scholarly journals Temperature Fluctuation in Fraxinus pennsylvanica var. subintegerrima and Its Surrounding Environment

2007 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 193-201
Author(s):  
A.M. Shirazi ◽  
S.H. Vogel
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Temperature Fluctuation ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Fraxinus Pennsylvanica ◽  
The South ◽  
The West ◽  
West Side ◽  
Cold Temperatures ◽  
South Side ◽  
Surrounding Environment

Temperature fluctuation (TF) in an 18-year-old Fraxinus pennsylvanica var. subintegerrima and its surrounding environment was monitored using HOBO Pro temperature sensors recording every 15 min from December 2001 to February 2003 at The Morton Arboretum, Lisle, Illinois, U.S. There were significant differences (P < 0.05) between TF in 2001, mild cold temperatures, and 2003, severe record-breaking cold temperatures. In mid-December 2001, TF range in soil 30 cm (12 in) was 4°C (39.2°F) to 4.5°C (40.1°F), sod was 3°C (37.4°F) to 4°C (39.2°F), and soil surface was 2°C (35.6°F) to 2.5°C (36.5°F), whereas canopy and mulch ranged from −1°C (30.2°F) to 10°C (50°F). The south side of the trunk had the highest fluctuation of 1°C (33.8°F) to 14°C (57.2°F) followed primarily by the west side with occasional peaks in the east. However, the west side had the highest temperature peak in mid-June. The temperature difference between south and north sides during mid-December were approximately 7°C (44.6°F). In April, the TF inside the trunk ranged from 2°C (35.6°F) to 5.5°C (41.9°F) compared with the canopy, which varied between −0.5°C (31.1°F) and 8°C (46.4°F). The west side was 2°C (35.6°F) to 3°C (37.4°F) higher in mid-July than the south, east, and north sides. On 15 February 2003, which was the coldest day recorded, the soil 30 cm (12 in) temperature (under the mulch) reached ≈−1°C (≈30.2°F), whereas sod and soil surface were ≈−2°C (≈28.4°F). Mulch and base temperature ranged from −1°C (30.2°F) to −5°C (23°F) and −2.5°C (27.5°F) to −7.5°C (18.5°F), respectively. Root core temperature was ≈−1°C (≈30.2°F), the trunk temperature range was −2.5°C (27.5°F) to −3.5°C (25.7°F), whereas the canopy was −2.5°C (27.5°F) to −7.5°C (18.5°F). The south TF range was between −0.5°C (31.1°F) and −7.5°C (18.5°F) from midday to midnight. The TF difference between south and north sides was ≈2.5°C (≈36.5°F). This freeze and thaw of the south side during winter months has been attributed to sunscald in some trees. Based on temperature observations during the coldest and warmest week, a temperature fluctuation factor (TFF), a difference between weekly minimum and maximum temperature, was introduced. During the coldest week, the TFF for canopy to trunk was 2×, trunk to root or soil was 10×, and canopy to root or soil was 20×. During the warmest week, the TFF for canopy to trunk was 2×, trunk to root or soil was 7.5×, and canopy to root or soil was 15×. The stem water content was higher throughout the year; however, the bud water content was significantly higher when approaching budbreak in April to May. In a companion study, the effect of mulch depth on TF was reexamined showing that the temperature of mulch varies dependent on the time of year. In October, 15 cm (6 in) mulch was several degrees warmer than ground, 7.5 cm (3 in) mulch, and 30 cm (12 in) mulch (P < 0.05); however, in December and February, 30 cm (12 in) of mulch was significantly warmer (P < 0.05). There are many factors other than temperature that affect tree growth and development. The dynamics of TF give a greater understanding of the role temperature plays in tree physiology as well as improving horticultural and arboricultural understanding in urban environments, resulting in improved landscape management.

On a Quartz-porphyry from the Lake District

1924 ◽  
Vol 61 (11) ◽  
pp. 513-515 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sidney Melmore
Keyword(s):  
Igneous Rock ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lake District ◽  
The South ◽  
The West ◽  
Quartz Porphyry ◽  
West Side ◽  
South Side ◽  
The Road

A Small quarry was opened about three years ago at Thwaite Head, which lies between the southern ends of Coniston Lake and Windermere. It is on the west side of the road between that hamlet and Hawkshead, and exposes a nearly vertical sill, 40 feet wide, running E.N.E.-W.S.W. in the Bannisdale slates. On the south side a series of joint-planes running parallel to the bedding of the slates and curving inwards at the top have split the igneous rock into flags, while in the body of the rock the jointing is much coarser, so that it is quarried in large blocks. Both the igneous rock and the slates are much decomposed and friable along the southern junction, and it is here a little galena is said to have been found when the quarry was first opened. This is not improbable, as the old Thwaite Head lead mine is situated not far off on the banks of Dale Park Beck.

A Dagger in Relief on Stonehenge?

Traditio ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 315-316
Author(s):  
R. E. Kaske
Keyword(s):  
The South ◽  
The West ◽  
West Side ◽  
South Side ◽  
Main Entrance

In 1953, R. J. C. Atkinson made the first discovery of prehistoric carvings on Stonehenge: a dagger and several ax-heads on the inner face of sarsen stone no. 53. Since then a number of other carvings have been identified, including two additional daggers on the west side of stone 53 and the south side of stone 23. In May 1972, on a casual visit to Stonehenge, I noticed what appeared to be an incised cartwheel with eight spokes, low on the southeast side of stone 30, within the main entrance; this same apparent design was immediately recognized by my wife and son, with no prompting from me. When I re-examined the area in July 1974, I was astonished to find not only that I could see no cartwheel, but that I could see nothing which might plausibly have led me to think of a cartwheel. This striking discrepancy between two clear visual impressions of the same surface made me suspect that some delicate trick of lighting must be involved, and I accordingly visited Stonehenge at night to explore the problem with the help of crosslighting.

scholarly journals Excavations at Palaikastro. III: § 3.—Blocks κ and λ

1904 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 202-204
Author(s):  
R. M. Dawkins
Keyword(s):  
The South ◽  
The West ◽  
West Side ◽  
South Side ◽  
Family Living ◽  
The Town

A little west of the town-site lies a hillock called τὸ Kεφαλάκι or τοῦ Kονᾶ τὸ Kεφάλι the Kονᾶδες being a family living at Karýdhi, to whom the land formerly belonged. The west side and top of the hillock are rocky, but on the better covered east and north slopes ancient walls crop up above the surface. The owner of the field on the south side was known to have improved his land by pulling out blocks of stone, but enough ground was left on the east and north with traces of walls to make it plain that a group of houses lay beneath the surface.

I 10, 8 and 9

1997 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger Ling ◽  
Paul Arthur ◽  
Georgia Clarke ◽  
Estelle Lazer ◽  
Lesley A. Ling ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Late Stage ◽  
The South ◽  
The West ◽  
West Side ◽  
South Side ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
Eastern Boundary ◽  
The One ◽  
Northeast Corner

This complex consists of an atrium-house from which a front room has been separated at a late stage to form an independent shop or workshop. Together they occupy the north-west corner of the insula, the house opening northwards and the shop westwards. Before the shop was separated from it, the house had a relatively broad facade (approx. 14 m.), but the oblique alignment of the insula boundary to the west resulted in a considerable contraction towards the rear. At the southern end of the roofed part of the house, coinciding with the south walls of rooms 10 and 12, the property is only 10 m. wide; and the garden beyond this, thanks primarily to a shift in the line of the eastern boundary becomes even narrower, contracting to less than 8.50 m. As in the Casa del Fabbro, the atrium (1) is set against one of the property boundaries, this time the west rather than the east; but, owing to the greater width of the house, it is broader (from 7.20 to 8.20 m.) and still allows space for a deep room on the east. The impluvium is centrally positioned in relation to the short (south) side. The fauces, however, enters the atrium somewhat off-centre, 3.80 m. from the northeast corner and 2.70 m. from the north-west, presumably in order to obtain three more or less equally sized rooms on the north facade. As the plot contracts toward the rear, this tripartite division becomes more difficult; the outlying rooms, on the west side particularly are uncomfortably narrow and cramped. Of the three rooms on the north front, the westernmost is the one which in the final period had become a shop with an independent entrance (I 10, 9); it had formerly been a corner room opening from the atrium via a doorway immediately adjacent to the fauces, but this doorway was blocked and a new entrance, 2.30 m. wide, quoined in opus listatum, was opened in the west wall (Pl 90). The lava threshold (Fig. 61) points to fittings typical of a shop: a separate pivoted door and vertical planks set overlapping in a groove.

X.—The Plan of the Church and Monastery of St. Augustine, Bristol

Archaeologia ◽  
1912 ◽  
Vol 63 ◽  
pp. 231-250
Author(s):  
Roland W. Paul
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
The South ◽  
The West ◽  
West Side ◽  
South Side ◽  
Ordnance Survey ◽  
The Church

Many plans exist of what is now the Cathedral at Bristol, but there are to my knowledge none to a sufficiently large scale to be of much practical use, and in those that do exist, with two exceptions, the buildings south of the church, that surround the cloister court, are either only roughly outlined or are omitted altogether. The two exceptions are (1) the Ordnance Survey map of 1884, which shows buildings now destroyed, and (2) a plan (without scale) which accompanies a paper by the late Mr. E. W. Godwin, F.S.A., published in the Archaeological Journal for 1863. This is little more than a block plan, but it is the only attempt hitherto made to identify the various monastic buildings. Since this latter plan was made a road has been taken through near the gatehouse, involving the destruction of the buildings that stood on the west side of College Green at that point, and since 1884 another road has been made on the south side across the site of some of the then existing monastic buildings. The precinct is now therefore considerably reduced in area; originally it appears to have included College Green, while the monastic land extended south to the rivers Frome and Avon. The plan (pi. XXXIV) includes all the monastic buildings now remaining, and shows the position and extent as far as possible of those destroyed. Some old plans, the property of the Dean and Chapter, have quite recently been placed at my disposal, which have enabled me to add the buildings west of the church and adjoining the gate-house.

The Hellenistic and Byzantine Defences of Tocra (Taucheira)

1998 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 35-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Smith ◽  
James Crow
Keyword(s):  
North Africa ◽  
Outer Wall ◽  
Seventh Century ◽  
The South ◽  
The West ◽  
Curtain Wall ◽  
South Side ◽  
Sea Wall ◽  
The City

AbstractThe fortifications of the Hellenistic and Roman city of Tocra are over 2 km long (including the sea-wall) and comprise a curtain wall up to 2 m wide flanked by 31 rectangular towers. Three main structural phases were noted in the survey carried out in 1966 by David Smith: (1) Hellenistic walls of isodomic ashlar, (2) later Hellenistic work of isodomic ashlar with bevelled edges, associated with the indented trace along the south rampart, and (3) an extensive rebuild of plain ashlar blocks including the towers and reconstruction to the East and West Gates, dateable, on the basis of Procopius, to the reign of Justinian. The general significance of the fortifications at Tocra is considered in the second part: these include the Hellenistic indented trace along the south side, later reinforced by towers in the sixth century AD. Also of wider importance was the use of an outer wall or proteichisma, and the pentagonal, pointed towers at the two main gates. Both these elements were unusual in Byzantine North Africa and they are discussed as part of the more general repertory of Byzantine fortifications. The unusual tower adjacent to the West Church is considered in the context of literary accounts. The article concludes by considering how the architecture and magnitude of the fortifications can allow a reassessment of the wider role of the city in the sixth and seventh century defences of Cyrenaica.

scholarly journals SIDOARJO MUD DRAINAGE SYSTEM

CI-TECH ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (01) ◽  
pp. 31-37
Author(s):  
Achmad Baydhowi ◽  
Soebagio
Keyword(s):  
Drainage System ◽  
Soil Condition ◽  
Drainage Channel ◽  
The South ◽  
The West ◽  
South Side ◽  
Flood Discharge ◽  
Discharge Plan ◽  
Embankment Height

Sidoarjo or Lusi mud has an area of ​​640 ha and an average embankment height of 10 meters and submerges three sub-districts, namely Porong District, Jabon District and Tanggulangin District. In 2018, the Sidoarjo mud embankment has decreased or subsided by up to 8.5 meters at several points, which was caused by the condition of the embankment which was almost full and caused the soil condition of the embankment to become unstable. For this problem, it is necessary to build a drainage channel at the edge of the embankment to overcome the overflow of the embankment and flow it to the Porong river which is on the south side of the Sidoarjo mud embankment. From the calculation of the planned rain discharge, it is found that R2 = 72.95 mm after the planned rainfall is obtained, then the next is to look for the flood discharge plan which then plans the dimensions of the channel on the west and east sides of the embankment after obtaining the dimensions of the channel, then the next is planning the resistance pond and draining it to the porong river. with Siphon Network Pipe

A Saxon treasure hoard found at Chester, 1950

1953 ◽  
Vol 33 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 22-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graham Webster ◽  
R. H. Dolley ◽  
G. C. Dunning
Keyword(s):  
The South ◽  
The West ◽  
West Side ◽  
North Wales ◽  
Western Side ◽  
Girls School ◽  
The City

On 29th November 1950 workmen employed by the Merseyside and North Wales Electricity Board were relaying a cable on the west side of Castle Esplanade, Chester. In cleaning up the western side of the trench with a spade, 18 in. below the present pavement level and 29 ft. to the south of St. Martin's Court, one of the men cut through a small earthenware vessel and a shower of coins and silver bullion poured into the bottom of the trench. It is distressing to record that although the Grosvenor Museum is only 100 yards from the site, the discovery was not reported. No significance was attached to the find; one of the men stated later that they thought they were milk checks. Three of the men put handfuls of coins into their pockets; others were distributed to children near, and the rest shovelled back into the trench. The engineer-in-charge took several to his office for thepurpose of identification, but later forgot about them. One of the men sent some of the coins to Hunter Street Girls' School, by his niece, for identification, and the mistress immediately sent them to the Curator of the Grosvenor Museum.This happened on 10th December, and the Curator at once appreciating the significance of the discovery, set to work to recover as much as possible of the hoard, and reported the matter to the City Coroner. As a result he recovered a hundred coins, twelve ingots of silver, and a fragment of the vessel.

Durrington Walls

Antiquity ◽  
1929 ◽  
Vol 3 (9) ◽  
pp. 49-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. G. S. Crawford
Keyword(s):  
West Bank ◽  
Average Diameter ◽  
Great Circle ◽  
The South ◽  
The West ◽  
West Side ◽  
The Road ◽  
Nearest Point ◽  
Pass Through

Probably not one in ten thousand of those who pass through the middle of Durrington Walls is aware of its existence. Though plainly visible when once pointed out, the earthen ramparts have been so greatly altered by ploughing as to be hardly recognizable, and the reconstruction of their orginal form is a very pretty exercise in field-archaeologyThe walls consists of a round enclosure, cut into two unequal parts by the road from Amesbury to Netheravon (Wilts), about a mile and a half north of Amesbury, on the west bank of the Avon. Woodhenge is only eighty yards to the south, close to and on the west side of the same road. The earthwork differs fundamentally from the ordinary defensive ‘camp’, for it encloses, not a hill-top but a coombe or hollow, and it has its ditch inside, not outside, the rampart. In this latter respect it resembles the circles at Avebury and Marden in Wilts, Knowlton in Dorset, Thornborough in Yorkshire, and Arbour Low in Derbyshire; though there are points of difference. In size, Durrington Walls compares closely with Avebury, whose great earthen circle is slightly smaller in diameter; rom east to west the internal area of the Walls is 1300feet across, and from north to south about 1160 feet. (The average diameter at Avebury is 1130 feet). Both too are within easy reach of a stream, the Avon being IOO yards from the eastern entrance of the Walls, and the Kennet 330 yards from the nearest point of the great circle at Avebury. The enclosure at Marden actually touches the banks of the Avon at a point higher up in its course.

Ancient Cultivations at Housesteads, Northumberland

Antiquity ◽  
1931 ◽  
Vol 5 (19) ◽  
pp. 351-354
Author(s):  
W. Percy Hedley
Keyword(s):  
The South ◽  
The West ◽  
South Side ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
Hadrian's Wall ◽  
The Military ◽  
The Hill ◽  
North And South

The Roman Fort of Borcovicium at Housesteads in Northumberland should need no introduction to anyone interested in archaeology. During the last year it has been brought into great prominence by being presented to the Nation by Mr John Maurice Clayton, and through its close proximity to the portion of Hadrian’s Wall recently threatened by quarrying operations.The fort at Housesteads was one of the earliest to be examined by British antiquaries, but although it has received so much attention its environs have been almost entirely disregarded. On both sides of the Military Way leading out of the west gateway was an extensive civil settlement, and traces of buildings can be seen on the south side of the fort. The hillside sloping to the southward is covered with the remains of early cultivations. These have generally been accepted as of Romano-British age. There are, however, two distinct systems of early cultivation. To the southwest of the fort there is a series of terraces running along the hillside, but on the southeast of the fort there are lynchets running north and south at regular interva up and down the hillside. From the hill to the south of Housesteads it can be clearly seen that where there is terrace cultivation it has been superimposed on the earlier system of lynchets, and this is also shown in air photographs.

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