scholarly journals Exploring the Effects of E-Cigarettes using Drosophila Melanogaster

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aditi Dosi ◽  
Jennifer Lambert-Peloquin
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Model Organism ◽  
Fruit Flies ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
The Us ◽  
Phenotypic Mutation ◽  
Parent Generation ◽  
F1 Generation

Although the number of vaping-related deaths in the US is rising, the specific cause remains unidentified. Therefore, determining what long-term effects vegetable glycerin (VG) and propylene glycol (PG), the main non-nicotine components in e-cigarettes, may have is crucial. Discovering that these components are harmful when tested on fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster), a model organism, may suggest similar effects in humans. In this study, the number of offspring, changes in behavior, and phenotypic mutations in fruit flies were observed for the parent, F1, and F2 generations after the parent generation was exposed to one of four treatments of aerosolized solution. These included a 50% PG/50% VG, a 30% PG/70% VG, a 70% PG/30% VG, or no solution (control) using a nebulizer for 18 seconds each day, for two days. It was found that each experimental group had fewer offspring than the control. A two-sample T-test (α = 0.05) was used to find that the size of the flies in the F1 generation was statistically significantly smaller in ⅔ of the experimental groups when compared to the control. Furthermore, it was observed using a two-proportion Z-test (α = 0.05) that ⅔ of experimental groups in the parent generation, and all F1 experimental groups were statistically significantly more likely to develop at least one phenotypic mutation than the control. Additionally statistically significant changes were seen in activity patterns and reflex immediately after exposure. Overall, it is probable that exposure to aerosolized VG and PG is a major problem. Although the number of vaping-related deaths in the US is rising, the specific cause remains unidentified. Therefore, determining what long-term effects vegetable glycerin (VG) and propylene glycol (PG), the main non-nicotine components in e-cigarettes, may have is crucial. Discovering that these components are harmful when tested on fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster), a model organism, may suggest similar effects in humans. In this study, the number of offspring, changes in behavior, and phenotypic mutations in fruit flies were observed for the parent, F1, and F2 generations after the parent generation were exposed to one of four treatments of aerosolized solution. These included a 50% PG/50% VG, a 30% PG/70% VG, a 70% PG/30% VG, or no solution (control) using a nebulizer for 18 seconds each day, for two days. It was found that each experimental group had fewer offspring than the control. A two-sample T-test (α = 0.05) was used to find that the size of the flies in the F1 generation was statistically significantly smaller in ⅔ of the experimental groups when compared to the control. Furthermore, it was observed using a two-proportion Z-test (α = 0.05) that ⅔ of experimental groups in the parent generation, and all F1 experimental groups were statistically significantly more likely to develop at least one phenotypic mutation than the control. Additionally statistically significant changes were seen in activity patterns and reflex immediately after exposure. Overall, it is probable that exposure to aerosolized VG and PG is a major problem.

Disruptive Soft Law and Post-Crisis US Reform

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abraham L. Newman ◽  
Elliot Posner
Keyword(s):  
Financial Markets ◽  
Great Recession ◽  
Regulatory Reform ◽  
The United States ◽  
Soft Law ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
The Great Recession ◽  
The Us ◽  
International Interaction

Chapter 6 examines the long-term effects of international soft law on policy in the United States since 2008. The extent and type of post-crisis US cooperation with foreign jurisdictions have varied considerably with far-reaching ramifications for international financial markets. Focusing on the international interaction of reforms in banking and derivatives, the chapter uses the book’s approach to understand US regulation in the wake of the Great Recession. The authors attribute seemingly random variation in the US relationship to foreign regulation and markets to differences in pre-crisis international soft law. Here, the existence (or absence) of robust soft law and standard-creating institutions determines the resources available to policy entrepreneurs as well as their orientation and attitudes toward international cooperation. Soft law plays a central role in the evolution of US regulatory reform and its interface with the rest of the world.

scholarly journals Teaching Future Educators During a Global Pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 25-36
Author(s):  
Jacquelynne Anne Boivin
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Faculty Members ◽  
Private Higher Education ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
The Us ◽  
Private Higher Education Institutions ◽  
K 12

While schools are the center of attention in many regards throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, programs that prepare educators have not received nearly as much attention. How has the reliance on technology, shifts in daily norms with health precautions, and other pandemic-related changes affected how colleges and universities are preparing teachers for their careers? This article walks the reader through the pandemic, from spring 2020, when the virus first shut down the US in most ways, to the winter of 2021. The authors, two educator preparation faculty members from both public and private higher education institutions in Massachusetts, reflect on their experiences navigating the challenges and enriching insights the pandemic brought to their work. Considerations for future implications for the field of teacher-preparation are delineated to think about the long-term effects this pandemic could have on higher education and K-12 education.

scholarly journals Adverse Events Involving Hallux Metatarsophalangeal Joint Implants: Comprehensive Analysis of US Food and Drug Administration Data from 2010 to 2018

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 2473011420S0009
Author(s):  
Craig C. Akoh ◽  
Rishin J. Kadakia ◽  
Jie Chen ◽  
Young-uk Park ◽  
Hyong Nyun Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Events ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Metatarsophalangeal Joint ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Modes Of Failure ◽  
The Us ◽  
User Facility ◽  
Joint Implants ◽  
Component Loosening

Category: Midfoot/Forefoot; Other Introduction/Purpose: The prevalence of osteoarthritis of the hallux metatarsophalangeal joint (MTPJ) is estimated to affect 1 in 40 people over the age of 50. Surgical treatment options for MTPJ arthritis include joint preservation, joint resurfacing, and salvage arthrodesis. Arthroplasty of the great toe MTPJ has evolved over the past several decades. The aims of this study were to examine the MAUDE database to determine reported adverse events for hallux MTPJ arthroplasty. Methods: The US Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Manufacturer and User Facility Device Experience (MAUDE) database was reviewed from 2010-2018 to determine reported adverse events for approved implants. We recorded and categorized the type of adverse event and excluded duplicate reports and those extracted from already published literature. Results: Among 64 unique hallux MTPJ implant adverse events, the most common modes of failure were component loosening (34%), component fracture (9.4%), inflammation (9.4%), infection (14.1%), and allergic reaction (7.8%). In regards to implant type, synthetic implants (Cartiva) had the highest percentage of adverse events (23.4%), followed by Arthrosurface ToeMotion (20.3%), Ascension MGT (12.5%), Arthrosurface HemiCAP (10.9%), Futura primus (9.4%), and Osteomed Reflexion (6.3%). The number of adverse events reported increased substantially after 2016. Conclusion: Our study of the MAUDE database demonstrated that component loosening and infection are the most common modes of adverse events for hallux MTPJ implants. Cartiva accounted for one-fourth of the implant-related adverse events during our study period, followed by ToeMotion and Ascension MGT implants. Given that the adverse events for hallux MTPJ implants are underreported, improved reporting mechanisms should be utilized to improve our understanding on long-term effects of various hallux MTPJ implants. [Table: see text]

Climate change, ‘Anthropocene unburials’ and agency on a thawing planet

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 375-393
Author(s):  
Dawn Keetley
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Nuclear Energy ◽  
Global Capitalism ◽  
First Century ◽  
Television Series ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Nuclear Testing ◽  
The Us ◽  
Twenty First Century

Three narratives from different historical moments - the US film The Beast from 20,000 Fathoms (1953), the US/Canadian film The Thaw (2009) and the first season of the British television series Fortitude (2015) - disclose shifts in the imagining of prehistoric creatures emerging from thawing ice, and all three thus intervene in evolving discourses surrounding climate change, nature and agency (both human and nonhuman). Beast was released at what many scientists have declared the very beginning of the ‘Anthropocene’ - that geological era marked by humans as primary shapers of planetary life. An iconic film of the Atomic Age, Beast features a thawed creature from Earth’s prehistory, and the fault-lines are sharply drawn between it and the humans who unknowingly unleashed it. Although the consequences of nuclear testing (along with the notion of the ‘Anthropocene’) were decades in the future, Beast imagines those consequences with startling and destructive clarity. In the twenty-first century, the long-term effects of nuclear energy, and industrial global capitalism more generally, have become strikingly evident. The thawed creatures of both Fortitude and The Thaw have neither the visibility nor the separateness of the ‘Beast’ from 1953, however. Tracing increasingly entangled notions of existence, culpability and responsibility in the Anthropocene era, these twenty-first-century creatures incubate within human hosts, becoming interwoven with the human, and thus complicate familiar notions of agency.

scholarly journals Current and Emerging Approaches for Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis Treatment

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 175-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ming-Ming Chen ◽  
Jing-Jing Cai ◽  
Yao Yu ◽  
Zhi-Gang She ◽  
Hongliang Li
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis ◽  
Lifestyle Modification ◽  
Morbidly Obese ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Lifestyle Modifications ◽  
The Us ◽  
Substantial Progress

Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is the second leading cause of liver transplantation in the US with a high risk of liver-related morbidities and mortality. Given the global burden of NASH, development of appropriate therapeutic strategies is an important clinical need. Where applicable, lifestyle modification remains the primary recommendation for the treatment of NASH, even though such changes are difficult to sustain and even insufficient to cure NASH. Bariatric surgery resolves NASH in such patients where lifestyle modifications have failed, and is recommended for morbidly obese patients with NASH. Thus, pharmacotherapies are of high value for NASH treatment. Though no drug has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for treatment of NASH, substantial progress in pharmacological development has been made in the last few years. Agents such as vitamin E and pioglitazone are recommended in patients with NASH, and yet concerns about their side effects remain. Many agents targeting various vital molecules and pathways, including those impacting metabolic perturbations, inflammatory cascades, and oxidative stress, are in clinical trials for the treatment of NASH. Some agents have shown promising results in phase II or III clinical trials, but more studies are required to assess their long-term effects. Herein, we review the potential strategies and challenges in therapeutic approaches to treating NASH.

scholarly journals Sex dependent effect of maternal e-nicotine on F1 Drosophila development and airways

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia El-Merhie ◽  
Arne Krüger ◽  
Karin Uliczka ◽  
Stephanie Papenmeier ◽  
Thomas Roeder ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Tobacco Smoking ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Virgin Female ◽  
Dependent Effect ◽  
Smoking During Pregnancy ◽  
Long Term Consequences ◽  
Offspring Health ◽  
F1 Generation

AbstractE-cigarettes are heavily advertised as healthier alternative to common tobacco cigarettes, leading more and more women to switch from regular cigarettes to ENDS (electronic nicotine delivery system) during pregnancy. While the noxious consequences of tobacco smoking during pregnancy on the offspring health are well-described, information on the long-term consequences due to maternal use of e-cigarettes do not exist so far. Therefore, we aimed to investigate how maternal e-nicotine influences offspring development from earliest life until adulthood. To this end, virgin femaleDrosophila melanogasterflies were exposed to nicotine vapor (8 µg nicotine) once per hour for a total of eight times. Following the last exposure, e-nicotine or sham exposed females were mated with non-exposed males. The F1-generation was then analyzed for viability, growth and airway structure. We demonstrate that maternal exposure to e-nicotine not only leads to reduced maternal fertility, but also negatively affects size and weight, as well as tracheal development of the F1-generation, lasting from embryonic stage until adulthood. These results not only underline the need for studies investigating the effects of maternal vaping on offspring health, but also propose our established model for analyzing molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways mediating these intergenerational changes.

scholarly journals Guest Editorial: Transforming Borders and the Discretionary Politics of Migration Control

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. i-viii
Author(s):  
Maartje Van der Woude ◽  
Richard Staring
Keyword(s):  
Guest Editorial ◽  
Global Level ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
African Countries ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Us ◽  
Migration Control ◽  
Global North ◽  
Specific Locus

The eight articles in this issue promise us a global journey around transformed borders, multiscalar bordering, and discretionary practices within these migration controls. In doing so, the authors guide us through the Global North and Global South with countries as varied as the US, Mexico, Mali, Poland, Norway, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom (UK), Spain, Italy, Germany, Greece, and Turkey. We also gain insights through these specific research settings from additional Asian and African countries of origin for the migrants involved. By situating their analyses in a specific locus, the authors provide us with a grounded, localized narrative, which they insightfully theorize on and interact with at the global level. Through these glocalized analyses, we not only learn about the importance of multiscalar forms of migration control and the discretion of these actors within these bordering practices, but also gain insights into the immediate and long-term effects of these control efforts on the divergent actors that transform our borders and give meaning to the multiscalar bordering practices.  

scholarly journals The consequence of COVID-19: how the United States moved from security provider to security consumer

2020 ◽  
Vol 96 (5) ◽  
pp. 1253-1279
Author(s):  
Simon Reich ◽  
Peter Dombrowski
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
National Security ◽  
The United States ◽  
Health Issues ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Security Challenges ◽  
The Us ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Anthropogenic Threats

Abstract Deliberations over the COVID-19 pandemic's long-term effects on the global balance of power have spurred a large and rancorous debate, including speculation about a shift in the definition of national security and prescriptions about where it should focus. That argument will no doubt continue. But we argue that one consequence is already evident: the United States has spent the last seventy years portraying itself as a security provider in all key domains—for many an intrinsic component of its status as a global leader. One reasonable broad conclusion from the US struggle with COVID-19 is that it has further forfeited its broad leadership position on the basis of its behaviour. Yet that, although possibly true, would only portray one element of the story. The more profound insight exposed by COVID-19 is of a new reality: in a world where both naturogenic and anthropogenic threats pose immense national security challenges, decades of mistaken assumptions and policy choices have created a new environment, one where the United States has been redefined as a security consumer, at least in terms of international public health issues associated with the spread of deadly infectious diseases.

Short- and Long-Term Effects of World Exposition 1986 on US Demand for British Columbia Tourism

1997 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard A. Holmes ◽  
Abul F. M. Shamsuddin
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Price Index ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Time Period ◽  
The Us ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
World Exposition

This study is an attempt to evaluate the short- and long-term economic effects of World Exposition 1986 on US demand for British Columbia tourism by integrating Box-Jenkins time series analysis with the theory of consumer demand. The number of more-than-one-day US visitors to British Columbia is used as the measure of demand. Intervention and transfer function models are employed for the estimates which are made separately for US visitors arriving by car, automobile and by plane. The conclusions drawn are that during the six months of Expo 86, an additional 1.58 million more-than-one-day US visitors were attracted to British Columbia (1.41 million by automobile and 0.17 million by aeroplane). The long-term or post-Expo effects of Expo 86 are found to be very large (probably larger in total than the short-term economic benefits). These long-term economic benefits result from the post-Expo visitors who have returned to British Columbia as a result of the world-wide exposure of the Vancouver area by the fair. We have considered only more-than-one-day US visitors to Expo 86 (only part of all visitors to the fair) and only the 1987–93 post-Expo time period, and with that limited visitor group, and that limited time period, we still find long-term economic benefits of $428.9 million (about half the estimated total short-term economic benefits). These estimates take account of the effects of changes in the US–Canada foreign exchange rate, the US travel price index, the BC travel price index and US personal disposable income over the 1981–93 period.

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