Economic Benefits of Studying Economics in Canada: A Comparison of Wages of Economics Majors with Wages in Other Disciplines, Circa 2005

We compared the wages of economics degree holders with of those in 49 other fields of study using data from the 2006 Canadian population census. At the undergraduate level, economics majors earned the sixth highest average wage in 2005. When demographic controls were applied, they ranked ninth on the salary scale. When we compared the wages in 15 fields that require students to take math courses, economists ranked in the middle, as they also did when working as managers and professionals. When working as business and finance professionals, economists had wages surpassed only by finance majors. At the graduate level, economics majors had a greater wage advantage over all of the other fields except for business majors. These results are useful for Canadian university economics departments that have been experiencing declining enrolments over the past few years. In addition, we hope they will enable students to make more informed choices regarding their academic discipline. The results also highlight the need to direct greater policy attention towards developing mathematical skills among incoming university students as a prerequisite for them to build analytical skills, the demand for which in the labour market has been demonstrated in some Canadian and US studies.

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Migrant and non-migrant fertility in Greece: Results based on the 2001 population census

MIGRATION LETTERS ◽

10.33182/ml.v4i2.217 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 147-158 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Georgia Verropoulou ◽

Christos Bagavos ◽

Cleon Tsimbos

Keyword(s):

Ethnic Groups ◽

Population Census ◽

Migrant Women ◽

Native Women ◽

Children Ever Born ◽

Using Data ◽

Of Greece ◽

Migrant Fertility

This paper examines fertility patterns and differentials between migrant and non-migrant women in Greece using data from the 2001 census on the reported numbers of children ever-born alive by citizenship. Special tabulations produced by the National Statistical Service of Greece are analysed and presented here. The analysis focuses on Greek, Albanian and Bulgarian women born over 1950-1970. Noticeable differences are observed. Despite the fact that Bulgarian women tend to have their first births earlier, their fertility levels are the lowest. Albanian women exhibit the highest fertility while levels for native women are somewhere in between. Nevertheless, the gap observed among the ethnic groups tends, broadly, to narrow over successive cohorts.

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A comparison of the prevalence of and modifiable risk factors for cognitive impairment among community-dwelling Canadian seniors over two decades, 1991–2009

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0242911 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 15 (12) ◽

pp. e0242911

Author(s):

Batholomew Chireh ◽

Carl D’Arcy

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Cognitive Impairment ◽

Healthy Aging ◽

Canadian Community Health Survey ◽

Community Dwelling ◽

Health Concern ◽

Population Census ◽

Modifiable Risk Factors ◽

Canadian Population

Background The prevalence of cognitive impairment or dementia is of public health concern globally. Accurate estimates of this debilitating condition are needed for future public health policy planning. In this study, we estimate prevalence and modifiable risk factors for cognitive impairment by sex over approximately 16 years. Methods Canadian Study of Health and Aging (CSHA) baseline data conducted between 1991–1992 were used to measure the prevalence of cognitive impairment and dementia among adults aged 65+ years. The standard Modified Mini-Mental State Examination (3MS) was used for the screening test for cognitive impairment. We compared the CSHA data with Canadian Community Health Survey–Healthy Aging (CCHS-HA) conducted between 2008–2009. The CCHS-HA used a four-dimension cognitive module to screen for cognitive impairment. Only survey community-dwelling respondents were included in the final sample. After applying exclusion criteria, final samples of (N = 8504) respondents in the CSHA sample and (N = 7764) respondents for CCHS–HA sample were analyzed. To account for changes in the age structure of the Canadian population, prevalence estimates were calculated using age-sex standardization to the 2001 population census of Canada. Logistic regression analyses were used to examine predictors of cognitive impairment. A sex stratified analysis was used to examine risk factors for cognitive impairment in the survey samples. Results We found that prevalence of cognitive impairment among respondents in CSHA sample was 15.5% in 1991 while a prevalence of 10.8% was reported in the CCHS–HA sample in 2009, a 4.7% reduction [15.5% (CI = 14.8–16.3), CSHA vs 10.8% (CI = 10.1–11.5), CCHS–HA]. Men reported higher prevalence of cognitive impairment in CSHA study (16.0%) while women reported higher prevalence of cognitive impairment in CCHS–HA (11.6%). In the multivariable analyses, risk factors such as age, poor self-rated health, stroke, Parkinson’s disease, and hearing problems were common to both cohorts. Sex differences in risk factors were also noted. Conclusions This study provides suggestive evidence of a potential reduction in the occurrence of cognitive impairment among community-dwelling Canadian seniors despite the aging of the Canadian population. The moderating roles of improved prevention and treatment of vascular morbidity and improvements in the levels of education of the Canadian population are possible explanations for this decrease in the cognitive impairment.

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Estimating the Financial Return to Education Between Fields of Study

SURG Journal ◽

10.21083/surg.v11i0.5354 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 ◽

Author(s):

Jeffrey Alexander McRae

Keyword(s):

Specific Area ◽

Population Data ◽

Return To Education ◽

Future Research ◽

Engineering Majors ◽

Business Majors ◽

Expected Return ◽

Financial Return ◽

Fields Of Study ◽

Canadian Population

The Mincer regression equation was utilized to compute the expected financial return to education from additional years of education across the 2016 Canadian population. Data was taken from the 2016 Canadian Census of Population to create the populations of interest. Three sub populations were then derived from the collected data to represent Canadians with different major areas of study namely, business, humanities, and engineering. Mincerian regressions were run using these subsections to determine how the financial return to education differs between distinct majors. Additional multiple regressions included an interaction term between sex and years of schooling in an attempt to determine whether an individual’s sex affects their expected return to education given a specific area of study. The regression results indicated that business majors boast the largest average expected return to education while engineering majors boast the lowest. Subsequently, in relation to business majors, sex was not found to have an impact on expected financial returns. Future research may build off the findings of this paper by expanding the scope to include all areas of study in addition to deciphering whether the expected return to education for a given major is consistent throughout all major Canadian universities.

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Using the Flipped Classroom to Improve Knowledge Creation of Master's-Level Students in Engineering

Computer-Assisted Language Learning ◽

10.4018/978-1-5225-7663-1.ch051 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 1079-1092 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Sachin Ahuja

Keyword(s):

Data Mining ◽

Blended Learning ◽

Knowledge Creation ◽

Flipped Classroom ◽

Learning Strategy ◽

Master's Level ◽

Undergraduate Level ◽

Instructional Content ◽

Using Data ◽

The Impact

Student engagement in traditional teacher centered model of teaching is limited to independent working or working in a small group on a task designed by the teacher. Flipped classroom is a blended learning strategy that reverses the traditional educational arrangement by delivering instructional content, often online, outside of the classroom and moves activities, including those that may have traditionally been considered homework, into the classroom. Various studies support and recommend flipped model of teaching at graduate and undergraduate level but very less have analyzed the impact of flipped classroom on academic performance and especially knowledge creation at post graduate level. In this paper we are analyzing the performance and knowledge creation of master's level students using Data Mining Techniques in a flipped classroom model.

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The Private and Social Benefits of Double Majors

Journal of Benefit-Cost Analysis ◽

10.1017/bca.2016.14 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 292-325 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Alison F. Del Rossi ◽

Joni Hersch

Keyword(s):

Liberal Arts ◽

College Graduates ◽

Social Benefits ◽

Business Majors ◽

Liberal Arts Education ◽

Job Match ◽

Stem Major ◽

The Social ◽

Using Data ◽

General Concern

With increased emphasis on encouraging students to pursue degrees in science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM), there is a general concern that society is losing the benefits associated with liberal arts education. One possible approach to achieving the benefits of higher paying STEM degrees along with the social benefits of liberal arts training is to encourage double majoring among college students. Double majoring is common at about 20% of college graduates, yet most double majors are in related areas that provide limited educational diversity. We examine private and social benefits of double majoring using data from the 2010 National Survey of College Graduates. The strongest positive relations associated with combining a liberal arts major with a business or STEM major are on research and development activities and on job match. In addition, we find that students who double major in business and STEM earn a premium over those single majors. However, combining a liberal arts major with STEM or business fields does not increase earnings, indicating little private earnings incentive for students to combine STEM or business majors with liberal arts.

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Gender Gaps in Achievement and Participation in Multiple Introductory Biology Classrooms

CBE—Life Sciences Education ◽

10.1187/cbe.13-10-0204 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 13 (3) ◽

pp. 478-492 ◽

Cited By ~ 84

Author(s):

Sarah L. Eddy ◽

Sara E. Brownell ◽

Mary Pat Wenderoth

Keyword(s):

Gender Disparity ◽

Gender Disparities ◽

Grade Point Averages ◽

Introductory Biology ◽

Gender Gaps ◽

Grade Point ◽

Undergraduate Level ◽

Two Measures ◽

Using Data ◽

And Mathematics

Although gender gaps have been a major concern in male-dominated science, technology, engineering, and mathematics disciplines such as physics and engineering, the numerical dominance of female students in biology has supported the assumption that gender disparities do not exist at the undergraduate level in life sciences. Using data from 23 large introductory biology classes for majors, we examine two measures of gender disparity in biology: academic achievement and participation in whole-class discussions. We found that females consistently underperform on exams compared with males with similar overall college grade point averages. In addition, although females on average represent 60% of the students in these courses, their voices make up less than 40% of those heard responding to instructor-posed questions to the class, one of the most common ways of engaging students in large lectures. Based on these data, we propose that, despite numerical dominance of females, gender disparities remain an issue in introductory biology classrooms. For student retention and achievement in biology to be truly merit based, we need to develop strategies to equalize the opportunities for students of different genders to practice the skills they need to excel.

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Using remote sensing data in population density estimation

10.25743/sdm.2021.34.56.066 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

E.G. Shvetsov ◽

N.M. Tchebakova ◽

E.I. Parfenova

Keyword(s):

Remote Sensing ◽

Spatial Distribution ◽

Population Density ◽

Vegetation Index ◽

Census Data ◽

Remote Sensing Data ◽

Satellite System ◽

Population Census ◽

Krasnoyarsk Krai ◽

Using Data

In recent decades, remote sensing methods have often been used to estimate population density, especially using data on nighttime illumination. Information about the spatial distribution of the population is important for understanding the dynamics of cities and analyzing various socio-economic, environmental and political factors. In this work, we have formed layers of the nighttime light index, surface temperature and vegetation index according to the SNPP/VIIRS satellite system for the territory of the central and southern regions of the Krasnoyarsk krai. Using these data, we have calculated VTLPI (vegetation temperature light population index) for the year 2013. The obtained values of the VTLPI calculated for a number of settlements of the Krasnoyarsk krai were compared with the results of the population census conducted in 2010. In total, we used census data for 40 settlements. Analysis of the data showed that the relationship between the value of the VTLPI index and the population density in the Krasnoyarsk krai can be adequately fitted (R 2 = 0.65) using a linear function. In this case, the value of the root-meansquare error was 345, and the relative error was 0.09. Using the obtained model equation and the spatial distribution of the VTLPI index using GIS tools, the distribution of the population over the study area was estimated with a spatial resolution of 500 meters. According to the obtained model and the VTLPI index, the average urban population density in the study area exceeded 500 people/km2 . Comparison of the obtained data on the total population in the study area showed that the estimate based on the VTLPI index is about 21% higher than the actual census data.

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The prevalence of chronic pain and pain-related interference in the Canadian population from 1994 to 2008

Chronic Diseases and Injuries in Canada ◽

10.24095/hpcdp.31.4.04 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 31 (4) ◽

pp. 157-164 ◽

Cited By ~ 30

Author(s):

ML Reitsma ◽

JE Tranmer ◽

DM Buchanan ◽

EG Vandenkerkhof

Keyword(s):

Chronic Pain ◽

Health Survey ◽

Canadian Community Health Survey ◽

Population Based ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Population Based Study ◽

Canadian Population ◽

Community Health Survey ◽

Prevalence Of Pain ◽

Using Data

Introduction Estimates of the prevalence of chronic pain worldwide and in Canada are inconsistent. Our primary objectives were to determine the prevalence of chronic pain by sex and age and to determine the prevalence of pain-related interference for Canadian men and women between 1994 and 2008. Methods Using data from seven cross-sectional cycles in the National Population Health Survey and the Canadian Community Health Survey, we defined two categorical outcomes, chronic pain and pain-related interference with activities. Results Prevalence of chronic pain ranged from 15.1% in 1996/97 to 18.9% in 1994/95. Chronic pain was most prevalent among women (range: 16.5% to 21.5%), and in the oldest (65 years plus) age group (range: 23.9% to 31.3%). Women aged 65 years plus consistently reported the highest prevalence of chronic pain (range: 26.0% to 34.2%). The majority of adult Canadians who reported chronic pain also reported at least a few activities prevented due to this pain (range: 11.4% to 13.3% of the overall population). Conclusion Similar to international estimates, this Canadian population-based study confirms that chronic pain persists and impacts daily activities. Further study with more detailed definitions of pain and pain-related interference is warranted.

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Development and implementation of a framework for estimating the economic benefits of an accessible and inclusive society

Equality Diversity and Inclusion An International Journal ◽

10.1108/edi-07-2020-0186 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽

Author(s):

Emile Tompa ◽

Amirabbas Mofidi ◽

Arif Jetha ◽

Pamela Lahey ◽

Alexis Buettgen

Keyword(s):

Expert Knowledge ◽

Economic Benefits ◽

Sensitivity Analyses ◽

Economic Evaluations ◽

Persons With Disabilities ◽

Content Type ◽

A Value ◽

Potential Benefits ◽

Using Data ◽

Inclusive Society

PurposeTo develop a framework for estimating the economic benefits of an accessible and inclusive society and implement it for the Canadian context. The framework measures the gap between the current situation in terms of accessibility and inclusiveness, and a counterfactual scenario of a fully accessible and inclusive society.Design/methodology/approachThe method consists of three steps. First, the conceptual framework was developed based on a literature review and expert knowledge. Second, the magnitudes for each domain of the framework was estimated for the reference year 2017 using data from various sources. Third, several sensitivity analyses were run using different assumptions and scenarios.FindingsIt was estimated that moving to a fully accessible and inclusive society would create a value of $337.7bn (with a range of $252.8–$422.7bn) for Canadian society in the reference year of 2017. This is a sizeable proportion of gross domestic product (17.6%, with a range of 13.1–22.0%) and is likely a conservative estimate of the potential benefits.Originality/valueUnderstanding the magnitude of the economic benefits of an accessible and inclusive society can be extremely useful for governments, disability advocates and industry leaders as it provides invaluable information on the benefits of efforts, such as legislation, policies, programs and practices, to improve accessibility and inclusion of persons with disabilities. Furthermore, the total economic benefits and the benefits per person with a disability can serve as inputs in economic evaluations and impact assessments.

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