scholarly journals The Activities of the Central Nervous System Following Ethyl Acetate Extract of Mucuna pruriens Seed Administration in Male BALB/c Mice

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 92-99
Author(s):  
Opeyemi Osuntokun ◽  
◽  
Gbola Olayiwola ◽  
Ayomide Oriare ◽  
Hephzibah Odeniran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Ethyl Acetate Extract ◽  
Intraperitoneal Administration ◽  
Mucuna Pruriens ◽  
Reference Drug ◽  
Flexion Extension ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Cns Effects

A number of reports showed the beneficial psychotropic effects of many of the Nigerian medicinal plants, but few scientific studies have been carried out as empirical evidence. This study investigated the possible neurobehavioural effects of ethyl acetate extract of Mucuna pruriens (MP) seed in male BALB/c mice. Male BALB/c mice (2½-3 months old) were grouped into 5 (n=6), treated with normal saline (0.1 mL), n-propanol extract of MP (200, 100, 50 mg/kg) or reference drug haloperidol (HP) or diazepam (DZP); thereafter, subjected to diverse behavioural models to evaluate the central nervous system (CNS) effects of the extract. A bolus of MP (200, 100, and 50 mg/kg) decreased the rectal temperature, exploratory activities (locomotion, rearing and grooming), anxiety-like responses (% open-arms time, open-arm entries, and the total number of enclosed arms times). Additionally, a one-shot of intraperitoneal administration of MP decimated the total score of apomorphine-induced stereotyped behaviours. Latency to hexobarbitone-induced sleep increased significantly in the 200 mg/kg MP, unchanged in the 100 mg/kg MP, and decreased in the 50 mg/kg MP treated groups. There was a marked decrease in the markers of convulsion (tonic flexion, extension, clonic convulsion, stupor, and recovery time) following MP treatment, especially the higher doses (200 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg). In conclusion, the CNS effects of systemic administration of MP seed are not unrelated to its hypothermic, hypnotic, anxiolytic, and anticonvulsant effects.

Interleukin-8 modulates feeding by direct action in the central nervous system

1993 ◽  
Vol 265 (4) ◽  
pp. R877-R882 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. R. Plata-Salaman ◽  
J. P. Borkoski
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Direct Action ◽  
Intraperitoneal Administration ◽  
Interleukin 8 ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Lipopolysaccharide Endotoxin ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Necrosis Factor

Interleukin-8 (IL-8) is released in response to infection, inflammation, and trauma. The most important stimuli for IL-8 release during these pathological processes are IL-1, tumor necrosis factor, and bacterial lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin), factors that have been shown to suppress feeding. In the present study, the participation of IL-8 on the central regulation of feeding was investigated. Intracerebroventricular (icv) microinfusion of recombinant human IL-8 (rhIL-8, 1.0-100 ng/rat) suppressed the short-term (2-h) food intake. The most effective dose of rhIL-8, 20 ng, decreased 2-h food intake by 25% and nighttime food intake by 23%. Intracerebroventricular microinfusion of anti-rhIL-8 antibody (200 and 500 ng) blocked the effect of 20 ng rhIL-8 on 2-h and nighttime food intakes. Computerized analysis of behavioral patterns for the 2-h period demonstrated a specific reduction of meal size (by 33%), whereas meal frequency and meal duration were not affected after the icv microinfusion of 20 ng rhIL-8. This short-term food intake suppression by icv rhIL-8 was accompanied by a small, but significant, increase in cerebrospinal fluid-brain and rectal temperatures. Intraperitoneal administration of rhIL-8 in doses equivalent to those administered centrally had no effect on food intake. The results suggest that IL-8 acts directly in the central nervous system to decrease feeding. This effect of IL-8 may contribute to the food intake suppression frequently accompanying pathological processes.

scholarly journals Central Nervous System Effects of COVID-19 in People with HIV Infection

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Peluso ◽  
Joanna Hellmuth ◽  
Felicia C. Chow
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
General Population ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Selective Vulnerability ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Cns Effects ◽  
Biologic Factors

AbstractThe convergence of the HIV and SARS-CoV-2 pandemics is an emerging field of interest. In this review, we outline the central nervous system (CNS) effects of COVID-19 in the general population and how these effects may manifest in people with HIV (PWH). We discuss the hypothetical mechanisms through which SARS-CoV-2 could impact the CNS during both the acute and recovery phases of infection and the potential selective vulnerability of PWH to these effects as a result of epidemiologic, clinical, and biologic factors. Finally, we define key research questions and considerations for the investigation of CNS sequelae of COVID-19 in PWH.

Central nervous system depressant activity of an ethyl acetate extract from Ipomoea stans roots

2007 ◽  
Vol 112 (2) ◽  
pp. 243-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maribel Herrera-Ruiz ◽  
Carmen Gutiérrez ◽  
J. Enrique Jiménez-Ferrer ◽  
Jaime Tortoriello ◽  
Gumersindo Mirón ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Ethyl Acetate Extract ◽  
Central Nervous System Depressant

Calcitonin and CGRP inhibit gastrointestinal transit via distinct neuronal pathways

1988 ◽  
Vol 254 (6) ◽  
pp. G920-G924 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Jurgen Lenz
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Gastric Emptying ◽  
Small Bowel ◽  
Large Bowel ◽  
Intraperitoneal Administration ◽  
Gastrointestinal Transit ◽  
Small Bowel Transit ◽  
Ganglionic Blockade ◽  
The Central Nervous System

This study compares the central nervous system effects of rat calcitonin and rat calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) on gastrointestinal transit in freely moving rats. Calcitonin and CGRP (0.01-1.0 nmol) injected into the lateral cerebral ventricle significantly inhibited gastric emptying and small bowel transit but did not affect large bowel transit. These biological actions were abolished by ganglionic blockade with chlorisondamine but not by noradrenergic blockade with bretylium. Truncal vagotomy abolished the inhibitory effects of CGRP but not those of calcitonin. Neither adrenalectomy nor hypophysectomy prevented the inhibitory actions of calcitonin and CGRP on gastric emptying and small bowel transit. Intraperitoneal administration of calcitonin and CGRP (1 nmol) produced inhibition of gastric emptying only, and this was not abolished by ganglionic blockade. These results indicate that calcitonin and CGRP exhibit similar central nervous system effects, producing inhibition of gastric emptying and small bowel transit but not altering large bowel transit. Calcitonin inhibits gastrointestinal transit via nonvagal, nonnoradrenergic autonomic efferents, yet CGRP inhibits gastrointestinal transit via vagal efferent fibers.

Combined treatment with temozolomide and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor enhances survival of mice bearing hematologic malignancy at the central nervous system site

Blood ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 99 (6) ◽  
pp. 2241-2244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucio Tentori ◽  
Carlo Leonetti ◽  
Marco Scarsella ◽  
Giulia d'Amati ◽  
Ilaria Portarena ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Hematologic Malignancy ◽  
Parp Inhibitor ◽  
Combined Treatment ◽  
Intraperitoneal Administration ◽  
Intracerebral Injection ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Polymerase Inhibitor

Abstract Temozolomide (TZM) is a DNA-methylating agent that has recently been introduced into various clinical trials for treatment of solid or hematologic neoplasias, including brain lymphomas. In the current study, we have investigated whether the antitumor activity of TZM could be selectively enhanced at the central nervous system (CNS) site by intracerebral injection of a poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor. Mice were injected intracranially with lymphoma cells. The PARP inhibitor NU1025 (1 mg/animal) was delivered intracerebrally, whereas TZM was given as a single or a fractionated dose of 200 mg/kg by intraperitoneal administration. Results indicated that this drug combination significantly enhanced the survival of tumor-bearing mice and that this fractionated modality of treatment was the most effective schedule. Increased survival time was related to a marked reduction of tumor growth, as evidenced by histologic studies. Treatment with TZM alone was ineffective. This is the first report exploring in vivo the combination of TZM with PARP inhibitor for intracerebral neoplasias.

scholarly journals Understanding the Central Nervous System Symptoms of Rotavirus: A Qualitative Review

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 658
Author(s):  
Arash Hellysaz ◽  
Marie Hagbom
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Vagal Afferents ◽  
Enteric Neurons ◽  
Qualitative Review ◽  
Systemic Spread ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Cns Effects ◽  
The Brain

This qualitative review on rotavirus infection and its complications in the central nervous system (CNS) aims to understand the gut–brain mechanisms that give rise to CNS driven symptoms such as vomiting, fever, feelings of sickness, convulsions, encephalitis, and encephalopathy. There is substantial evidence to indicate the involvement of the gut–brain axis in symptoms such as vomiting and diarrhea. The underlying mechanisms are, however, not rotavirus specific, they represent evolutionarily conserved survival mechanisms for protection against pathogen entry and invasion. The reviewed studies show that rotavirus can exert effects on the CNS trough nervous gut–brain communication, via the release of mediators, such as the rotavirus enterotoxin NSP4, which stimulates neighboring enterochromaffin cells in the intestine to release serotonin and activate both enteric neurons and vagal afferents to the brain. Another route to CNS effects is presented through systemic spread via lymphatic pathways, and there are indications that rotavirus RNA can, in some cases where the blood brain barrier is weakened, enter the brain and have direct CNS effects. CNS effects can also be induced indirectly as a consequence of systemic elevation of toxins, cytokines, and/or other messenger molecules. Nevertheless, there is still no definitive or consistent evidence for the underlying mechanisms of rotavirus-induced CNS complications and more in-depth studies are required in the future.

Effects of Hyperoxia on Lung Utrastructure

1970 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 26-27
Author(s):  
Gladys Harrison
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Oxygen Effects ◽  
Age Dependent ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Space Age ◽  
Alveolar Septa ◽  
Extensive Damage

With the advent of the space age and the need to determine the requirements for a space cabin atmosphere, oxygen effects came into increased importance, even though these effects have been the subject of continuous research for many years. In fact, Priestly initiated oxygen research when in 1775 he published his results of isolating oxygen and described the effects of breathing it on himself and two mice, the only creatures to have had the “privilege” of breathing this “pure air”.Early studies had demonstrated the central nervous system effects at pressures above one atmosphere. Light microscopy revealed extensive damage to the lungs at one atmosphere. These changes which included perivascular and peribronchial edema, focal hemorrhage, rupture of the alveolar septa, and widespread edema, resulted in death of the animal in less than one week. The severity of the symptoms differed between species and was age dependent, with young animals being more resistant.

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