scholarly journals THE UNDERWATER TRAJECTORY BEHAVIOUR OF HEAVY OIL JET IN CROSS-FLOW FROM A BROKEN SURFACE PIPELINE

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Portia Felix
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Oil Spill ◽  
Marine Environment ◽  
Heavy Oil ◽  
Water Surface ◽  
Stokes Equations ◽  
Numerical Models ◽  
Essential Feature ◽  
Buoyant Jet ◽  
Injection Point

Oil spill occurrences continue to raise varying questions and concerns about their impact on and behaviour in the marine environment as they have the potential to cause unfavourable environmental, economic and social impacts. Understanding the behaviour of oil interactions with the ocean and nearby coastal environments is crucial in maintaining a reasonable relationship between relevant stakeholders. For this purpose, oil spill numerical models are useful for predicting the movement and distribution of oil in any receiving marine environment. As a first attempt, this paper presents a very crude oil plume model to simulate the underwater behaviour of a heavy crude oil which originates from an injection point source protruding the water surface discharging heavy oil into a receiving water body of shallow water depth. Most of the existing surface oil spill models do not cater for spills that initially behave as a jet at the water surface which is an essential feature of this hypothetical oil spill scenario. The study sets a specific focus on simulating the underwater suspension and horizontal movement of an oil plume originating from a spill initially behaving as a positively buoyant jet. The model is based on a two-dimensional modified form of the classical Navier-Stokes equations and discretized using the Projection method. The model is applied in a rectangular domain with suitable boundary conditions and parameterizations to observe the underwater oil trajectory behaviour. The model is verified using a benchmark fluid flow problem and its results show reasonable relationship of specific gravity with depth. The ultimate contribution of the study can provide insights necessary for oil spill cleanup decisions as oil behaviour of this nature may pollute the underlying water.

Numerical Modeling of the Oil Spill Trajectory and Real-Time Tracking Using Intelligent Swarm Robots

2013 ◽  
Vol 446-447 ◽  
pp. 1261-1265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohsen Pashna ◽  
Rubiyah Yusof ◽  
Zool H. Ismail
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Modeling ◽  
Numerical Model ◽  
Crude Oil ◽  
Oil Spill ◽  
Water Surface ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Sea Waves ◽  
Robot Locomotion ◽  
Swarm Robots ◽  
Real Time Tracking

An oil spill is discharge of fluid petroleum such as crude oil or its by-product derivations such as diesel and gasoline on the water surface. In this paper, a numerical model of the oil spill has been introduced as a simulation of releasing oil on the sea surface. Meantime, the influence of sea waves and wind has been considered and shown. Moreover, a swarm of robots is engaged in order to track the spreading boundaries of the slicked oil, so that a novel schedule of robot locomotion is presented, based on the online sharing information in the flock network. Therefore, the swarm of robots tracks the oil spill margins intelligently and successfully.

scholarly journals Oceanobacter-related bacteria are important for the degradation of petroleum aliphatic hydrocarbons in the tropical marine environment

Microbiology ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 155 (10) ◽  
pp. 3362-3370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maki Teramoto ◽  
Masahito Suzuki ◽  
Fumiyoshi Okazaki ◽  
Ariani Hatmanti ◽  
Shigeaki Harayama
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Oil Spill ◽  
Marine Environment ◽  
Petroleum Hydrocarbon ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Alkane Degradation ◽  
Degrading Bacteria ◽  
Tropical Sea ◽  
Nitrogen Phosphorus ◽  
Crude Oil Spill

Petroleum-hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria were obtained after enrichment on crude oil (as a ‘chocolate mousse’) in a continuous supply of Indonesian seawater amended with nitrogen, phosphorus and iron nutrients. They were related to Alcanivorax and Marinobacter strains, which are ubiquitous petroleum-hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria in marine environments, and to Oceanobacter kriegii (96.4–96.5 % similarities in almost full-length 16S rRNA gene sequences). The Oceanobacter-related bacteria showed high n-alkane-degrading activity, comparable to that of Alcanivorax borkumensis strain SK2. On the other hand, Alcanivorax strains exhibited high activity for branched-alkane degradation and thus could be key bacteria for branched-alkane biodegradation in tropical seas. Oceanobacter-related bacteria became most dominant in microcosms that simulated a crude oil spill event with Indonesian seawater. The dominance was observed in microcosms that were unamended or amended with fertilizer, suggesting that the Oceanobacter-related strains could become dominant in the natural tropical marine environment after an accidental oil spill, and would continue to dominate in the environment after biostimulation. These results suggest that Oceanobacter-related bacteria could be major degraders of petroleum n-alkanes spilt in the tropical sea.

scholarly journals THE DEVELOPMENT AND TEST OF EQUIPMENT FOR RAPID REFLOTATION OF SPILLED ORIMULSION®

2001 ◽  
Vol 2001 (2) ◽  
pp. 1317-1322 ◽  
Author(s):  
Flemming Hvidbak ◽  
P. Masciangioli
Keyword(s):  
Oil Spill ◽  
Heavy Oil ◽  
Water Surface ◽  
Air Injection ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Surface Enhanced ◽  
Rapid Formation ◽  
Marine Terminals ◽  
Major Attention ◽  
Great Force

ABSTRACT An Orimulsion® spill will behave differently to an oil spill by initially going into suspension as microscopic surfactant coated bitumen particles in the upper 2–3 meters below the sea surface. In case of spills at Orimulsion® marine terminals or nearshore, it is important to be able to rapidly refloat the bitumen. In this way, the spill could be converted to and treated as a conventional heavy oil spill, using booms and heavy oil skimmers. Previous tests by INTEVEP and BITOR indicated that agitation, air injection, and splashing are important for a rapid formation and reflotation of bitumen droplets. This developed into the Forced Adhesion and Flotation (FAF) concept. However, besides the effect of a centrifugal pump's agitation, air injection received the major attention until it was discovered that the splashing effect was as important and at the same time simpler and less costly to employ. As a result, the PNP Orimulsion® Refloater was developed: a floating submerged or nonsubmerged centrifugal pump that sucks from beneath the water surface and with great force discharges vertically up against a splash cover, from where the water splashes back to the surface. Enhanced agitation and very strong aeration causes a very efficient reflotation.

Dynamic interaction of multiple buoyant jets

2012 ◽  
Vol 708 ◽  
pp. 539-575 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian C. H. Lai ◽  
Joseph H. W. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Stokes Equations ◽  
Dynamic Pressure ◽  
Unit Length ◽  
Iterative Solution ◽  
Scalar Fields ◽  
Passive Scalar ◽  
Dynamic Interaction ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Buoyant Jet ◽  
Buoyant Jets

AbstractAn array of closely spaced round buoyant jets interact dynamically due to the pressure field induced by jet entrainment. Mutual jet attraction can result in a significant change in jet trajectories. Jet merging also leads to overlapping of the passive scalar fields associated with the individual jets, resulting in mixing characteristics that are drastically different from those of an independent free jet. A general semi-analytical model for the dynamic interaction of multiple buoyant jets in stagnant ambient conditions is proposed. The external irrotational flow field induced by the buoyant jets is computed by a distribution of point sinks with strength equal to the entrainment per unit length along the unknown jet trajectories and accounting for boundary effects. The buoyant jet trajectories are then determined by an iterative solution of an integral buoyant jet model by tracking the changes in the external entrainment flow and dynamic pressure fields. The velocity and concentration fields of the jet group are obtained by momentum or kinetic energy superposition for merged jets and plumes, respectively. The modelling approach is supported by numerical solution of the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations. The model shows that jet merging and mixing can be significantly affected by jet interactions. Model predictions of the multiple jet trajectories, merging height, as well as the centreline velocity and concentration of the buoyant jet group are in good agreement with experimental data for: (i) a clustered momentum jet group; (ii) a turbulent plume pair; and (iii) a rosette buoyant jet group. Dynamic interactions between a jet group are shown to decrease with the addition of an ambient cross-flow.

Industrial Application of Nickel Tallate Catalyst During Cyclic Steam Stimulation in Boca De Jaruco Reservoir

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexey V. Vakhin ◽  
Irek I. Mukhamatdinov ◽  
Firdavs A. Aliev ◽  
Dmitriy F. Feoktistov ◽  
Sergey A. Sitnov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Heavy Oil ◽  
Industrial Application ◽  
Laboratory Scale ◽  
Catalyst Precursor ◽  
Hydrothermal Conditions ◽  
Cyclic Steam Stimulation ◽  
Steam Stimulation

Abstract A nickel-based catalyst precursor has been synthesized for in-situ upgrading of heavy crude oil that is capable of increasing the efficiency of steam stimulation techniques. The precursor activation occurs due to the decomposition of nickel tallate under hydrothermal conditions. The aim of this study is to analyze the efficiency of in-situ catalytic upgrading of heavy oil from laboratory scale experiments to the field-scale implementation in Boca de Jaruco reservoir. The proposed catalytic composition for in-reservoir chemical transformation of heavy oil and natural bitumen is composed of oil-soluble nickel compound and organic hydrogen donor solvent. The nickel-based catalytic composition in laboratory-scale hydrothermal conditions at 300°С and 90 bars demonstrated a high performance; the content of asphaltenes was reduced from 22% to 7 wt.%. The viscosity of crude oil was also reduced by three times. The technology for industrial-scale production of catalyst precursor was designed and the first pilot batch with a mass of 12 ton was achieved. A «Cyclic steam stimulation» technology was modified in order to deliver the catalytic composition to the pay zones of Boca de Jaruco reservoir (Cuba). The active forms of catalyst precursors are nanodispersed mixed oxides and sulfides of nickel. The pilot test of catalyst injection was carried out in bituminous carbonate formation M, in Boca de Jaruco reservoir (Cuba). The application of catalytic composition provided increase in cumulative oil production and incremental oil recovery in contrast to the previous cycle (without catalyst) is 170% up to date (the effect is in progress). After injection of catalysts, more than 200 samples from production well were analyzed in laboratory. Based on the physical and chemical properties of investigated samples and considering the excellent oil recovery coefficient it is decided to expand the industrial application of catalysts in the given reservoir. The project is scheduled on the fourth quarter of 2021.

EFFORT TO RESCUE OTTERS AFTER SPILL IS IN DISPUTE

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 88 (3) ◽  
pp. 661-661
Author(s):  
J. F. L.
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Oil Spill ◽  
Preliminary Data ◽  
Scientific Information ◽  
Research Projects ◽  
Exxon Valdez ◽  
Sea Otters ◽  
Exxon Valdez Oil Spill ◽  
Rehabilitation Centers ◽  
Government Contract

ANCHORAGE, April 20—Sea otters rescued from waters fouled by the Exxon Valdez oil spill fared poorly after their return to the wild last fall, and scientists working under Government contract say at least half may have perished over the winter. Nearly 900 dead otters were found after the tanker spilled almost 11 million gallons of crude oil in March 1989. An additional 360 were netted alive and brought to rehabilitation centers at Valdez, Seward, Homer and Kodiak. About 200 were later returned to Prince William Sound but some scientists say that as many as half may have perished and that the rehabilitation effort has been largely futile... The withholding of scientific information on the spill for legal reasons by all the parties is becoming a major source of controversy as research projects begin to generate at least preliminary data.

scholarly journals Numerical modeling of the hydraulic impact of riparian vegetation

2018 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 00194
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Wolski ◽  
Tomasz Tymiński ◽  
Grzegorz Chrobak
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Modeling ◽  
Riparian Vegetation ◽  
Water Surface ◽  
Numerical Models ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Careful Examination ◽  
Impact Structure ◽  
Hydraulic Impact ◽  
Vegetation Zones ◽  
Maximal Shear Stress

This paper presents results of numerical modelling of riverbed segment with riparian vegetation performed with use of CCHE2 software. Vegetation zones are places where dynamic of water flow increases. Therefore, there is a need of careful examination of hydraulic impact structure of such zones. Accurate research is necessary and should be performed with use of physical or numerical models, two or three dimensional. Paper presents distribution of velocity and area of water surface for two variants of vegetation deposition acquired in CCHE2D software and modelled for riverbed with distinctive riparian vegetation. Results point to significant (30–40%) increase of maximal velocities in riverbed with riparian vegetation, while directly near the vegetation there were zones with very low velocities. Local damming occurs before vegetal zone. Maximal shear stress in zones with increased velocity is significantly augmented compared to conditions with no vegetation, which can cause more intensive erosion in those zones

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