Detection of Zoonotic Yersinia Infection in Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Dogs in Sokoto State Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Nathaniel Pilau ◽  
Shehu Zaid ◽  
Abubakar Sadiq Yakubu ◽  
Bashir Saidu ◽  
Umar , Yakubu Dabai ,
Keyword(s):  
Health Policy ◽  
Selective Medium ◽  
Selective Media ◽  
Yersinia Species ◽  
Yersinia Infection ◽  
Animal Populations ◽  
Pure Cultures ◽  
Animal Hosts ◽  
Relative Prevalence ◽  
Suspicion Index

Background: Zoonotic Yersinia infection has been previously reported in humans and animal hosts in Nigeria, occasionally with fulminant disease. Despite earlier evidence of Yersinia pathogen circulating in human and animal populations in Nigeria, studies and suspicion index to Yersinia is below an acceptable average amongst clinicians, diagnosticians, academics and health policy officers. Methods: The deoxycholate Citrate Agar (DCA) was used as a selective media to culture Yersinia, preceded by inoculation in MacConkay agar. Plates with evident growth in the differential media consistent with reported accounts for Yersinia were picked and inoculated in selective medium and left for 48 hours until growth was seen, other samples were left until five days before being discarded as negative. Pure cultures were subjected to a comprehensive biochemical test standard and previously applied for diagnosis and discrimination of Yersinia species. Result: This research recorded an overall microbial prevalence of 30%. Prevalence of Yersinia enterocolitica was 18.3% and Y. pseudotuberculosis 11.7%. Male dogs presented a relative prevalence of Y. enterocolitica 40.9% compared with 59.1% recorded for female dogs. Symptomatic dogs presented a relative prevalence of Y. enterocolitica of 86.4% and Y. pseudotuberculosis of 71.4%

scholarly journals Detection of Zoonotic Yersinia Infection in Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Dogs in Sokoto State Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Nathaniel Pilau ◽  
Shehu Zaid ◽  
Abubakar Sadiq Yakubu ◽  
Bashir Saidu ◽  
Umar Yakubu Dabai
Keyword(s):  
Selective Medium ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Selective Media ◽  
Yersinia Species ◽  
Yersinia Infection ◽  
Animal Populations ◽  
Pure Cultures ◽  
Animal Hosts ◽  
Relative Prevalence ◽  
Suspicion Index

Background: Zoonotic Yersinia infection has been previously reported in humans and animal hosts in Nigeria, occasionally with fulminant disease. Despite earlier evidence of Yersinia pathogen circulating in human and animal populations in Nigeria, studies and suspicion index to Yersinia is below an acceptable average amongst clinicians, diagnosticians, academics and health policy officers. Methods: The Deoxycholate Citrate Agar (DCA) was used as selective media to culture Yersinia preceded by inoculation in MacConkay agar. Plates with evident growth in the differential media consistent with reported accounts for Yersinia were picked and inoculated in selective medium and left for 48 hours until growth was seen, other samples left until five days before being discarded as negative. Pure cultures were subjected to comprehensive biochemical tests standard and previously applied for diagnosis and discrimination of Yersinia species. Result: This research recorded an overall microbial prevalence of 30%. Prevalence of Yersinia enterocolitica was 18.3% and Y. pseudotuberculosis 11.7%. Male dogs presented a relative prevalence of Y.

Enumeration and Identification of Coliform Bacteria Injured by Chlorine or Fungicide Mixed with Agricultural Water

2016 ◽  
Vol 79 (10) ◽  
pp. 1789-1793 ◽  
Author(s):  
HIDEMI IZUMI ◽  
YUJI NAKATA ◽  
AYANO INOUE
Keyword(s):  
Cell Injury ◽  
Pond Water ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Agricultural Water ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
Electrolyzed Water ◽  
Selective Media ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Pure Cultures ◽  
Water Pond

ABSTRACT Chemical sanitizers may induce no injury (bacteria survive), sublethal injury (bacteria are injured), or lethal injury (bacteria die). The proportion of coliform bacteria that were injured sublethally by chlorine and fungicide mixed with agricultural water (pond water), which was used to dilute the pesticide solution, was evaluated using the thin agar layer (TAL) method. In pure cultures of Enterobacter cloacae, Escherichia coli, and E. coli O157:H7 (representing a human pathogen), the percentage of chlorine-injured cells was 69 to 77% for dilute electrolyzed water containing an available chlorine level of 2 ppm. When agricultural water was mixed with electrolyzed water, the percentage of injured coliforms in agricultural water was 75%. The isolation and identification of bacteria on TAL and selective media suggested that the chlorine stress caused injury to Enterobacter kobei. Of the four fungicide products tested, diluted to their recommended concentrations, Topsin-M, Sumilex, and Oxirane caused injury to coliform bacteria in pure cultures and in agricultural water following their mixture with each pesticide, whereas Streptomycin did not induce any injury to the bacteria. The percentage of injury was 45 to 97% for Topsin-M, 80 to 87% for Sumilex, and 50 to 97% for Oxirane. A comparison of the coliforms isolated from the pesticide solutions and then grown on either TAL or selective media indicated the possibility of fungicide-injured Rahnella aquatilis, Yersinia mollaretii, and E. coli. These results suggest the importance of selecting a suitable sanitizer and the necessity of adjusting the sanitizer concentration to a level that will kill the coliforms rather than cause sanitizer-induced cell injury that can result in the recovery of the coliforms.

scholarly journals Comparison of Six Commercially Available Transport Media for Maintenance of Serpulina (Treponema) Hyodysenteriae

1992 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 285-292 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. E. Duhamel ◽  
R. J. Bernard ◽  
M. R. Mathiesen ◽  
K. M. Eskridge
Keyword(s):  
Pure Culture ◽  
Selective Medium ◽  
Fecal Flora ◽  
Transport Medium ◽  
Selective Transport ◽  
Incubation Periods ◽  
Pure Cultures ◽  
Treponema Hyodysenteriae ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Anaerobic Media

Two anaerobic (A1 and A2), 1 selective (S1), and 3 conventional (C1, C2, and C3) transport media formulations were compared for their capacity to maintain the viability of Serpulina (Treponema) hyodysenteriae. Initial experiments compared the recovery of S. hyodysenteriae from pure cultures held in each transport medium for 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 5, and 7 days at −40 C, 4 C, 25 C, and 36 C. Subsequent experiments compared each transport medium for maintenance of S. hyodysenteriae in fecal specimens obtained from experimentally infected pigs after holding for up to 7 days at 25 C. In each experiment, the viability of S. hyodysenteriae in each transport medium incubated at each temperature and for each period was determined by inoculating the transport medium onto either trypticase soy agar with 5% sheep blood or selective BJ agar and incubating at 42 C anaerobically. Viability and fecal flora contamination were evaluated blindly after 2-, 4-, and 6-day incubation periods. At −40 C, recovery of viable S. hyodysenteriae from pure culture did not differ among the transport media from 0.5 to 7 days, and all of the transport media consistently maintained the viability of the spirochetes for 7 days. At 4 C, the anaerobic and selective transport media maintained the viability of pure cultures of S. hyodysenteriae significantly better than did the conventional transport media group at day 7 ( P = 0.019). At the same temperature, the anaerobic media maintained viability better than did the conventional media at 5 days ( P < 0.042). At 25 C, the anaerobic transport media were significantly better than the conventional transport media at maintaining the viability of pure cultures of the spirochetes at 2, 3, and 5 days ( P < 0.018) and were significantly better than the selective medium at 3 days (P = 0.012). At 36 C, the recovery of viable spirochetes was significantly better with the anaerobic transport media than with both the conventional media for days 2–7 ( P < 0.006) and the selective medium for days 3–7 ( P < 0.049). Fecal specimens held in transport media Al and C1, as a group, had significantly higher viability than those held in the other transport media formulations taken as a group at all incubation times, except 0.5 day ( P < 0.0046). Contamination of selective BJ medium by fecal flora was markedly higher after holding fecal specimens in conventional transport media than in anaerobic and selective transport media. In a dilution trial of a pure culture of spirochetes, transport media Al and A2 maintained the viability of 108 S. hyodysenteriae for 7 days; however, medium Al was 10–100-fold more effective than medium A2 when lower initial concentrations of spirochetes were sampled. In a dilution trial of a fecal specimen, medium Al maintained the viability of 101 spirochetes for 2.5 days compared with 103 with medium C1. Overall, media A1 and C1 were the most satisfactory transport media for recovery of viable S. hyodysenteriae from fecal specimens held at 25 C for up to 7 days.

scholarly journals First Report of Phytophthora palmivora on Coronilla valentina subsp. glauca in Italy

Plant Disease ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 86 (3) ◽  
pp. 327-327
Author(s):  
S. O. Cacciola ◽  
A. Pane ◽  
S. Davino ◽  
F. Raudino
Keyword(s):  
Mating Type ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Industrial Area ◽  
Selective Medium ◽  
Phytophthora Palmivora ◽  
Dual Culture ◽  
Trickle Irrigation ◽  
First Report ◽  
Pure Cultures

The genus Coronilla L. (family Fabaceae), which includes several species native to central and southern Europe, such as C. varia L. (axseed or crown-vetch), C. emerus (scorpion senna), and C. valentina L., is used in Italy as a landscape shrub or potted ornamental plant. During the summer of 2001, 80% of approximately 10,000 1-year-old plants of C. valentina subsp. glauca (L.) Batt. used to landscape an industrial area in the Caltanissetta Province (Sicily) showed symptoms of dieback associated with basal stem and root rot. Plants had been transplanted from pots in April and watered using a trickle irrigation system. A species of Phytophthora was isolated consistently from rotted roots and basal stems using BNPRAH selective medium (3). Pure cultures of this fungus were obtained by single-hypha transfers. Ten isolates, each originating from a single plant, were identified as P. palmivora (Butler) Butler on the basis of morphological and cultural characters as described by Erwin and Ribeiro (1). On solid media, including potato dextrose agar, cornmeal agar, and V8-juice agar, all the isolates produced elliptical to ovoid, papillate sporangia with a mean length/breadth ratio of 1.8. Sporangia were caducous with a short pedicel (mean pedicel length = 5 µm) and a conspicuous basal plug. Mating type was determined on V8 agar in dual culture with mating type A1 and A2 of reference isolates of P. nicotianae and P. palmivora. All isolates were heterothallic and produced oogonia and oospores only with reference isolates of the A2 mating type. Antheridia were amphigynous. Electrophoresis of mycelial proteins on polyacrylamide slab gel confirmed that all isolates were pure cultures and belonged to the same species. Koch's postulates were fulfilled using 6-month-old C. valentina subsp. glauca plants that were transplanted into pots filled with soil artificially inoculated with chlamydospores (50 chlamydospores per gram of soil) produced in submerged axenic cultures (2). The plants were maintained in a glasshouse at temperatures ranging from 18 to 28°C, and the pots were watered to field capacity once a week. One month after transplanting, 70% of plants showed dieback symptoms, while control plants, which were grown in pots containing noninoculated soil, remained healthy. The pathogen was reisolated from roots and basal stems of symptomatic plants. These results demonstrate that P. palmivora is the causal agent of dieback of C. valentina subsp. glauca plants. High temperatures in summer and waterlogging of soil due to excess irrigation water could have enhanced disease development. To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. palmivora on a species of Coronilla. P. palmivora is an exotic pathogen, but it is becoming widespread in Italy, where it has been reported from various regions on different hosts, including cyclamen, English ivy, palms, Pittosporum, and olive. References: (1) D. C. Erwin and O. K. Ribeiro. Phytophthora Diseases Worldwide. The American Phytopathological Society. St Paul, MN, 1996. (2) J. Y Kadooka and W. H. Ko. Phytopathology 63:559, 1973. (3) H. Masago et al. Phytopathology 67:425, 1977.

scholarly journals Recovery and Enumeration of Staphylococcus aureus by the Selective Agar

Fine Focus ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-59
Author(s):  
Jill Bange ◽  
Emily Brumfield ◽  
Alysha L. Ellison
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Food Processing ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
False Negative ◽  
Selective Medium ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
Human Immune System ◽  
Selective Media ◽  
Selective Agar ◽  
Overlay Method

Staphylococcus aureus isan example of a commensal bacterium responsible for emesis, acute diarrheal syndrome, and sepsis. S. aureus often must be isolated from patient samples in a clinical setting or from food samples during food processing in an industrial setting, although these bacterial cells may be injured by the human immune system or by food processing measures. Therefore, injured cells may not be fully recovered on media selective for S. aureus and enumeration (e.g., CFU/mL) may not reflect the true concentration of the original sample. The objective of this study was to determine whether the selective agar overlay method of recovery is more sensitive, selective, and time-effective for enumeration of artificially injured S. aureus cultures when compared to more traditional techniques. The selective agar overlay method involves pour plating S. aureus in non-selective medium, allowing the sample to incubate for a four hour recovery period, and then overlaying selective medium over the non-selective medium. Artificial injury of S. aureus cells was accomplished by treatment with carvacrol, an extract from oil of oregano. Our results indicated that carvacrol-injured S. aureus cells were recovered by the selective agar overlay at the same concentration as recovery on non-selective media, and at a significantly higher concentration than recovery on selective media. This method allows for more rapid and accurate diagnoses, and may be more cost-effective due to the reduction or elimination of false negative results.

scholarly journals Root and Foot Rot of Lantana Caused by Phytophthora cryptogea

Plant Disease ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 89 (8) ◽  
pp. 909-909 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. O. Cacciola ◽  
A. Chimento ◽  
A. Pane ◽  
D. E. L. Cooke ◽  
G. Magnano di San Lio
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Heavy Rain ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Selective Medium ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Infested Soil ◽  
Foot Rot ◽  
American Phytopathological Society ◽  
Electrophoretic Patterns ◽  
Pure Cultures

Lantana (Lantana camara L.) is an evergreen shrub in the Verbenaceae. In some countries, this plant has been declared a noxious weed. However, a number of sterile or near-sterile forms are cultivated as attractive flowered potted and garden plants. In early spring 2004, ≈4,000 potted, small trees of lantana grown in a screenhouse in a commercial nursery of ornamentals near Giarre, Sicily, showed symptoms of chlorosis, defoliation, and sudden collapse of the entire plant. These aboveground symptoms were associated with a reduced root system, rot of feeder roots, and brown discoloration of the base of the stem. A Phytophthora sp. was isolated consistently from roots and basal stems of symptomatic plants using the selective medium of Masago et al. (3). Cardinal temperatures for radial growth of pure cultures obtained by single hypha transfer were 2°C minimum, 25°C optimum, and 30 to 35°C maximum. Sporangia produced in the saline solution of Chen and Zentmyer (3) were obpyriform, persistent, and nonpapillate. All isolates were A1 mating type and differentiated oospores with amphigynous antheridia in dual cultures with A2 reference isolates of P. cryptogea Pethybr. & Laff. and P. drechsleri Tucker (3). Electrophoretic patterns of total mycelial proteins (3) of the isolates from lantana were very similar to those of reference isolates of P. cryptogea from different hosts, but clearly distinct from those of reference isolates of other species included in Waterhouse's taxonomic group VI (3). Indeed, isolates from lantana were identified as P. cryptogea on the basis of morphological and cultural characters as well as the electrophoretic phenotype. Sequences of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of rDNA (1) confirmed the identification as P. cryptogea. Pathogenicity of a representative isolate from lantana (IMI 392045) was tested in a screenhouse by transplanting 20 6-month-old rooted cuttings of lantana in pots (12 cm in diameter) filled with infested soil; the soil was prepared by mixing steam-sterilized sandy loam soil at a concentration of 4% (vol/vol) with inoculum produced on a mixture of vermiculite and autoclaved oat seeds. Twenty control plants were transplanted in pots containing noninfested soil. The soil was saturated with water by plugging the pots' drainage holes for 48 h and watering. After 40 days, all plants except the controls showed symptoms of root and foot rot, and P. cryptogea was reisolated from infected tissues. To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. cryptogea on lantana. On this host and other species in the verbena family, only P. nicotianae van Breda de Haan (= P. parasitica Dastur) has been previously reported (2,3,4). A possible cause of the high incidence of this disease in the nursery was waterlogging due to heavy rain and excessive irrigation. References: (1) S. O. Cacciola et al. For. Snow Landsc. Res. 76:387, 2001. (2) M. L. Daughtrey et al. Compendium of Flowering Potted Plant Diseases. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, 1995. (3) D. C Erwin and O. K. Ribeiro. Pages 39–41, 84–95, 138–139 in: Phytophthora Diseases Worldwide. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, 1996. (4) K. H. Lamour et al. Plant Dis. 87:854, 2003.

scholarly journals Collar and Root Rot of Olive Trees Caused by Phytophthora megasperma in Sicily

Plant Disease ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 85 (1) ◽  
pp. 96-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. O. Cacciola ◽  
G. E. Agosteo ◽  
G. Magnano di San Lio
Keyword(s):  
Root Rot ◽  
Radial Growth ◽  
Selective Medium ◽  
Phytophthora Megasperma ◽  
Electrophoretic Patterns ◽  
Pure Cultures ◽  
Olive Trees ◽  
Maximum Temperatures ◽  
Single Hypha ◽  
Collar And Root Rot

Olive (Olea europea L.) is grown on about 154,000 ha in Sicily (southern Italy). In the summer of 1999, a few 3-year-old olive trees with decline symptoms were observed in a recently planted commercial orchard in the Enna province (Sicily). The trees were propagated on wild olive (O. europea L. var. sylvestris Brot.) rootstock. Aerial symptoms, consisting of leaf chlorosis, wilting, defoliation, and twig dieback followed in most cases by plant death, were associated with root rot and basal stem cankers. A Phytophthora sp. was consistently isolated from rotted rootlets and trunk cankers using the BNPRAH (benomyl, nystatin, pentachloronitrobenzene, rifampicin, ampicillin, and hymexazol) selective medium. Pure cultures were obtained by single-hypha transfers. The species isolated from symptomatic olive trees was identified as P. megasperma Drechsler on the basis of morphological and cultural characteristics. All isolates were homothallic, with paragynous antheridia. The diameter of oospores varied from 28 to 42 μm (mean ± SE = 36.3 ± 0.4) when they were produced on potato-dextrose agar (PDA) and from 30 to 43 μm (mean ± SE = 37.8 ± 0.4) when they were produced in saline solution. Sporangia were non-papillate. Optimum and maximum temperatures for radial growth of the colonies on PDA were 25 and 30°C, respectively. At 25°C, radial growth rate was about 6 mm per day. The identification was confirmed by the electrophoresis of mycelial proteins on a polyacrylamide slab gel. The electrophoretic banding patterns of total soluble proteins and three isozymes (esterase, fumarase, and malate dehydrogenase) of the isolate from olive were identical to those of two isolates of P. megasperma obtained from cherry and from carrot in Italy and characterized previously (1). Conversely, they were clearly distinct from the electrophoretic patterns of four isolates of P. megasperma var. sojae Hildebr. from soybean (= P. sojae Kauf. & Ger.), from those of three isolates from asparagus tentatively identified as P. megasperma sensu lato (1) and from those of reference isolates of various species producing non-papillate sporangia, including P. cambivora (Petri) Buisman, P. cinnamomi Rands, P. cryptogea Pethybr. & Laff., P. drechsleri Tucker, and P. erythroseptica Pethybr. Pathogenicity of the isolate from olive was tested in the greenhouse at 18 to 25°C using 18-month-old rooted cuttings of olive cv. Biancolilla. Cuttings were inoculated on the lower stem by inserting a 3-mm plug taken from actively growing colonies on PDA into an incision made with a sterile scalpel. The wound was sealed with waterproof tape. Agar plugs with no mycelium were placed into the stem of cuttings used as a control. The bark was stripped and lesion areas were traced and measured 60 days after inoculation. The isolate from olive produced a brown necrotic lesion (mean size = 500 mm2) around the inoculation wound and was reisolated from the lesion. Conversely, the wound healed up on control plants. P. megasperma has previously been recognized as a pathogen of olive in Greece and Spain (3). However, this is the first report of P. megasperma causing root and collar rot of olive in Italy. References: (1) S. O. Cacciola et al. Inf. Fitopatol. 46:33, 1996. (2) D. C. Erwin and O. K. Ribeiro, 1996. Phytophthora Diseases Worldwide. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. (3) M. E. Sánchez-Hernádez et al. Plant Dis. 81:1216, 1997.

MEIOSIS CAN INDUCE RECOMBINATION IN rad52 MUTANTS OF SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE

Genetics ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 113 (3) ◽  
pp. 531-550
Author(s):  
Michael A Resnick ◽  
John Nitiss ◽  
Charles Edwards ◽  
Robert E Malone
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Meiotic Recombination ◽  
Selective Medium ◽  
Complete Loss ◽  
Double Strand Breaks ◽  
Rich Medium ◽  
Strand Breaks ◽  
Selective Media ◽  
Single Strand Breaks ◽  
Nutrient Rich Medium

ABSTRACT The RAD52 and RAD50 genes have previously been shown to be required for normal meiotic recombination and for various types of recombination occurring in mitotic cells. Recent evidence suggests that rad52 mutants might be defective in an intermediate recombination step; we therefore examined recombination during meiosis in several rad52 mutants at several different loci and in genetic backgrounds that yield efficient sporulation and synchronous meiosis. Similar to previous reports, spores from rad52 diploids are inviable and meiotic recombination is greatly reduced by rad52 mutations. However, intragenic recombinants were detected when cells were plated on selective media during meiosis; rad52 mutants experience induction of recombination between homologues under these special conditions. The frequencies of recombination at four loci were considerably greater than the mitotic controls; however, they were still at least 20 times lower than corresponding Rad+ strains. The prototrophs induced by meiosis in rad52 mutants were not typical meiotic recombinants because incubation in nutrient-rich medium before plating to selective medium resulted in the complete loss of recombinants. We propose that previously observed single-strand breaks that accumulate in rad52 mutants may be associated with recombinational intermediates that are resolved when cells are returned to selective mitotic media and that the meiosis-induced recombination in rad52 cells does not involve double-strand breaks.

New medium for isolation of Actinomyces viscosus and Actinomyces naeslundii from dental plaque

1978 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 514-518 ◽  
Author(s):  
K S Kornman ◽  
W J Loesche
Keyword(s):  
Cell Morphology ◽  
Dental Plaque ◽  
Selective Medium ◽  
Total Count ◽  
Cadmium Sulfate ◽  
Actinomyces Naeslundii ◽  
Actinomyces Species ◽  
Presumptive Identification ◽  
Pure Cultures

Metronidazole (10 microgram/ml) and cadmium sulfate (20 microgram/ml) were added to a gelatin-based medium to select for microaerophilic Actinomyces species from dental plaque samples. The new medium (GMC), when incubated anaerobically, allowed 98% recovery of seven pure cultures of Actinomyces viscosus and 73% recovery of eight pure cultures of Actinomyces naeslundii, while suppressing 76% of the total count of other organisms in dental plaque samples. In 203 plaque samples, recoveries of A. viscosus and A. naeslundii on GMC and another selective medium for oral Actinomyces (CNAC-20) were compared. Recovery of A. viscosus was comparable on the two media. Recovery of A. naeslundii was significantly higher on GMC than CNAC-20 (P is less than 0.001), and GMC allowed a more characteristic cell morphology of both organisms. GMC medium appears to be useful for the isolation and presumptive identification of A. viscosus and A. naeslundii from dental plaque.

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