HUMAN MOBILITY UNDER THE IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariana BĂLAN ◽  
Simona Maria STĂNESCU
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Human Mobility ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Joint Effort ◽  
Sustainable Resources ◽  
International Regulations ◽  
Droughts And Floods ◽  
And Migration ◽  
The Impact

The movement of people due to environment changes is not a new phenomenon. Despite this, only in the most recent 20 years, the international community has begun to acknowledge it as an unprecedented challenge in terms of sustainable resources involved. All over the world, the number of storms, droughts and floods has tripled in the last 30 years, with devastating effects on communities. The paper presents a brief analysis of global climate change in recent years and human mobility due to this phenomenon. The research is based on international regulations addressing the interdependencies between environmental change and migration. The climate risk management with impact on human mobility involves economic, political, cultural, and demographic factors. It also shows how a devastating natural disaster shapes people's mobility towards a more friendly environment protected shelter. The development of resilience community strategies implies a joint effort of communities and stakeholders in protecting human beings against effects of natural disasters.

Syrian Crisis and Migration

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 181-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pinar Yazgan ◽  
Deniz Eroglu Utku ◽  
Ibrahim Sirkeci
Keyword(s):  
Human Mobility ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Host Countries ◽  
Syrian Crisis ◽  
Mass Migration ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Europe Today ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Near Future

With the growing insurrections in Syria in 2011, an exodus in large numbers have emerged. The turmoil and violence have caused mass migration to destinations both within the region and beyond. The current "refugee crisis" has escalated sharply and its impact is widening from neighbouring countries toward Europe. Today, the Syrian crisis is the major cause for an increase in displacement and the resultant dire humanitarian situation in the region. Since the conflict shows no signs of abating in the near future, there is a constant increase in the number of Syrians fleeing their homes. However, questions on the future impact of the Syrian crisis on the scope and scale of this human mobility are still to be answered. As the impact of the Syrian crisis on host countries increases, so does the demand for the analyses of the needs for development and protection in these countries. In this special issue, we aim to bring together a number of studies examining and discussing human mobility in relation to the Syrian crisis.

scholarly journals Editörden: KOVİD-19’un Uluslararası Hareketlilik ve Göçmenliğe İlişkin Etkisi Üzerine

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Ibrahim Sirkeci ◽  
Mehmet Gökay Özerim ◽  
Tuncay Bilecen
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Side Effect ◽  
Human Mobility ◽  
Global Crisis ◽  
General Overview ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
The World ◽  
And Migration ◽  
The Impact

Elimizdeki mevcut verilere göre ilk vakanın 2019 yılı Aralık ayı sonunda Çin’in Vuhan kentinde tespit edilmesinin ardından Ocak ayı itibariyle başka ülkelerde de vakaların ortaya çıkmasıyla COVID-19 salgınının yarattığı ilk etki, küresel bir kriz algısı oldu. Ancak virüs ve salgın, bu küresel niteliğinden beklenmeyecek bir yan etki doğurdu ve “sınır tanımayan” bir soruna ulusal sınırlara yönelik önlemler dönemini başlattı. Daha da önemlisi, bu salgın sürecinin insan sağlığı dışında belki de somut olarak gözlemleyebildiğimiz en büyük etkilerinden biri insan hareketliliği üzerinde oluştu. Dergimizin bu sayısını hazırladığımız dönem içerisinde salgının birçok konu ve alanla birlikte uluslararası hareketlilik ve göçmenlik üzerinde nasıl etkiler yaratacağına ilişkin kaygılar devam ediyor. Salgının başlangıcı, ilerlemesi ve henüz tam olarak bilmediğimiz sonrası olmak üzere üç safha açısından baktığımızda, daha ilk safhayı oluşturan başlangıcında bile “sınırlar” ve “göçün” COVID-19 ile bir arada düşünülmesinin aslında bir tesadüf veya sadece bir akademik merakın sonucu olmadığını söylememiz mümkün. ABSTRACT IN ENGLISH Editorial: On the Impact of COVID-19 on Crossborder Human Mobility and Migration The first COVID-19 case was reported in Wuhan, China in December 2019, and the subsequent cases had been identified in some other countries around the world by January 2020. Among many others, one of the most prominent and immediate impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic was the anxiety of a “global crisis”. Despite its’ global and cross-border nature, COVID-19 triggered a period of national precautions regarding the borders. Consequently, beyond human health, a concrete side effect of the pandemic is observed on human mobility. The debates about the perturbative outcomes of the COVID-19 on cross-border human mobility and migration have been still going on within the period that we have been preparing this volume of our journal. A general overview of the daily politics and practices about the breakout, progression and post-pandemic periods of the COVID-19 reveal that the linkage between migration, borders, and COVID-19 is a fact, which is highly related to the nature of the pandemic and national precautions, rather than a coincidence or a result of academic curiosity.

Anthropogenic causes of landslides and their implications for monitoring

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaushik Ramanathan ◽  
Nirmala Vasudevan
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Natural Hazards ◽  
Human Activity ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Extreme Weather Events ◽  
Anthropogenic Factors ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Landslide Occurrence ◽  
Landslide Event ◽  
The Impact

<p>Are we justified in referring to all landslides as natural hazards? With the effects of climate change, landslide incidences are increasing all over the world, and many of them accompany floods and occur due to extreme weather events. It has been unequivocally established that humans are responsible for global climate change. Further, landslides also occur in deforested areas. Even if one were to discount the effects of deforestation on climate change and the subsequent occurrence of landslides, one cannot ignore the fact that deforestation leads to slope instabilities in multiple ways. It decreases the effective retaining strength of the slope materials and also exposes more slope material to weathering and consequent leaching. Thus, deforestation and climate change, caused directly or indirectly by human beings, have a significant bearing on landslide occurrence. Furthermore, several catastrophic landslides in recent times have occurred due to indiscriminate human activity, such as constructing dams and other structures on fragile slopes, blasting slopes for road construction without providing adequate toe support, excessive mining, constructing faulty retaining structures on unstable slope material, etc. Over the years, such human activity has resulted in landslides of all types and at various scales. Whether a landslide is natural, caused due to anthropogenic factors, or a combination of the two, the investigation approach and monitored parameters remain the same; we still need to identify the various causative factors and quantify their rates of change over time in the run up to the landslide event. However, we need a paradigm shift in our perspective and treatment of landslides. We need to accept that human activity is, or can be, responsible for landslide occurrence. With this change in perspective, we would monitor slopes with an increased awareness that human actions could negatively impact slope stability. This, in turn, would entail monitoring at every stage to ensure that no human activity adversely impacts the natural balance, thus paving the way for truly sustainable development. We would be doing great disservice to the investigation and monitoring of landslides by such preconceived notions as all landslides are natural hazards. It is high time that we accept our part in compounding the problem of landslide occurrences and come up with solutions to monitor the impact of human activity on the environment to prevent landslides.</p>

Ecological Education: Extending the Definition of Environmental Education

1999 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 139-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory A. Smith ◽  
Dilafruz R. Williams
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Environmental Education ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Cultural Beliefs ◽  
The United States ◽  
Natural World ◽  
Environmental Crisis ◽  
Ecological Education ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
The Impact

Except in small measure, environmental education in the United States has not yet challenged the status quo of Western notions of progress or monoculturalism, or recognized that moving through the environmental crisis may require significant shifts in generally unquestioned cultural attitudes and beliefs. In the U.S., environmental education has instead tended to focus on information regarding environmental problems and to explore topics such as endangered species, global climate change, or the water quality of local streams and rivers. Even this has become a source of controversy in the United States since the mid-1990s as a coalition of right-wing organizations has mounted a well-coordinated political campaign charging environmental educators with bias and a failure to present both sides of controversial issues (Sanera & Shaw 1996, Independent Commission on Environmental Education 1997). Despite this, we believe that if environmental education is to live up to its promise as a vehicle for developing a citizenry capable of making wise decisions about the impact of human activities on the environment, examining and altering fundamental cultural beliefs and practices that are contributing to the degradation of the planet's natural systems will be imperative.We have chosen to call this extended form of environmental education ecological education. For us, ecological education connotes an emphasis on the inescapable embeddedness of human beings in natural settings and the responsibilities that arise from this relationship. Rather than seeing nature as other—a set of phenomena capable of being manipulated like parts of a machine—the practice of ecological education requires viewing human beings as one part of the natural world and human cultures as an outgrowth of interactions between our species and particular places. We believe that the development of sustainable cultures will in fact require widespread acceptance of a relationship between humans and the earth grounded in moral sentiments that arise from the willingness to care. As Indian physicist and ecofeminist Vandana Shiva writes, the term ‘sustainability’ implies the ability and willingness ‘to support, bear weight of, hold up, enable to last out, give strength to, endure without giving way’ (Shiva 1992, p. 191).

scholarly journals The Impact of Human Mobility on Regional and Global Efforts to Control HIV Transmission

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily A. Eshraghian ◽  
Sepideh N. Ferdos ◽  
Sanjay R. Mehta
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Hiv Prevention ◽  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Human Mobility ◽  
Control Methods ◽  
And Migration ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact

HIV prevention and control methods are implemented on different scales to reduce the spread of the virus amongst populations. However, despite such efforts, HIV continues to persist in populations with a global incidence rate of 1.8 million in 2017 alone. The introduction of new infections into susceptible regional populations promotes the spread of HIV, indicating a crucial need to study the impact of migration and mobility on regional and global efforts to prevent HIV transmission. Here we reviewed studies that assess the impact of human mobility on HIV transmission and spread. We found an important role for both travel and migration in driving the spread of HIV across regional and national borders. Combined, our results indicate that even in the presence of control and preventive efforts, if migration and travel are occurring, public health efforts will need to remain persistent to ensure that new infections do not grow into outbreaks.

Paroxysmal Deccan Eruptions linked to End-Cretaceous Mass Extinction

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thierry Adatte ◽  
Gerta Keller ◽  
Jorge E. Spangenberg ◽  
Paula Mateo ◽  
Jahnavi Punekar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Extinction ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
Mass Extinctions ◽  
Deccan Volcanism ◽  
Time Resolved ◽  
Global Climate Changes ◽  
Chicxulub Impact ◽  
The Impact

<p>The Chicxulub impact in Mexico and Deccan volcanism in India are both linked to the end-Cretaceous mass extinction but the relative timing of the impact, volcanic eruptions, and environmental changes remain controversial, precluding a full assessment of their respective roles. Mercury anomalies within the stratigraphic record have recently been proposed as atmospheric fallout of continental large igneous provinces (LIPs), and these anomalies are associated with all five major mass extinctions in Earth’s history. If this proxy is robust, it could provide a record of volcanism directly correlated to mass extinctions and in the case of the End-extinction, the Chicxulub impact. To test this hypothesis, we analyzed mercury in the late Maastrichtian from the base of C29r to the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary (KPB) n the astronomically tuned Elles section in Tunisia, and correlate this chemostratigraphic record with recent high-precision U-Pb geochronology of Deccan volcanism. Our results support that Hg is a robust indicator of LIP volcanism, and directly links Deccan volcanism to rapid global climate changes, ocean acidification and increasing environmental stress during the last 320-340 kyr of the Maastrichtian. Furthermore, our time-resolved Hg record and U-Pb resolved eruption volumes reveal paroxysmal volcanic eruptions (~30% by volume) during the final 35 kyr leading up to the KPB mass extinction.</p>

scholarly journals Impacts of Climate and Environmental Change on Bean Cultivation in China

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 1591
Author(s):  
Sidan Li ◽  
Shibing You ◽  
Ze Song ◽  
Li Zhang ◽  
Yixuan Liu
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Economic Market ◽  
Spatial Error ◽  
Climate And Environmental Change ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Mixed Blessing ◽  
The Impact

The impact of human-caused environmental pollution and global climate change on the economy and society can no longer be underestimated. Agriculture is the most directly and vulnerably affected sector by climate change. This study used beans, the food crop with the largest supply and demand gap in China, as the research object and established a panel spatial error model consisting of multiple indicators of four factors: climate environment, economic market, human planting behavior and technical development level of 25 provinces in China from 2005 to 2019 to explore the impact of climate environmental changes on the yields of beans. The study shows that: (1) The increase in precipitation has a significant positive effect on bean yields; however, the increase in temperature year by year has a significant negative effect on bean yields; (2) carbon emissions do not directly affect bean production at present but may have an indirect impact on bean production; (3) artificial irrigation and fertilization behavior on bean production has basically reached saturation, making it difficult to continue to increase bean yields and (4) the development of technology and human activity is a mixed blessing, and the consequent inhibiting effects on bean production are currently unable to offset their promoting effects. Thus, when it comes to bean cultivation, China should focus mainly on the overall impact of environmental changes on its production, rather than technical enhancements such as irrigation and fertilization.

scholarly journals Independent Epidemic Patterns of HIV-1 CRF01_AE Lineages Driven by Mobile Population in Shenzhen, an Immigrant city of China

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Minghui An ◽  
Chenli Zheng ◽  
Hao Li ◽  
Lin Chen ◽  
Zhengrong Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reproduction Number ◽  
Human Mobility ◽  
Transmission Dynamics ◽  
Migration History ◽  
Mobile Population ◽  
Local Residents ◽  
And Migration ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Hiv 1 ◽  
Viral Reproduction

Abstract Shenzhen, a city with > 12 million migrant population, may play a key role in the spread of HIV-1 in China. The transmission dynamics of CRF01_AE, a predominant subtype in Shenzhen, is a good model to characterize the impact of human mobility on HIV-1 epidemic locally and nationally. We used phylodynamic and phylogeographic methods to estimate the viral transmission dynamics and migration trajectory of variable lineages based on 1,423 CRF01_AE sequences in Shenzhen sampled between 2006 and 2015. Eleven lineages of CRF01_AE were detected in Shenzhen. Of those, four main lineages originated during the 1990s. The basic viral reproduction number (R0) of them ranged 1.96-3.92. The effective viral reproduction number (Re) of two lineages prevalent among heterosexuals/people who inject drugs had reduced < 1 at the end of sampling, and the main sources were the intra-provincial immigrants (72%) for one and local residents of Shenzhen (91%) for another. Within two lineages among MSM, Re had been above or close to 1 at the end of sampling, and the immigrants from Jiangxi/Shaanxi and Hubei as sources accounted for 93% and 68% of all viral migration events, respectively. Moreover, no obvious recipients were found throughout the viral migration history for any lineage. Our findings demonstrate that HIV declining epidemic in Shenzhen coincided with the initiation of the interventions during the 2000s. However, the obvious differences of the epidemic patterns between lineages emphasize the importance of further targeting interventions and continued molecular tracing, focusing on high-risk transmission sources among MSM.

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