Impact of impulse irrigation in different phases of the growing season on rice yield in the Krasnodar Territory

The article presents a study of water consumption of rice crops during periodic irrigation in various interphase periods of the growing season. The experiments were carried out on a plot of 21.2 hectares in the rice-growing enterprise of the RBF “Krasnoarmeysky”. The object of the study is an intensive variety of Rapan rice of Russian selection. The subject of the study is the water regime during the growing season of rice. It was found that the transition to intermittent irrigation during the growing season of rice “germination-tillering”, “loading-flowering” and “maturation” allowed to reduce the irrigation rate by 11.4, 5.1, 1.5%, respectively, compared with traditional methods of rice irrigation. The results of harvesting rice grains showed that the average yield according to the experiment was 75.7 c/ha, which is more than in the control by 1.2 c/ha. Additional profit from increasing the yield on the experimental variants ranged from 1,440 rubles/ha to 2,880 rubles/ha, net profit - from 480 rubles/ha to 960 rubles/ha. The total economic effect of the introduction of the pulse irrigation mode into production in various interphase periods of rice cultivation ranged from 549.83 rubles/ha to 1490.71 rubles/ha.

Evaluation of Rice Irrigation Regimes Under the Condition of Kyzylorda Oblast of Kazakhstan

Kyzylorda region is the main rice-growing region of Kazakhstan. Here are cultivated around 80-85% of crops of this culture of its total area. There were disbursed, mainly, old staled and new earth, characterized by the low, rarely moderate salinity. Keeping up 12-15 cm layer of water in a rice draught in the post-tilling to waxen ripeness does not provide a favorable thermal and saline soil and water regimes. Temperature regime of water in a rice draught is determined by climatic conditions of the region and the depth of water on crops. In conditions of extreme continental climate of Syr-Darya water layer at a depth of 12-15 cm in the water warms up the draught 31,0 - 32,5°C, which negatively affects the growth and development of rice plants and its yield. Favorable thermal regime of water is observed at a depth of 17-22 cm, and here we have the necessary salt regime of irrigated soils. Therefore, maintaining the draught in paddy water layer depth of 17-22 cm provides favorable salt and thermal regimes of water and soil.

WATER SAVING MEASURES SUBSTANTIATION FOR RICE IRRIGATION SYSTEMS

Purpose: analysis of the rice production water intensity and justification of measures for water saving, allowing to reduce the use of water resources for growing rice and companion crops, to reduce water intensity of production of a production unit while maintaining high yields. Materials and methods. Methods of analysis and synthesis to substantiate the rice and companion crops irrigation regime were used. Results. The analysis of long-term studies of the FSBSE “RSRILIP” showed that the water demand design norms for rice irrigation are exceeded by 1.5–2.0 times. For example, in the low-water year 2020, the rice irrigation rates on the rice systems of Rostov region fluctuated in agricultural enterprises from 27 to 47 thousand cubic m/ha. To save water resources, the main measures should be: maintaining the reclamation network and hydraulic structures in good condition, planned water use and water distribution, improving irrigation equipment and technologies. The first place in terms of influence on the value of the irrigation rate is the evenness of the check surface, since if the height in the check is more than 0.03–0.05 m from the design, the irrigation rate can double due to the need to create a given layer of water over the entire check area. It was found that the irrigation rate value is also influenced by the natural moisture content of the territory, the granulometric composition of the soil, the rate of filtration, the depth of groundwater, the degree of soil salinity and alkalinization. Depending on these factors under the conditions of Rostov region, the irrigation rate for rice can vary from 27 to 36 thousand cubic m/ha and more. Conclusions. To reduce the irrigation norms, irrigation regimes of the shortened type of flooding and obtaining seedlings on natural moisture reserves are recommended. The rice and companion crops cultivation using the ridge technology with periodic sprinkler irrigation or check flooding requires study.

Development of resource-saving technologies for rice cultivation on rice irrigation systems in the Krasnodar Territory

According to the studies carried out by the US Geological Survey (USGS) under the project GFSAD30, Russia ranks fourth in the world in the number of fertile lands. However, today there are some problems that “slow down” the development of the Russia’s agricultural sector, including the rice-planting complex. One of the main problems of the Russian agro-industrial complex is unsustainable environmental management, which leads to inefficiency and sometimes loss of agricultural production. This is caused by the “rigidity” of the legal framework, the reluctance or inability of the economy to switch to new resourcesaving technologies, as well as the fear of partially or completely losing the crop when switching to new technologies. For the “soft” transition of the economy to new resource-saving technologies, we propose a resource-saving technology for cultivating rice on underground drip irrigation under mulch film on rice irrigation systems, the introduction of which proved its effectiveness, as well as the relevance of our study. The efficiency of proposed resource-saving technology of rice cultivation on drip irrigation is expressed in the increase of profitability of rice production by 26%, reduction of irrigation norm by more than 5 times, labor intensity of rice production by 42% and material costs by 24%. The proposed technology not only reduced the anthropogenic load, but also improved the land reclamation condition, including the situation in the rice irrigation ecosystem. Further development of drip technologies in the rice sector of Russia will allow developing fundamentally new, ecological-reclamative, balanced rice crop rotation with the inclusion of vegetable and cucurbits crops. The proposed technology will provide an opportunity to cultivate rice outside rice irrigation systems on previously rich lands, which will give agro-industrial workers new opportunities and prospects in rice production.