scholarly journals Reaction of advanced lines of triticale to karnal bunt (Tilletia indica)

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 1580-1589
Author(s):  
Guillermo Fuentes-Dávila ◽  
Ivón Alejandra Rosas-Jáuregui ◽  
Carlos Antonio Ayón-Ibarra ◽  
José Luis Félix-Fuentes ◽  
Pedro Félix-Valencia
Keyword(s):  
Visual Inspection ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Karnal Bunt ◽  
Tilletia Indica ◽  
Crop Season ◽  
Average Percentage ◽  
Experimental Station ◽  
Boot Stage ◽  
Sowing Dates

Twenty advanced lines of triticale were evaluated for resistance to karnal bunt during the 2014-2015 crop season, at the Norman E. Borlaug Experimental Station. The sowing dates were November 19 and 29, 2014. One mL of an allantoid sporidial suspension (10,000/mL)  was injected during the boot stage of ten spikes per line. A mist-irrigation system was used to provide high humidity in the experimental area. Harvesting and threshing were done manually, and the counting of infected and healthy grains was perfomed by visual inspection. The range of infection for the first sowing date was 0 - 2.4%, with an average of 0.3, and for the second 0 - 1.4%, with an average of 0.4. Five lines did not show any infected grains in both dates and the rest was in the  0.1-2.5% infection category. The average of infection of the susceptible check during the period of inoculation of this group of lines was 86.6%. The highest average percentage of infection of both dates were shown by lines: TURACO/CENT.SARDEV/7/LIRON_2/5/DISB5/3/SPHD/ PVN//YOGUI_6/4/KER_3/6/BULL_10/MANATI_1/8/LIRON_2/5/DISB5/3/SPHD/PVN// YOGUI_6/4/KER_3/6/BULL_10/MANATI_1/9/BICEN (CTSS08Y00035S-099Y-026M-19Y-099M-2Y-2BMX-4Y)  with 1.6 and POPP1_2/CAAL//THELIN#2/5/PRESTO//2*TESMO_1/ MUSX603/4/ARDI_1/TOPO1419//ERIZO_9/3/SUSI_2/6/ARDI/GNU//2*FAHAD_1/4/BULL_ 10/MANATI_1/3/ELK54/ BUF_2//NIMIR_3 with 1.3%. These lines also showed the highest percentage of infection in the first date with 1.8 and 2.4%, respectively.  

scholarly journals ARTIFICIAL FIELD INOCULATION OFBREAD WHEAT ADVANCED LINES WITH TILLETIAINDICA, CAUSAL AGENT OF KARNAL BUNT

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 147-154
Author(s):  
Guillermo Fuentes-Davila ◽  
◽  
Ravi Prakash-Singh ◽  
Ivon Alejandra Rosas-Jauregui ◽  
Carlos Antonio Ayon-Ibarra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Causal Agent ◽  
Karnal Bunt ◽  
Crop Season ◽  
Field Inoculation ◽  
Boot Stage

The reaction to Tilletiaindica of one thousand and ninety twobread wheat advanced lines were evaluated in the field during the crop season 2016-2017. Sowing in beds with two rows was carried out on November 11 and 24, 2016, using 8 g of seed. Five spikes per line were inoculated by injection with 1 mL of an allantoidsporidial suspension (10,000/mL) during the boot stage, and at maturity the percentage of infection was determined by counting healthy and infected grains. The range of infection in the first date was 0-88.83 with a mean of 31.81%, while in the second date it was 0-82.65% with a mean of 24.44%.The range of infection of the two dates was 0.46-83.71% with a mean of 28.12%.Sixteenlines showed a percentage of infection equal or below 5.0% in both dates, and out of those lines, the following five showed less than 2.5%: two sister lines of MUNAL#1/FRANCOLIN#1*2/3/ATTILA*2/PBW65//MURGA(CMSS12Y00701T-099TOPM-099Y-099M-0SY-13M-0WGY), MUNAL#1/FRANCOLIN#1*2/3/ATTILA*2/PBW65//MURGA (CMSS12Y00701T-099TOPM-099Y-099M-0SY-17M-0WGY), BAJ#1/3/KIRITATI//ATTILA*2/PASTOR*2/4/MUTUS*2/TECUE#1, VILLAJUAREZF2009/6/ATTILA/3*BCN//BAV92/3/PASTOR/4/TACUPETOF2001*2/BRAMBLING/5/PAURAQ, and KACHU/BECARD//WBLL1*2/BRAMBLING/4/FRET2/TUKURU//FRET2/3/MUNAL#1. Lines with the highest percentage of infection were: BABAX/LR42//BABAX*2/3/KUKUNA/4/CROSBILL#1/5/BECARD/6/KSW/SAUAL//SAUAL/7/BABAX/LR42//BABAX*2/3/KUKUNA/4/CROSBILL#1/5/BECARD with 88.83 in the first date,MUU/KBIRD//2*KACHU/KIRITATIwith 84.77 and 82.65%in the first and second date, respectively, and TACUPETOF2001*2/BRAMBLING//WBLL1*2/BRAMBLING/6/WBLL1*2/KURUKU*2/5/REH/HARE//2*BCN/3/CROC_1/AE.SQUARROSA(213)//PGO/4/HUITES/7/BAV92//IRENA/KAUZ/3/HUITES/4/2*ROLF07 with 81.67% in the first date. The average of the three highest levels of infection of the susceptible checkwas99.7%.

scholarly journals Use of Optical Sorting to Detect Wheat Kernels Infected with Tilletia indica

Plant Disease ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 86 (9) ◽  
pp. 1011-1013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Floyd E. Dowell ◽  
Theodore N. Boratynski ◽  
Ronald E. Ykema ◽  
Alan K. Dowdy ◽  
Robert T. Staten
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Visual Inspection ◽  
Survey Methods ◽  
Karnal Bunt ◽  
Inspection Time ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Tilletia Indica ◽  
International Regulation ◽  
Optical Sorting ◽  
Wheat Kernels

Wheat infected with Tilletia indica is subject to international regulation by 78 countries, and U.S. economic losses could exceed $1 billion if T. indica was found throughout major wheat-producing regions and caused wheat exports to be halted. Samples are currently manually inspected for the presence of kernels with Karnal bunt as part of routine survey methods. This visual inspection of all seed in a sample can result in harvest delays due to long inspection times and missed kernels due to inspector fatigue. A high-speed sorter was tested to determine if infected kernels could be rapidly removed from 1,800-g wheat samples. When the sorter removed about 8% or more of the sample, the reject portion contained 100% of the bunted kernels. Concentrating the bunted kernels in a smaller sample size will reduce sample inspection time and should reduce inspection errors. One high-speed sorter can process up to 8,800 kg/h; thus, bunted kernels can be rapidly removed from samples or large lots. Each sample was sorted in less than 1 min. This technology provides the wheat industry with a tool to rapidly inspect samples to aid in regulating Karnal bunt, and to remove bunted grains from seed wheat and wheat destined for food or feed use.

scholarly journals Effect of sowing dates and NPK levels on active substances in seeds of isabgol plants (Plantago ovata Forsk, L.).

2002 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. A. Massoud Hekmat ◽  
H. A. A. Hussein ◽  
M. A. El-Gamal Seham
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Plantago Ovata ◽  
Experimental Station ◽  
Sowing Dates ◽  
Fourth Level ◽  
Active Substances ◽  
Npk Fertilization

Two field experiments were carried out in the Experimental Station and Laboratory of the Vegetables and Floriculture Dept., Fac. of Agric., Mansoura Univ., during the winter seasons of 1995/96 and 1996/97. The investigation aimed to study the effect of different sowing dates and NPK fertilization levels, as well as their interactions on active substances extracted from Isabgol plant (mucilage contents). Four sowing dates and six NPK levels were studied. The main findings in this investigation can be summarized as follows: Plants grown in the first sowing data (Nov. 1st week) produced the highest content of mucilage as g/5 g seeds or as percentage of mucilage per plant. The addition of NPK fertilization significantly increased the mucilage content of seed and its percentage per plant. The highest content and percentage were in plants treated with the fourth level of NPK (178.0 g/3m2). Concerning effect of interaction between sowing dates and NPK levels on mucilage content, the highest content and percentage per plant were produced in plants grown in the first sowing date and treated with the fourth level of NPK.

scholarly journals Influence of Sowing Time on Yield and Yield Components of Spring Rapeseed in Lithuania

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 2170
Author(s):  
Lina Marija Butkevičienė ◽  
Zita Kriaučiūnienė ◽  
Rita Pupalienė ◽  
Rimantas Velička ◽  
Silvija Kosteckienė ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Yield Components ◽  
Seed Weight ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Meteorological Conditions ◽  
Sowing Time ◽  
Similar Time ◽  
Experimental Station ◽  
Sowing Dates ◽  
Seed Yields ◽  
Number Of Seeds

Sowing time, as an element, is important to improving the adaptation of cultivars to environmental conditions and to achieving high seed yields. The field experiment was conducted from 2018–2019 at the Experimental Station of Vytautas Magnus University Agriculture Academy. The experimental design included treatments with different sowing dates: eight sowing dates in 2018 and 10 sowing dates in 2019. The first sowing of spring rapeseed was carried out when the soil reached its physical maturity, i.e., it did not stick to agricultural implements and it crumbled well. The other sowing dates were every seven subsequent days. From 2018–2019, the rapeseed emerged as best in early May (3 and 4 May), and later sowing reduced the emergence of rapeseed. In 2018, most pods were formed on one plant when the rapeseed was sown (on 1 June), compared to other sowings, on average 2.8 times more. In 2019, most pods were formed by the latest-sown rapeseed (7 June), from 1.4 to 2.7 times more compared to previously sown crops. In 2018, the sowing time of spring rapeseed did not have a significant effect on the number of seeds in one pod. In 2019, it was found that the rapeseed formed most of the seeds in the pod at a similar time as in 2018: the sowings of 19 April and 7 June. The average number of seeds in the pod was significantly reduced by early sowing (5 April). In 2019, the highest 1000-seed weight was found at the earliest-sown crop (5 April), which was on average 18.0% higher compared to the later sowings. The 1000-seed weight of the last-sown rapeseed (7 June) was the lowest. In 2018, the yields of early-sown (20 April) spring rapeseed were the highest. Later sowing significantly reduced the yields by 20.7 to 48.2%. In 2019, the highest seed yield was obtained after sowing spring rapeseed in late April (26 April); it was significant, on average, 1.9 times higher than the yields of spring rapeseed sown from 3 May to 7 June. Meteorological conditions had a stronger effect on the field emergence and yield components of spring rapeseed than the sowing date.

EFFECT OF SOWING DATE ON GRAIN YIELD OF CRAB GRASS

2001 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 293-297
Author(s):  
S. O. Bakare ◽  
M. G. M. Kolo ◽  
J. A. Oladiran
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Interaction Effect ◽  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Yield Data ◽  
Significant Interaction Effect ◽  
Sowing Dates

There was a significant interaction effect between the variety and the sowing date for the number of productive tillers, indicating that the response to sowing date varied with the variety. A significant reduction in the number of productive tillers became evident when sowing was delayed till 26 June in the straggling variety as compared to sowing dates in May. Lower numbers of productive tillers were also recorded when the sowing of the erect variety was further delayed till 10 July. The grain yield data showed that it is not advisable to sow the straggling variety later than 12 June, while sowing may continue till about 26 June for the erect variety in the study area.

Application of physiological understanding in soybean improvement. I. Understanding phenological constraints to adaptation and yield potential

2011 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Lawn ◽  
A. T. James
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Environmental Control ◽  
Thermal Environment ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Companion Paper ◽  
Interaction Effects ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Environment Interaction ◽  
Sowing Dates ◽  
Eastern Australia

The purpose of this paper and its companion1 is to describe how, in eastern Australia, soybean improvement, in terms of both breeding and agronomy, has been informed and influenced over the past four decades by physiological understanding of the environmental control of phenology. This first paper describes how initial attempts to grow soybean in eastern Australia, using varieties and production practices from the southern USA, met with limited success due to large variety × environment interaction effects on seed yield. In particular, there were large variety × location, variety × sowing date, and variety × sowing date × density effects. These various interaction effects were ultimately explained in terms of the effects of photo-thermal environment on the phenology of different varieties, and the consequences for radiation interception, dry matter production, harvest index, and seed yield. This knowledge enabled the formulation of agronomic practices to optimise sowing date and planting arrangement to suit particular varieties, and underpinned the establishment of commercial production in south-eastern Queensland in the early 1970s. It also influenced the establishment and operation over the next three decades of several separate breeding programs, each targeting phenological adaptation to specific latitudinal regions of eastern Australia. This paper also describes how physiological developments internationally, particularly the discovery of the long juvenile trait and to a lesser extent the semi-dwarf ideotype, subsequently enabled an approach to be conceived for broadening the phenological adaptation of soybeans across latitudes and sowing dates. The application of this approach, and its outcomes in terms of varietal improvement, agronomic management, and the structure of the breeding program, are described in the companion paper.

scholarly journals Effective Seed Yield and Flowering Synchrony of Parents of CIMMYT Three-Way-Cross Tropical Maize Hybrids

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 161
Author(s):  
Alberto A. Chassaigne-Ricciulli ◽  
Leopoldo E. Mendoza-Onofre ◽  
Leobigildo Córdova-Téllez ◽  
Aquiles Carballo-Carballo ◽  
Félix M. San Vicente-García ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Planting Dates ◽  
Flowering Synchrony ◽  
Sowing Dates ◽  
Grain Filling Period ◽  
Hybrid Maize

Genotype, environmental temperature, and agronomic management of parents influence seed yield in three-way cross hybrid maize seed production. The objective of this research was to generate information on the seed production of six three-way cross hybrids and their progenitors, adapted to tropical lowlands. Data on days to—and duration of—flowering, distance to spike and stigmas, and seed yield of five female single crosses and five male inbred lines were recorded for different combinations of four planting densities and four sowing dates in Mexico. The effect of planting density was not significant. The male inbred line T10 was the earliest and highest seed yield and T31 the latest, occupying second place in yield. The single crosses T32/T10 and T13/T14 were the earliest and had the highest effective seed yield. At the earliest sowing date, the females were later in their flowering, accumulated fewer growing degree days (GDD), and obtained higher yields since the grain-filling period coincided with hot days and cool nights. To achieve greater floral synchronization and therefore greater production of hybrid seed, differential planting dates for parents are recommended based on information from the accumulated GDD of each parent. The three-way cross hybrids were classified according to the expected seed yield of the females and the complexity in the synchronization of flowering of their parents.

scholarly journals Induction of MAP Kinase Homologues during Growth and Morphogenetic Development of Karnal Bunt (Tilletia indica) under the Influence of Host Factor(s) from Wheat Spikes

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Atul K. Gupta ◽  
J. M. Seneviratne ◽  
G. K. Joshi ◽  
Anil Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Map Kinase ◽  
Map Kinases ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Host Factor ◽  
Host Factors ◽  
Karnal Bunt ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Tilletia Indica ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein

Signaling pathways that activate different mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in response to certain environmental conditions, play important role in mating type switching (Fus3) and pathogenicity (Pmk1) in many fungi. In order to determine the roles of such regulatory genes inTilletia indica, the causal pathogen of Karnal bunt (KB) of wheat, semi-quantitative and quantitative RT-PCR was carried out to isolate and determine the expression of MAP kinase homologues during fungal growth and development underin vitroculture. Maximum expression of TiFus3 and TiPmk1 genes were observed at 14th and 21st days of culture and decreased thereafter. To investigate whether the fungus alters the expression levels of same kinases upon interaction with plants, cultures were treated with 1% of host factors (extracted from S-2 stage of wheat spikes). Such treatment induced the expression of MAPks in time dependent manner compared to the absence of host factors. These results suggest that host factor(s) provide certain signal(s) which activate TiFus3 and TiPmk1 during morphogenetic development ofT. indica. The results also provides a clue about the role of host factors in enhancing the disease potential due to induction of MAP kinases involved in fungal development and pathogenecity.

Effect of biofumigation with volatiles from Muscodor albus on the viability of Tilletia spp. teliospores

2009 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Blair J. Goates ◽  
Julien Mercier
Keyword(s):  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Karnal Bunt ◽  
Smut Fungi ◽  
Tilletia Indica ◽  
Common Bunt ◽  
Volatile Organic ◽  
Petri Dishes ◽  
Postharvest Control ◽  
Muscodor Albus

Volatile organic compounds produced by the fungus Muscodor albus inhibit or kill numerous fungi. The effect of these volatiles was tested on dormant and physiologically active teliospores of the smut fungi Tilletia horrida , Tilletia indica , and Tilletia tritici , which cause kernel smut of rice, Karnal bunt of wheat, and common bunt of wheat, respectively. Reactivated rye grain culture of M. albus was used to fumigate dormant teliospores in dry Petri dishes and physiologically active teliospores on water agar for up to 5 days at 22 °C. Teliospores of all 3 species were incapable of germination when fumigated on agar for 5 days. When T. tritici on agar was fumigated only during the initial 48 h of incubation, viability was reduced by 73%–99%. Fumigation of dry loose teliospores of T. tritici caused a 69%–97% loss in viability, whereas teliospores within intact sori were not affected. Dormant teliospores of T. horrida and T. indica were not affected by M. albus volatiles. It appears that M. albus has potential as a seed or soil treatment for controlling seedling-infecting smuts where infection is initiated by germinating teliospores prior to seedling emergence. The volatiles were not effective for postharvest control of teliospores under conditions used in these experiments.

scholarly journals Studies on mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) and anthropic environment: 2 - Immature stages research at a rice irrigation system location in South-Eastern Brazil

1993 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 227-236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oswaldo Paulo Forattini ◽  
Iná Kakitani ◽  
Eduardo Massad ◽  
Daniel Marucci
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Vector ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Immature Stage ◽  
Immature Stages ◽  
Breeding Sites ◽  
Experimental Station ◽  
Eastern Brazil ◽  
Rice Irrigation ◽  
Mosquito Breeding ◽  
Natural Breeding

A relation between a rice irrigation system and mosquito breeding was established in a study undertaken at the Ribeira Valley Experimental Station, from January through December 1992. Flooding favoured Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) and Culex (Melanoconion) species, while empty paddies condition were propitious to Aedes scapularis and Culex (Culex) species. Compared with a more primitive area of the same region, several species showed high a degree of adaptation to the anthropic environment. Among them, Anopheles albitarsis, a potential malaria vector that breeds in the irrigation system, has shown immature stage production thirteen times higher than at the natural breeding sites. In addition, Ae. scapularis, An. oswaldoi, Cx. bastagarius, and Cx. chidesteri presented high levels of synanthropy.

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