descriptive than the other (“Kuai Le”) (Study 5). Therefore, we found that moral judgment plays a relatively unique role in happiness attributions, which is surprisingly early emerging and largely independent of linguistic and cultural influences, and thus likely reflects a fundamental cognitive feature of the mind.

Cognitive solution for IoT communication technologies – emphasis on 5G

The 5G cellular network technology, in collaboration with Internet of Things (IoT), is envisaged to connect the world together through a flawless Internet connection between devices and sensors. The things in IoT term can be of any smart devices or Internet-enabled sensors that can share information in order to perform a task collectively or individually. On the other hand, Cognitive Internet of Things plays a vital role in utilizing available spectrum for 5G networks. Addition of cognitive feature to the things can allow decision making capability, thereby reducing the overall traffic congestion and improving the efficiency of the whole IoT system. Therefore, it is of great concern to develop an intelligent network to address a few challenges such as heterogeneity and volume of devices in 5G. The aim of this article is to provide a critical review of existing IoT communication Technologies and highlight several challenges and their potential solutions associated with Cognitive IoT based 5G networks.

Elements, structure and dynamics of the mind-brain system. A model based on 'Cognitive Feature Detectors'

General principles of a unified theory of cognition and its relationships with the brainare outlined, integrating insights from several existing theories and approaches. Structure, dynamics, and development of the neural/cognitive system are described. Cognitive Feature Detectors (CFDs) are the fundamental units: they have a (minimalist) semantic value, strictly related to their location in a cognitive space. A cognitivo-neural isomorphism is postulated between CFDs in this cognitive space, and single (or small sets of) neurons in the neural network. The cognitive space is made of two parts (executive and perceptive), densely connected, both hierarchically organized and clustered in cognitive maps. Within maps, inhibitory connections implement competition between incompatible CFDs. This theoretical sketch is hoped to help addressing general theoretical issues such as the relationship between brain and mind, on the basis of the neural localization of cognitive elements.