scholarly journals A Survey on the Manufacturing Contribution of Installed Industrial Robots at Nigerian Breweries Factory in Kaduna Metropolis, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 24-30
Author(s):  
T.N. Guma ◽  
J.O. Akporhuarho
Keyword(s):  
Developed Countries ◽  
Industrial Robots ◽  
Production Lines ◽  
Industrial Processing ◽  
Industrial Base ◽  
Developed Economies ◽  
Industrial Manufacturing ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Beer Production ◽  
Timely Delivery

Industrial robots are used in more advanced automation to effectuate manufacturing with far greater speed, efficiency, safety, guaranteed consistency, and reliability than human processing. Countries that employ automation technologies are leaders in industrial manufacturing and contributions to economy. Developing countries like the ones in Africa are seen to hardly use automation technologies in industrial processing. Nigeria is the largest economy in Africa but her industrial base and development is very low. Many industries in Nigeria and other less developed economies face challenges in transitioning to application of automation technologies due mainly to either lack of awareness, costs, and shortage of manning personnel. Industries noted or suspected to be employing robotic technology in Nigeria were visited or contacted to know the realities. Findings indicated that only few Nigerian industries especially breweries employ robots in manufacturing in the country. Detailed survey of Nigerian Breweries factory in Kaduna metropolis as a notable manufacturing outfit employing industrial robots in Nigeria was conducted. The survey indicated that three robots named the packer, unpacker, and palletizer are employed at the company for removing, arranging, and placing about 25,000 empty glass bottles per hour either from or into crates on beer production lines before and after the bottles are washed or treated. These activities which can also be done manually were estimated to require more than 100 dedicated workers to accomplish every workday at the company. It was also evidential that the robots had greatly being contributing to productivity, quality, safety, and timely delivery of the factory products to customers with greater sale and profitability profile of the Breweries Company. The survey is intended to practically substantiate the technological option of employing robots to boost industrial manufacturing profiles and returns and contributions to economy in less developed countries.

UNIDO, Industrial Processing of Natural Resources. New York: United Nations. 1981. viii + 78pp.US $ 5.00. [United Nations Publication Sales No. E. 81. 11 . B.1]

1982 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 329-333
Author(s):  
Rashid Aziz
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Industrial Processing ◽  
Depth Study ◽  
Manufactured Exports ◽  
Year 2000

The book under review is a concise but fairly in-depth study of the prospects for export diversification from the Less Developed Countries (henceforth labeled as LDCs) particularly to Developed Countries (henceforth labeled as OCs). Given the multiple problems faced by the LOCs in exporting to the OCs - protectionist policies with regards to manufactured exports, volatility of prices obtained for raw material exports, etc. - the study analyses the potential for following an intermediate route. The important issues in the export of semi -processed and wholly processed raw materials are discussed. 111ese issues range from the problems and potentials for the location of processing facilities in the LOCs to the formulation of appropriate policies to encourage an export of processed goods rather than raw materials. Such policies will be useful both in solving the balance of-payments problems of the LDCs and in attaining the goal of the Lima Declaration and Plan of Action on Industrial Development and Co-operation, that called for 2S percent of world industrial production to be located in the LOCs by the year 2000.

Developments Toward A Residential Fit-Out Industry

2011 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 86-94
Author(s):  
Stephen Kendall
Keyword(s):  
Smart Growth ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Shopping Mall ◽  
Building Industry ◽  
Industrial Manufacturing ◽  
Smart Products ◽  
Product Service ◽  
The Us ◽  
New Industry ◽  
Product Service Systems

This paper outlines some of the background of and constraints facing the emergence of a new industry, focused not on buildings as such but on residential fit-out – the integrated kit-of-parts “behind your front door.” Residential application of the distinction between base building (support) and fit-out (infill), although sharing the same principles as the well-established office building and shopping mall sectors, is particularly important because it affects a very large market whose potential is not yet exploited but is arguably nascent. It is well understood that industrial manufacturing processes – now becoming “product service systems” in the consumer sector – are most effective and dynamic where individual users are directly served, as seen in the automotive and electronics/communications sectors. Construction of base buildings understood as “infrastructures for living” is capable of stimulating the evolution of a fit-out industry that will itself accelerate innovation and distribution of new domestic fit-out services and systems. In general, the creation of a genuine fit-out industry is not a technical or industrial design problem. Material subsystems and components like partitioning, bathroom and kitchen equipment, as well as “plug-and-play” piping and wiring are available or are being invented and approved in regulatory regimes internationally. While some smart products are still needed, the problem now is essentially a business proposition. By shifting to the provision of benefits rather than simply manufacturing products, companies may find a competitive advantage in a sector of the building industry now poised for an innovation leap. In the US and other developed countries, this is particularly compelling given the sustainability agenda, smart growth and increased demand for consumer-oriented production. In this perspective, the trend toward base building architecture allows the building industry to effectively come to terms with new and creative modes of industrial production.

scholarly journals Competitiveness as the Ability to Adjust: the EU–10 Exports Structure and Its Convergence to the German Pattern

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-133
Author(s):  
Elżbieta Czarny ◽  
Małgorzata Żmuda
Keyword(s):  
World Trade ◽  
Structural Adjustment ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Living Standard ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Standard International Trade Classification ◽  
Eu Accession ◽  
Developed Economies ◽  
Catching Up ◽  
The Eu

Competitiveness of a nation is associated with a set of characteristics that enable structural adjustment to global technological trends, and as a consequence, a rise in the living standard of its citizens. For catching-up economies, GDP convergence towards the most developed economies, constituting their developmental goal, relies upon its ability to shift production and exports structure towards specialization based on knowledge and innovation. Thus, in this paper, competitiveness is evaluated through structural adjustments of exports, and for catching-up economies (the EU–10 states) it may be understood as the ability to close the structural gap to the most developed countries (here: the strongest EU member economy: Germany). We analyse the evolution of the EU–10 nations’ exports specialization in the years 2000 and 2014, checking whether the convergence towards the German exports pattern can be observed, and which of the analysed economies shows the best ability to shift its exports structure towards high-tech specialization. We look additionally at exports structures in 2004 (the year of EU-accession of eight out of 10 countries in the sample) and in 2009 (world trade collapse during the economic crisis). The analysis is based on the Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) concept by Balassa (1965). We use the UN Trade Statistics data in the Standard International Trade Classification (SITC), Rev. 4. Commodity groups are classified following the methodology developed by Wysokińska (1997, p. 18).

scholarly journals A Agenda Verde Internacional e seus Impactos no Brasil

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 36
Author(s):  
Antonio Teixeira de Barros
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Policy ◽  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Environmental Risks ◽  
Multilateral Negotiations ◽  
External Pressures ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Present Context ◽  
Stockholm Conference

Analisa os impactos da globalização da agenda verde na política ambiental brasileira, com base em uma periodização da agenda nacional, desde as primeiras iniciativas oficiais direcionadas para a conservação da natureza até o contexto atual. São identificados os seguintes aspectos como os mais expressivos dessa agenda: conservacionismo; ecopacifismo; debate sobre riscos ambientais; negociações multilaterais antes e depois da Conferência de Estocolmo (1972); e as políticas voltadas para a sustentabilidade e a redução de gases de efeito-estufa após a Rio 92.  O estudo é realizado com base nas técnicas de pesquisa documental e metanálise, ou seja, no exame de documentos oficiais e de bibliografia especializada sobre o tema. Conclui que a política ambiental brasileira se desenvolveu de forma tardia em relação às demais políticas setoriais e em função das pressões externas dos países desenvolvidos e dos organismos multilaterais, como a ONU.Palavras-chave: Política internacional e ambiente. Política ambiental brasileira. Política e ecologia. Política e legislação ambiental.RESUMEN:En este artículo se analiza el impacto de la globalización de la agenda verde en la política ambiental brasileña, sobre la base de una línea de tiempo de la agenda nacional, ya que las primeras iniciativas oficiales dirigidas a la conservación de la naturaleza para el contexto actual. Las siguientes como las más importantes de esta agenda se identifican: conservacionismo; ecopacifismo; análisis de riesgos ambientales; negociaciones multilaterales antes y después de la Conferencia de Estocolmo (1972); y las políticas dirigidas a la sostenibilidad y la reducción de gases de efecto invernadero después de Río 92. El estudio se llevó a cabo sobre la base de las técnicas de investigación documental y meta-análisis, es decir, el examen de los documentos oficiales y de la literatura profesional sobre el tema . Llega a la conclusión de que la política ambiental brasileña se desarrolló tardíamente en comparación con otras políticas sectoriales y sobre la base de las presiones externas de los países desarrollados y las organizaciones multilaterales como la ONU.Palabras-clave: la política internacional y el medio ambiente. La política ambiental brasileña. La política y la ecología. Política y legislación ambiental.ABSTRACT: This paper analyzes the impacts of globalization on the green Brazilian agenda, based on a periodization of the national agenda since the first official initiatives to the present context. Identifies the following as the most significant aspects of this agenda: conservatism; ecopacifism; debate on environmental risks; multilateral negotiations before and after the Stockholm Conference (1972), and policies aimed at sustainability and the reduction of greenhouse gases after Rio 92. The study is based on the techniques of documentary research and meta-analysis. Concludes that the Brazilian environmental policy was developed so late compared to other sectoral policies and in function of external pressures from developed countries and multilateral organizations such as the UN.Keywords: International politics and the environment. Brazilian environmental policy. Politics and ecology. Environmental policy and legislation.

Abstract 278: Diet-Induced Leukocyte Telomere Shortening Correlates with Extent of Atherosclerosis

2014 ◽  
Vol 115 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
GENESIO KARERE ◽  
Shifra Birnbaum ◽  
Clint Christensen ◽  
Michael Mahaney ◽  
John VandeBerg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Telomere Length ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Single Copy ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Primate Model ◽  
Telomere Shortening ◽  
Atherosclerotic Lesions ◽  
Potential Biomarker ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Before And After

Introduction: Cardiovascular disease, the leading cause of death in developed countries, is commonly due to atherosclerosis. Studies have demonstrated association between leukocyte telomere shortening (LTS), extent of atherosclerotic lesions and accelerated cell senescence. Further LTS is associated with dietary intake. However, efforts to link LTS, diet and extent of lesions have been unsuccessful in humans due to difficulties controlling diet in large human population studies. To begin addressing these critical issues, we controlled dietary fat (high-fat, HF) in baboons for 2yrs - a well-developed primate model of human atherosclerosis. This is the first study in primates showing correlation of LTS with both chronic HF diet and atherosclerotic lesions. Hypothesis: We hypothesized that leukocyte telomere length decreased with chronic HF diet in baboons and is correlated with extent of atherosclerotic lesions. Methods and Results: A cohort of pedigreed baboons (n=107; females=46, males=61) was fed a HF diet for 2yrs. Absolute leukocyte telomere lengths (LTL; kb/diploid genome) were quantified by qPCR before and after diet challenge. Total telomere length was calculated by computing the ratio of telomere quantity per single copy gene quantity (baboon LIPG). Mean LTL was significantly shorter after feeding baboons a HF diet for 2 yrs (paired t test, p=0.03). Baboons (n=232) maintained on a low fat diet for 2yrs showed no significant difference in LTL (p=0.47). These findings suggest that a HF diet accelerates LTS. Further we quantified the extent of atherosclerotic lesions in baboons after 2yr HF diet and found that LTL, adjusted for age and sex, were correlated with lesions in descending aorta (Pearson correlation, r=0.19; p=0.03). Interestingly this correlation was significant in females but not in males after adjusting for age (r=0.27, p=0.03). Conclusions: LTS correlates with chronic feeding with a HF diet in baboons, is significantly correlated with arterial lesions and the correlation is sex-specific. These findings suggest that LTS may be a potential biomarker of extent of atherosclerosis.

Capital-Flow Volatility and Economic Openness: A Wavelet Approach

2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 291-318
Author(s):  
Mihai Mutascu ◽  
Scott W. Hegerty
Keyword(s):  
Emerging Markets ◽  
Developing Economies ◽  
Trade Openness ◽  
Price Volatility ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Capital Flow ◽  
Developed Economies ◽  
Oil Price Volatility ◽  
Real Gdp

The paper analyzes the interaction between capital-flow volatility and trade openness in five developed economies and four emerging markets by applying wavelet analysis over the period from 1990Q1 to 2017Q1. The main findings reveal that, in the medium term, capital-flow volatility drives trade openness in emerging markets and developing economies. Special attention should be paid to developed countries during the 2008 economic crisis, when trade exposure is shown to have had significant effects on capital-flow volatility. In the long term, the direction of comovement is rather idiosyncratic in our set of emerging markets and developing countries. Moreover, in both groups of countries, the intensity and persistence of relationships are very sensitive to the volatility of real GDP and secondary to geopolitical risk and oil-price volatility.

The influence of motivations on international location choice in least developed, emerging and developed countries: evidence from Chinese MNEs

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando Angulo-Ruiz ◽  
Albena Pergelova ◽  
William X. Wei
Keyword(s):  
Emerging Markets ◽  
Multinational Enterprises ◽  
Location Choice ◽  
Emerging Market ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
Institutional Constraints ◽  
Least Developed Countries ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Developed Economies

Purpose This research aims to assess variations of motivations when studying international location decisions. In particular, this study aims to assess the influence of diverse motivations – seeking technology, seeking brand assets, seeking markets, seeking resources and escaping institutional constraints – as determinants of the international location choice of emerging market multinational enterprises (EM MNEs) entering least developed, emerging, and developed countries. Design/methodology/approach The authors develop a set of hypotheses based on the ownership–location–internalization framework and complement it with an institutional perspective. The conceptual model posits that the different internationalization motivations (seeking technology, seeking brand assets, seeking markets, seeking resources and escaping institutional constraints) will impact the location choice of EM MNEs in developed economies, emerging markets or least developed countries. This study uses the 2013 survey data collected by the China Council for the Promotion of International Trade and the Asia Pacific Foundation of Canada. The final sample of analysis of this research includes 693 observations. Findings After controlling for several variables, two-stage Heckman regressions show there is a variation of motivations when EM MNEs enter least developed countries, emerging markets and developed economies. EM MNEs are motivated to enter least developed countries to seek markets and resources. Conversely, those firms enter developed countries in their search for technological assets and to escape institutional constraints at home. While the present study findings show a clear difference in the motivations that lead to location choice in least developed vs developed countries, the results are not as clear for location in other emerging countries. Research limitations/implications The paper offers empirical support for the importance of motivations as crucial determinants of location choice. Originality/value This paper provides a detailed quantitative study on the internationalization location choice of EM MNEs based on their motivations. Though theoretical models underscore the importance of motivations, we know very little about how, in practice, motivations drive location choice. This study contributes to the international location choice literature a deeper understanding of how diverse motivations drive choices of expansion into developed economies, emerging markets or least developed countries.

The Evolution of the Role of Women in Labor Markets in Developed Economies

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Elisabeth T. Pereira ◽  
Stefano Salaris
Keyword(s):  
Labor Markets ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Wage Gap ◽  
Participation Rate ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Gender Inequalities ◽  
Developed Economies ◽  
Role Of Women ◽  
And Gender

The role of women in labor markets has been characterized by great changes in the last century, with gender inequalities decreasing in most developed countries. The stereotypes related to women in labor markets have been hard to break within social norms and cultures. Many efforts have been made in recent decades by governments and national and international institutions to decrease and promote women's empowerment and gender equality in labor markets. This chapter has as its main purposes to provide an overview of the evolution of the role of women in labor markets in developed countries and to investigate this evolution based on a set of variables: gender participation rates, education, employment, the gender gap in management, wages and the gender wage gap, and public policies and laws. However, despite the positive evolution of the participation rate of women in labor markets that has been observed in recent decades, gender inequalities still persist.

Are We All Compressed Developers?

2020 ◽  
pp. 205-229
Author(s):  
D. Hugh Whittaker ◽  
Timothy J. Sturgeon ◽  
Toshie Okita ◽  
Tianbiao Zhu
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Developed Country ◽  
Developed Economies ◽  
Socioeconomic Changes ◽  
Rise Of China ◽  
The Rise Of China ◽  
Red Queen Effect ◽  
Queen Effect

Compressed-development influences increasingly flow from developing to developed countries. Reversing our lens to look at the United States and Japan, we observe that the technological and organizational changes that have spurred compressed development in recent developers are also responsible for changes in industry structure, rising inequality, and employment duality in developed economies. A ‘Red Queen’ effect sees developed countries running faster and undertaking parallel socioeconomic changes to stay in the same privileged place. In some ways ‘we are all compressed developers now’. Looking ahead, and returning to our dyadic pairs, the chapter further considers how the ‘digital economy’ may affect developing–developed country interrelations, and whether we are finally entering an age of ‘great convergence’ with the rise of China and a more multipolar economic and geopolitical structure.

Job Creation and Wages in Least Developed Countries: Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Pablo Rud ◽  
Ija Trapeznikova
Keyword(s):  
Job Creation ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Labour Markets ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
High Wage ◽  
Micro Data ◽  
Least Developed Countries ◽  
Developed Economies ◽  
Sector Model ◽  
Sub Saharan

Abstract Least developed economies are characterised by poorly functioning labour markets: only a small fraction of workers is in paid employment, where productivity and wages are low. We incorporate a standard search framework into a two-sector model of development to assess the importance of different obstacles to job creation and productivity. The model provides new insights in the characterisation of poorly developed labour markets that are observed in the data, such as high wage dispersion. We estimate the model using micro data for six countries in Sub-Saharan Africa and highlight the empirical relevance of labour market frictions, entry costs and skills.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document