Syrian Crisis and Migration

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 181-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pinar Yazgan ◽  
Deniz Eroglu Utku ◽  
Ibrahim Sirkeci

With the growing insurrections in Syria in 2011, an exodus in large numbers have emerged. The turmoil and violence have caused mass migration to destinations both within the region and beyond. The current "refugee crisis" has escalated sharply and its impact is widening from neighbouring countries toward Europe. Today, the Syrian crisis is the major cause for an increase in displacement and the resultant dire humanitarian situation in the region. Since the conflict shows no signs of abating in the near future, there is a constant increase in the number of Syrians fleeing their homes. However, questions on the future impact of the Syrian crisis on the scope and scale of this human mobility are still to be answered. As the impact of the Syrian crisis on host countries increases, so does the demand for the analyses of the needs for development and protection in these countries. In this special issue, we aim to bring together a number of studies examining and discussing human mobility in relation to the Syrian crisis.

Author(s):  
Mariana BĂLAN ◽  
Simona Maria STĂNESCU

The movement of people due to environment changes is not a new phenomenon. Despite this, only in the most recent 20 years, the international community has begun to acknowledge it as an unprecedented challenge in terms of sustainable resources involved. All over the world, the number of storms, droughts and floods has tripled in the last 30 years, with devastating effects on communities. The paper presents a brief analysis of global climate change in recent years and human mobility due to this phenomenon. The research is based on international regulations addressing the interdependencies between environmental change and migration. The climate risk management with impact on human mobility involves economic, political, cultural, and demographic factors. It also shows how a devastating natural disaster shapes people's mobility towards a more friendly environment protected shelter. The development of resilience community strategies implies a joint effort of communities and stakeholders in protecting human beings against effects of natural disasters.


2020 ◽  
pp. 136346152093092
Author(s):  
G. E. Jarvis

Jean Raspail’s controversial 1973 novel The camp of the saints predicts mass migration to Europe that will destroy European civilization. Decades later, the book has accurately predicted the hundreds of thousands of refugees arriving in Europe annually, prompting a continent-wide crisis. From Lesbos and Lampedusa to the Canary Islands and Calais, no one seems to know how to stem the flow of humanity. Borders are being resurrected, despite Schengen and European Union (EU) agreements, in an effort to control the movement of populations. European governments disagree on how to proceed and some are suggesting that the EU could be torn apart by differing approaches to the problem. But does this have to be the response to the migration crisis? This paper compares the predictions of The camp of the saints to events in Europe today and critiques the book’s conclusions with regard to what is an ancient phenomenon: movements of migrants from surplus to deficit labor settings. The paper will also evaluate the response to migrants in the United States under its populist president, Donald Trump, and will review related issues in other parts of the world: Turkey, Russia, and Canada. Contrary to Raspail’s predictions, world leaders will need to accept what has already become a de facto reality: large scale admission of migrants and refugees to the EU and North America, as full citizens, will be the only realistic way to preserve prosperity in the years to come.


Author(s):  
Ana Aliverti ◽  
Mary Bosworth

As unprecedented levels of human mobility continue to define our era, criminal justice institutions in countries around the world are increasingly shaped by mass migration and its control. This collection brings together legal scholars from Europe and the United States to consider the implications of the attendant changes on the exercise of state penal power and those subject to it. The contributions in this special issue are united by a shared set of questions about the salience of citizenship for contemporary criminal justice policies and practices. They are specifically concerned with questions of fair and equal treatment, the changing configurations of state sovereignty, and the significance of migration on criminal justice policies and practices. Collectively, the articles show how, in grappling with mass mobility and diversity, states are devising novel forms of control, many of which erode basic criminal justice principles and reinforce existing social hierarchies.


2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Ibrahim Sirkeci ◽  
Mehmet Gökay Özerim ◽  
Tuncay Bilecen

Elimizdeki mevcut verilere göre ilk vakanın 2019 yılı Aralık ayı sonunda Çin’in Vuhan kentinde tespit edilmesinin ardından Ocak ayı itibariyle başka ülkelerde de vakaların ortaya çıkmasıyla COVID-19 salgınının yarattığı ilk etki, küresel bir kriz algısı oldu. Ancak virüs ve salgın, bu küresel niteliğinden beklenmeyecek bir yan etki doğurdu ve “sınır tanımayan” bir soruna ulusal sınırlara yönelik önlemler dönemini başlattı. Daha da önemlisi, bu salgın sürecinin insan sağlığı dışında belki de somut olarak gözlemleyebildiğimiz en büyük etkilerinden biri insan hareketliliği üzerinde oluştu. Dergimizin bu sayısını hazırladığımız dönem içerisinde salgının birçok konu ve alanla birlikte uluslararası hareketlilik ve göçmenlik üzerinde nasıl etkiler yaratacağına ilişkin kaygılar devam ediyor. Salgının başlangıcı, ilerlemesi ve henüz tam olarak bilmediğimiz sonrası olmak üzere üç safha açısından baktığımızda, daha ilk safhayı oluşturan başlangıcında bile “sınırlar” ve “göçün” COVID-19 ile bir arada düşünülmesinin aslında bir tesadüf veya sadece bir akademik merakın sonucu olmadığını söylememiz mümkün. ABSTRACT IN ENGLISH Editorial: On the Impact of COVID-19 on Crossborder Human Mobility and Migration The first COVID-19 case was reported in Wuhan, China in December 2019, and the subsequent cases had been identified in some other countries around the world by January 2020. Among many others, one of the most prominent and immediate impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic was the anxiety of a “global crisis”. Despite its’ global and cross-border nature, COVID-19 triggered a period of national precautions regarding the borders. Consequently, beyond human health, a concrete side effect of the pandemic is observed on human mobility. The debates about the perturbative outcomes of the COVID-19 on cross-border human mobility and migration have been still going on within the period that we have been preparing this volume of our journal. A general overview of the daily politics and practices about the breakout, progression and post-pandemic periods of the COVID-19 reveal that the linkage between migration, borders, and COVID-19 is a fact, which is highly related to the nature of the pandemic and national precautions, rather than a coincidence or a result of academic curiosity.


Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily A. Eshraghian ◽  
Sepideh N. Ferdos ◽  
Sanjay R. Mehta

HIV prevention and control methods are implemented on different scales to reduce the spread of the virus amongst populations. However, despite such efforts, HIV continues to persist in populations with a global incidence rate of 1.8 million in 2017 alone. The introduction of new infections into susceptible regional populations promotes the spread of HIV, indicating a crucial need to study the impact of migration and mobility on regional and global efforts to prevent HIV transmission. Here we reviewed studies that assess the impact of human mobility on HIV transmission and spread. We found an important role for both travel and migration in driving the spread of HIV across regional and national borders. Combined, our results indicate that even in the presence of control and preventive efforts, if migration and travel are occurring, public health efforts will need to remain persistent to ensure that new infections do not grow into outbreaks.


Multilingua ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryuko Kubota

AbstractThe impact of neoliberalism on language education has recently attracted scholars' attention. Linguistic entrepreneurship is a conceptual lens through which neoliberal implications for language learning and use can be investigated. This commentary offers comments on common threads of themes running through the four articles in this special issue. While neoliberal ideas provide people with hopes and desires to socioeconomically succeed through management of their linguistic resources, the neoliberal system reproduces inequalities for language learners, teachers, and users as well as for multiple languages. However, the perceived superior status of English that often serves as the foundation for linguistic entrepreneurship is considered to be a social imagination, given the complexity of global geopolitics and the multiple directions of global human mobility. Also, the neoliberal engagement with linguistic entrepreneurship-such as commodified language learning or writing in English for academic publication-often deviates from the genuine aims of learning and research. Such deviation also applies to our own scholarly activities. This recognition encourages us to explore how subversive actions can be made possible for not only language learners/users but also researchers ourselves.


2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Mehmet Gökay Özerim ◽  
Deniz Eroğlu Utku ◽  
Pınar Yazgan

Dünya artan bir şekilde birbiriyle daha derinden bağlantılı hale gelirken, insan hareketliliği bu süreci etkileyen ve süreçten etkilenen önemli bir kavram olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Küreselleşme olarak anılan bu hızlı dönüşüm süreci, insan hareketliliğine ivme sağlamaktadır. Bununla birlikte süreç diğer yandan bu hareketliliği daha düzenli, daha kontrol edilebilir hale getirip, kayıpların minimuma indirilmesinde etkin inisiyatiflerin geliştirilmesi konusunda uluslararası işbirliği için zorlayıcı nedenler ortaya çıkarmaktadır. Zira Suriye krizi ile bir kez daha gün yüzüne çıktığı üzere hareketlilik, salt bölgesel çabalarla değil, küresel boyutta ele alınması gereken bir kavramdır. Bu vesile ile ortaya çıkan bir diğer unsur ise, geliştirilecek inisiyatiflerin yine salt hedef ülke odaklı değil, kitlelerin kırılganlıklarının göz önünde bulundurularak tasarlanması gerekliliğidir. Bu noktada, 2016’da BM öncülüğünde alanda sorumluluk paylaşımına yön verecek, göç ve mülteci kavramlarını beraberce ele alacak bir mutabakatın tamamlanması için BM üye ülkelerinin bir araya gelmeleri oldukça önemli bir adımdır. Bu adım, içerisinde 23 temel hedefi barındıran Küresel Göç Mutabakatı’nın 2018 Aralık ayında tamamlanması ile nihayetlenmiştir. Başlangıçtaki katılım hevesini yitirse de, umut veren içeriği ile alana yeni bir soluk getireceğine inandığımız bu Mutabakatı Mülteci Mutabakatı ile birlikte dergimizin bu sayısının sunuş bölümünde mercek altına aldık. Analizimiz, Göç ve Mülteci Mutabakatları’nı hızlı değişim süreci olarak küreselleşme bağlamında çatışma ve kriz kavramları çerçevesinde incelemektedir. Burada eleştirel bir yaklaşım ile mutabakatlara yönelik beklentileri ele alırken, metinde yer alan kısıtlara da değindik. Mutabakatların hareketliliğe bütüncül yaklaşan dilini ve uluslararası işbirliği çabalarının bir yansıması olmasını oldukça değerli görmekle beraber, hedef kitlenin kırılganlıklarına ve ihtiyaçlarına cevap verme noktasında gelişmeye ihtiyaç duyduğunu düşünmekteyiz.ABSTRACT IN ENGLISHEditorial: Global Migration and Refugee Compacts as an International Response to Mass Population Movements in Conflicts and CrisesThe World increasingly becomes more integrated. In this process, human mobility appears as one of the important elements that affect the process of integration as well as the one that is affected by this integration. This rapid transformation process, which is called globalisation, accelerates human mobility. On the other hand, it also reveals certain compelling reasons for international solidarity in order to develop initiatives that make mobility more regular and manageable as well as are effective to decrease deaths. Yet, the Syrian crisis showed that mobility is a concept that requires international effort; solely regional one is not enough. It is also clear that the focus of planned initiatives should not merely consider target countries; they should be developed by taking vulnerabilities of individuals. At this point, it is quite significant that UN member countries gathered in 2016 to develop a compact which would take refugee and migration questions together as well as to define the responsibilities in the international area. This start finalized with developing Global Migration Compact which contains 23 major goals. Sadly, the Compact deceived some countries’ enthusiasm to be part of it. Yet, we still believe that this initiative will give a new pulse in the field of mobility. Therefore we share the introduction part of this issue to the Global Migration Compact together with Refugee Compact. This analysis will examine Global Migration and Refugee compacts in the framework of conflict and crisis notions and in relation to globalisation. We undertake a critical point of view; therefore we consider expectations from the Compacts and their limits together. It is good to see that the Compacts are a reflection of international solidarity effort and it approaches a holistic understanding toward the mobility. However, we also believe that these Compacts require further developments in order to fully respond to the vulnerabilities and needs of people.


Author(s):  
Torsten Feys

This section studies the rise of transatlantic mass migration and long-distance steamshipping between 1830 to 1870, and the ways in which the two intersected. It explores the successes and failures in establishing migration networks, and contrasts activity at the ports of Rotterdam and Antwerp to better understand the impact of commercial networks on the path dependency of migrants. It also considers the organisation of transport and the influence of government policies on both sail and steam shipping during the period. It examines chain migration; business networks; American migration legislation; the rise of Nativism; and migration as an international trade issue, before concluding that steamship lines targeted migrants with full knowledge of their financial value.


2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-134
Author(s):  
Lilit Baghdasaryan ◽  
Ibrahim Sirkeci

A year full of exciting expectations, technological innovations and business opportunities, this is how 2020 was predicted to be by many business analysts and experts. However, some unexpected events followed since the identification of COVID-19 in China. This later escalated to a pandemic spreading across the grids of global human mobility sent shock waves around the world and quickly brought life to a halt in many countries. Not only the anxiety and fear of a deadly virus spreading around but also the measures taken against it perhaps changed our lives as consumers, marketers, and researchers. The new norm is in progress as the old is troubled. The new reality or realities will define marketing in the aftermath of the pandemic and there are already some signs of major disruptive changes. This special issue offers a selection of studies looking into the impact of COVID-19 pandemic with a particular focus on consumer behaviours during the lockdown in early 2020. These studies are drawing on fresh evidence collected via online and offline methods to help strategists understand the scale and depth of the disruption.


2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanjit Sarkar

Purpose The spread of COVID-19 from Wuhan to the global countries has a direct association with human mobility. Perhaps, human mobility increases the hazards of COVID-19 due to its communicable characteristic of human-to-human transmission. Thus, the volume of migrants and migration may have a significant role in the outbreaks of COVID-19 in any country. Given that India homes more than 45 crores of migrants, the present study aims to examine the linkages between migration flows and COVID-19. Design/methodology/approach The present study has used secondary sources such as data sharing portals, census, news and media reports and Web sources. The updated COVID-19 data was retrieved from the www.covid19india.org, whereas migration rates were analysed from the D-series of census 2011. Findings Nearly 23% of total inter-state migration occurred for the livelihood only. The numbers of cases have raised much earlier and faster in migrant's destination states than in migrant's origin states. Further, as shown in the scatterplots, that positive association between “COVID-19 and in-migration” is found to be more robust than “COVID-19 and gross-migration”. On the other hand, the migrant's origin states are also experiencing a rapid increase of COVID-19 cases due to large numbers of returning migrants. These return-migration flows have created major administrative, social and public health challenges, particularly in the origin states, and as a whole in India. Originality/value This paper has potential to help policy planners to identify the COVID-19 vulnerability of various states in respect to the migration perspectives. Moreover, it also enhances the understanding to establish the linkage between COVID-19 outbreaks and migration.


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