scholarly journals Exergetic analysis of the process of pre-treatment of soybean oil for the production of biodiesel

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (44) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina Marques da Silva ◽  
Rômulo Maziero ◽  
Bruno Dorneles de Castro ◽  
Juan Carlos Campos Rubio
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Oil ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Exergy Efficiency ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Exergetic Efficiency ◽  
Chemical Exergy ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Exergetic Analysis ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Installed Capacity

The raw materials used for the production of biodiesel can be vegetable oil, animal tallow or residual fat. Among them, the use of soybean oil stands out. The present study aims to analyze the exergy efficiency of the soybean oil pretreatment process of a biofuel plant in the state of Minas Gerais, with an installed capacity of 152 million liters/year of biodiesel. For that, the calculation of the chemical exergy and the physical exergy of the flows related to the process of refining the oil for biodiesel production was carried out. Plant operating parameters were in order to calculate the exergy efficiency of the process and the mass flow to perform the mass balance of the analyzed plant. The exergetic efficiency of the soybean oil pretreatment process was 88% and destroyed exergy or irreversibility of approximately 11%. Therefore, the yield of the chemical reactions of the process were satisfactory.

scholarly journals Pre-Treatment of Waste Frying Oils for Biodiesel Production

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nyoman Puspa Asri ◽  
Diah Agustina Puspita Sari
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
High Price ◽  
Composite Catalyst ◽  
Frying Oils ◽  
Animal Fats ◽  
Waste Frying Oils ◽  
Pre Treatment

Synthesis of biodiesel is a strategic step in overcoming energy scarcity and the environmental degradationcaused by the continuous use of the petroleum based energy. Biodiesel as an alternative fuel for diesel engine isproduced from renewable resources such as vegetable oils and animal fats. The main obstacle in the biodieselproduction is the high price of the raw materials, resulting in the price of biodiesel is not competitive comparedto the petroleum diesel. Therefore, the use of waste frying oils (WFO) is one way to reduce the cost of biodieselproduction, because of its availability and low price. In the present work, WFO from California Fried chicken(CFC) restaurants in Surabaya were used as feed stock for the biodiesel production. The experiments wereconducted using three steps of processes: pre-treatment of WFO, preparation of alumina based compositecatalyst CaO/KI/γ-Al2O3 and transesterification of treated WFO. WFO was treated by several types and variousamounts of activated adsobents. The treated WFO was transesterified in three neck glass batch reactor withrefluxed methanol using CaO/KI/γ-Al2O3. The results reveal that the best method for treating WFO is using 7.5%(wt. % to WFO) of coconut coir. Alumina based composite catalyst CaO/KI/γ-Al2O3 was very promising fortransesterification of WFO into biodiesel. The yield of biodiesel was 83% and obtained at 65ºC, 5 h of reactiontime, 1:18 of molar ratio WFO to methanol and 6% amount of catalyst.

scholarly journals EFFECT OF OHMIC HEATING AS A PRE-TREATMENT METHOD FOR BIODIESEL EXTRACTION FROM MICROALGAE

2019 ◽  
Vol 81 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Imam Sofi'i ◽  
Sumardi Hadi Sumarlan ◽  
Wignyanto Wignyanto ◽  
Bambang Susilo
Keyword(s):  
Cell Density ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Ohmic Heating ◽  
Treatment Method ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Solvent Extraction Method ◽  
Microalgae Oil ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Density Treatment

Microalgae are single cell organisms that have the potential to be developed as feedstock for biodiesel oil. One of the problems of using microalgae as feedstock for biodiesel is in the extraction process. Microalgae extraction requires considerable cost. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of ohmic heating as a method of pretreatment in microalgae oil extraction. The raw materials used were microalgae paste diluted in two levels cell density, 20 g/L, and 30 g/L. The pretreatment using alternating current (AC) electric with two voltage levels (55 V and 110 V), and the duration of pretreatment was 30 seconds and 60 seconds. The next step was drying and extracting microalgae by solvent extraction method of n-hexane. The results showed that the highest oil yields (14.88%) were obtained by cell density treatment 20 g/L, done for 60 seconds of pretreatment and 110 V voltage. This result was higher than without pretreatment, so the use of pretreatment by ohmic heating can improve extracted oil yield than without pretreatment.

scholarly journals Exergetic analysis of the process of pre-treatment of soybean oil for the production of biodiesel

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (44) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina Marques da Silva ◽  
Rômulo Maziero ◽  
Bruno Dorneles de Castro ◽  
Juan Carlos Campos Rubio
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Oil ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Exergetic Analysis

Exergy analysis of an atmospheric residue desulphurization hydrotreating process for a crude oil refinery

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Poland Jelihi ◽  
Edwin Zondervan
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Oil Refinery ◽  
Exergy Destruction ◽  
Exergetic Efficiency ◽  
Atmospheric Residue ◽  
Chemical Exergy ◽  
Exergetic Analysis ◽  
Renewable Hydrogen ◽  
Petroleum Reserves

Abstract The exhaustion of petroleum reserves and the declining supply of conventional feedstock have forced refineries to use heavier crude oil in their production. Removing the undesirable components containing sulphur and metals in the atmospheric residue (AR) fraction requires extensive catalytic hydrotreating (HT) atmospheric residue desulphurization (ARDS) process. In this work, we endeavour to collect and present a comprehensive dataset to develop and simulate the ARDS HT model. This model is then used for an exergetic analysis to evaluate the performance of the ARDS HT model regarding the exergy destruction, the location of losses and exergetic efficiency. The massive exergy destruction is caused by significant differences in chemical exergy of source and product streams during separations, fractionation and reactions. The exergy destruction in the equipment independent of chemical exergies such as heat exchangers, pumps and compressors is relatively low. This exergetic analysis revealed that the majority of the processing equipment in the ARDS HT process performed satisfactorily. However, the remaining equipment requires improvement for its performance in regards to exergetic efficiency or/and avoidable exergetic losses. To enhance the efficiency of the equipment that is intensive in terms of exergy and energy use, the use of clean and high purity renewable hydrogen and several process rectification is proposed.

scholarly journals Trends in Biodiesel Production from Animal Fat Waste

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 3644 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fidel Toldrá-Reig ◽  
Leticia Mora ◽  
Fidel Toldrá
Keyword(s):  
Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Industrial Plants ◽  
Animal Fat ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Combustion Emission ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Alkaline Catalysis

The agro-food industry generates large amounts of waste that contribute to environmental contamination. Animal fat waste constitutes some of the most relevant waste and the treatment of such waste is quite costly because environmental regulations are quite strict. Part of such costs might be reduced through the generation of bioenergy. Biodiesel constitutes a valid renewable source of energy because it is biodegradable, non-toxic and has a good combustion emission profile and can be blended up to 20% with fossil diesel for its use in many countries. Furthermore, up to 70% of the total cost of biodiesel majorly depends on the cost of the raw materials used, which can be reduced using animal fat waste because they are cheaper than vegetable oil waste. In fact, 6% of total feedstock corresponded to animal fat in 2019. Transesterification with alkaline catalysis is still preferred at industrial plants producing biodiesel. Recent developments in heterogeneous catalysts that can be easily recovered, regenerated and reused, as well as immobilized lipases with increased stability and resistance to alcohol denaturation, are promising for future industrial use. This manuscript reviews the available processes and recent advances for biodiesel generation from animal fat waste.

scholarly journals Small-Scale Biodiesel Production Plants—An Overview

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (7) ◽  
pp. 1901
Author(s):  
Maria Gabriela De Paola ◽  
Ivan Mazza ◽  
Rosy Paletta ◽  
Catia Giovanna Lopresto ◽  
Vincenza Calabrò
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Small Communities ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Cooking Oils ◽  
Renewable Energy Storage

Small-scale plants that produce biodiesel have many social, economic and environmental advantages. Indeed, small plants significantly contribute to renewable energy production and rural development. Communities can use/reuse local raw materials and manage independently processes to obtain biofuels by essential, simple, flexible and cheap tools for self-supply. The review and understanding of recent plants of small biodiesel production is essential to identify limitations and critical units for improvement of the current process. Biodiesel production consists of four main stages, that are pre-treatment of oils, reaction, separation of products and biodiesel purification. Among lots of possibilities, waste cooking oils were chosen as cheap and green sources to produce biodiesel by base-catalyzed transesterification in a batch reactor. In this paper an overview on small-scale production plants is presented with the aim to put in evidence process, materials, control systems, energy consumption and economic parameters useful for the project and design of such scale of plants. Final considerations related to the use of biodiesel such as renewable energy storage (RES) in small communities are discussed too.

scholarly journals Effect of Rhizopus oryzae Fermentation on Kenaf-Based Polylactic Acid’s Monomer

1970 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nur Aimi Mohd Nasir ◽  
Mohd Adlan Mustafa Kamalbahrin ◽  
Nurhafizah Mohamad ◽  
Hazleen Anuar ◽  
Maizirwan Mel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Fermentation Process ◽  
Treatment Process ◽  
Rhizopus Oryzae ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Initial Step ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Biomass Structure ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Materials Used

Kenaf biomass is the potential as raw materials used to produce polylactic acid's monomer which is lactic acid via fermentation by Rhizopus oryzae. Kenaf biomass' structure is complex due to its lignin and cellulose content. This matter had encouraged it to undergo pre- treatment process as the initial step before fermentation process can be done. In this paper, kenaf biomass was treated with dilute sulphuric acid (H2SO4) to hydrolyze the cellulose content in it as well as to convert the cellulose into glucose- a carbon source for Rhizopus to grow. Then, the fermentation process was carried out in shake flask for 3 days at pH 6. Several conditions for fermentation process had been chosen which were 25oC at 150 rpm, 25 oC at 200 rpm, 37 oC at 150 rpm and 37oC at 200 rpm. In this fermentation process, 0.471 g/L, 0.428 g/L, 0.444 g/L and 0.38 g/L of lactic acid was produced respectively. Sample at 25oC at 200 rpm produced maximum amount of lactic acid compared to others.ABSTRAK: Biojisim kenaf berpotensi sebagai bahan mentah dalam penghasilan monomer asid polylactic (poliester alifatik termoplastik diterbitkan daripada sumber boleh diperbaharu seperti kanji jagung) yang merupakan asid laktik menerusi penapaian oleh Rhizopus oryzae (sejenis fungus yang hidup dalam jirim organik yang telah mati). Struktur biojisim kenaf adalah kompleks disebabkan kandungan lignin dan selulosanya. Hal ini menyebabkan ia perlu melalui proses pra-rawatan sebagai langkah awal sebelum proses penapaian dijalankan. Dalam kertas ini, biojirim kenaf dirawat dengan asid sulfurik (H2SO4) yang dicairkan untuk menghidrolisis kandungan selulosa di dalamnya di samping menukar selulosa menjadi glukosa - sumber karbon bagi tumbesaran Rhizopus. Kemudian, proses penapaian dijalankan di dalam kelalang goncang selama 3 hari pada pH 6. Beberapa ciri proses penapaian telah dipilih iaitu 25 oC pada 150 rpm, 25 oC pada 200 rpm, 37 oC pada 150 rpm dan 37 oC pada 200 rpm. Dalam proses penapaian ini, 0.471 g/L, 0.428 g/L, 0.444 g/L dan 0.38 g/L asid laktik dihasilkan secara berturut. Sampel pada 25oC pada 200 rpm menghasilkan kadar asid laktik yang maksimum dibandingkan dengan yang lainnya.KEY WORDS :Kenaf biomass, pre-treatment, lactic acid, Rhizopus oryzae, fermentation

scholarly journals WORLD AND DOMESTIC EXPERIENCE OF BIOETHANOL PRODUCTION

2018 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 50-57
Author(s):  
А.A. Dolinskyi ◽  
O. M. Obodovych ◽  
V.V. Sydorenko
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Process ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Bioethanol Production ◽  
Cost Component ◽  
Crystallinity Degree ◽  
Limited Output ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Materials Used

The paper presents an overview of bioetanol production technologies. It is noted that world fuel ethanol production in 2017 amounted to more than 27,000 million gallons (80 million tons). Eight countries, namely the USA, Brazil, the EU, China, Canada, Thailand, Argentina, India, together produce about 98% of bioethanol. In Ukraine, the volume of bioethanol production by alcoholic factories in recent years has been gradually increasing and amounted to 2,992.8 ths. dal in 2017. The production of ethanol as an additive to gasoline, with regard to the raw materials used, as well as the corresponding technologies, is historically divided into three generations. The first generation of biofuels produced from food crops rich in sugar or starch is currently dominant. Production of advanced biofuels from non-food crop feedstocks is limited. Output is anticipated to remain modest in the short term, as progress is needed to improve technology readiness. The main stages of bioethanol production from lignocellulosic raw materials are pre-treatment, enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation. The pre-treatment process aims to reduce of sizes of raw material particles, provision of the components exposure (hemicellulose, cellulose, starch), provision of better access for the enzymes (in fermentative hydrolysis) to the surface of raw materials, and reduction of crystallinity degree of the cellulose matrix. The pre-treatment process is a major cost component of the overall process. The pre-treatment process is highly recommended as it gives subsequent or direct yield of the fermentable sugars, prevents premature degradation of the yielded sugars, prevents inhibitors formation prior hydrolysis and fermentation, lowers the processing cost, and lowers the demand of conventional energy in general. From the perspective of efficiency, promising methods of pre-treatment of lignocellulosic raw materials to hydrolysis are combined methods combining mechanical, chemical and physical mechanisms of influence on raw materials. One method that combines several physical effects on a treated substance is the discrete-pulsed energy input (DPIE) method. The DPIE method can be applied in the pre- treatment of lignocellulosic raw material in the technology bioethanol production for intensifying the process and reducing energy consumption. Ref. 15, Fig. 2.

scholarly journals INVESTIGATION THE EXERGETIC EFFICIENCY OF REFRIGERANT R290 (PROPANE) APPLICATION FOR WORK OF AIR SPLIT-CONDITIONER

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (1) ◽  
pp. 128-136
Author(s):  
Volodymyr Labay ◽  
◽  
Vitaliy Yaroslav ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Cooling Capacity ◽  
Exergy Efficiency ◽  
Exergetic Efficiency ◽  
External Temperature ◽  
Temperature Conditions ◽  
Exergetic Analysis

In air split-conditioners, the degree of their energy perfection must be determined based on the analysis of their exergy efficiency. In this article the innovative mathematical model developed by the authors for exergetic analysis of the work of air split-conditioners. For example, exergetic analysis was performed on this model for the air split-conditioner with the nominal cooling capacity 2500 W of „Mitsubishi Electric” firm under standard external temperature conditions and received the output-input exergetic ratio (OIER) and exergetic losses in the air split-conditioner individual elements on the refrigerants R410A, R32 and refrigerant R290 (propane). It is shown that the the exergetic efficiency of the air split-conditioner increased by 9.3% and 5.1%, when using the R290 refrigerant compared to R410A and R32, respectively.

scholarly journals Developments in Improving Biodiesel Production from Animal Fats

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fidel Toldrá ◽  
Leticia Mora ◽  
Fidel Toldra Reig
Keyword(s):  
Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Oxidation Stability ◽  
Process Intensification ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Animal Fats ◽  
Costly Treatment ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
The Cost

Animal fats, usually found as waste from slaughterhouses, meat processing industry, and cooking facilities, constitute some of the most relevant waste with costly treatment because environmental regulations are quite strict. Part of such costs may be reduced through the generation of biodiesel that constitutes a valid renewable source of energy because it is biodegradable, non-toxic and has a good combustion emission profile. Furthermore, biodiesel can be blended up to 20% with fossil diesel for its use in many countries. Up to 70% of the total cost of biodiesel majorly depends on the cost of the raw materials used, which can be reduced using animal fat waste because they are cheaper than vegetable oil waste. Transesterification with alkaline catalysis is still preferred at industrial plants producing biodiesel. However, recent developments in technologies for process intensification like ultrasound, microwave, and different types of reactors have been successfully applied in transesterification and improved biodiesel production. Better efficiency has been achieved with new heterogeneous catalysts and nanocatalysts that can be easily recovered, regenerated and reused, and immobilized lipases with increased stability and resistance to alcohol denaturation. Also new adsorbents for increased oxidation stability of biodiesel. All these developments are promising for industrial use in near future.

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