scholarly journals A Borer-Specific Assessment Scheme for Identifying Sentinel Trees to Delimit Invasive Borers in Urban Forests

2015 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel Hughes ◽  
Clifford Sadof ◽  
Matthew Ginzel
Keyword(s):  
Early Detection ◽  
Urban Forest ◽  
Emerald Ash Borer ◽  
Agrilus Planipennis ◽  
Street Tree ◽  
Ash Trees ◽  
Pest Incidence ◽  
Specific Assessment ◽  
Wood Borer ◽  
Wood Boring

Aggressive insects like the emerald ash borer [Agrilus planipennis (Fairmaire)] (EAB) increasingly threaten the health of the urban forest. Early detection of exotic wood-boring pests is critical for rapid response efforts, and allows for effective management while populations are relatively low. During street tree inventories, arborists record subjective rankings of tree condition and pest incidence; however, the extent of insect attack is rarely quantified. Moreover, it is unknown how the assessment of tree vigor provided by city foresters during these inventories relates to the likelihood of wood-borer infestation. In this study, researchers developed a borer-specific tree vigor assessment scheme to rapidly evaluate street trees, and to identify when EAB populations begin to grow exponentially based on the health of the forest. This scheme incorporates common indicators of EAB attack, including canopy thinning and epicormic sprouts, as well as attack by common native wood-boring insects. This scheme was used to track the health of ash trees from 2010 to 2013 in one urban forest with advanced symptoms of EAB decline and one without (Indianapolis and Lafayette, Indiana, U.S., respectively). Trees declined more rapidly in Indianapolis where emergence holes from native borers were positively correlated with EAB in infested areas. Over the course of the study, first detections of EAB occurred on progressively weaker trees at both sites, suggesting that early detection of incipient EAB populations can be improved by surveying apparently healthy trees.

Progress in the use of detection dogs for emerald ash borer monitoring

2020 ◽  
Vol 93 (2) ◽  
pp. 326-330 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ute Hoyer-Tomiczek ◽  
Gernot Hoch
Keyword(s):  
Urban Forest ◽  
Emerald Ash Borer ◽  
Initial Study ◽  
Agrilus Planipennis ◽  
Test Series ◽  
Detection Accuracy ◽  
Entry Points ◽  
Ash Trees ◽  
Scent Detection ◽  
Single Blind

Abstract Early detection of infestation by the emerald ash borer (EAB), Agrilus planipennis is extremely difficult; hence developing additional methods is desirable. We built on the successful use of canine scent detection for the invasive long-horned beetles Anoplophora glabripennis and Anoplophora chinensis and trained six dogs in detection of EAB. A first test series was performed to evaluate detection accuracy of five of these dogs. Seven different experimental settings were tested under single blind conditions: (1) forest nursery, (2) piles of firewood, (3) firewood on the ground, (4) ash logs on the ground, (5) old urban ash trees, (6) urban forest with ash trees and (7) natural forest with ash trees. In total, 214 positive samples were presented to the dogs, out of which 20 remained undetected. The experiments ascertained sensitivity (correct positives of all positives) ranging from 73.3 to 100 percent and specificity (correct negatives of all negatives) from 88.9 to 99.8 percent in the tested settings. This initial study demonstrates that trained dogs are able to detect EAB scent from sources such as larval galleries in bark/wood, frass, living or dead larvae or dead dry beetles. The numbers of tested dogs and test series were limited, and further studies are needed to confirm the initial results. However, the preliminary findings demonstrate the potential of the method particularly for inspection of wood or plants at entry points.

scholarly journals Record of the Emerald Ash Borer (Agrilus planipennis) in Ukraine is Confirmed

Insects ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 338 ◽  
Author(s):  
Drogvalenko ◽  
Orlova-Bienkowskaja ◽  
Bieńkowski
Keyword(s):  
Emerald Ash Borer ◽  
Agrilus Planipennis ◽  
European Russia ◽  
Invasive Pest ◽  
Fraxinus Pennsylvanica ◽  
Ash Trees ◽  
Boring Insect ◽  
Wood Boring

Agrilus planipennis (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) is a devastating invasive pest of ash trees. This wood-boring insect is native to Asia and established in European Russia about 20 years ago. It severely damages Fraxinus pennsylvanica plantations and quickly spreads. In 2019 we first detected A. planipennis in Ukraine. More than 20 larvae were collected from under the bark of F. pennsylvanica trees on 5 September 2019 in the Markivka District of the Luhansk Region. The coordinates of the localities of collection were 49.614991 N, 39.559743 E; 49.614160 N, 39.572402 E; and 49.597043 N, 39.561811 E. The photos of the damaged trees with larval galleries, exit holes and larvae are presented. It indicates that A. planipennis is established in the east of Ukraine. This fact is important for development of quarantine protocols to prevent or at least slow the further spread of this invasive pest in Europe.

scholarly journals The Fate of Ornamental White Fringetree Through the Invasion Wave of Emerald Ash Borer and Implications for Novel Host Use by This Beetle

2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 489-495 ◽  
Author(s):  
E A Ellison ◽  
D L Peterson ◽  
D Cipollini
Keyword(s):  
Emerald Ash Borer ◽  
Agrilus Planipennis ◽  
Invasive Pest ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Tree Health ◽  
Ash Trees ◽  
Novel Host ◽  
Invasion Wave ◽  
Wood Boring ◽  
Infestation Status

Abstract Emerald ash borer (EAB, Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire [Coleoptera: Buprestidae]) is a wood boring beetle that is an invasive pest of ash trees (Fraxinus spp.) in North America. In 2014, it was reported that EAB had infested white fringetree (Chionanthus virginicus L. [Lamiales: Oleaceae]) in Ohio and was since found to have infested this species across its invasive range. In 2018, we reexamined 166 white fringetrees in Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, and Pennsylvania that had been previously examined for EAB attack in 2015 to determine their fate. We assessed tree health and EAB infestation in each tree, assigned an infestation status of newly, continuously, not reinfested, or never infested, and compared the trees’ current status to their 2015 status. This assessment was done to determine whether their health and infestation status had changed through the EAB invasion wave. We found that attack rates declined: 26% of trees were infested in 2015 whereas only 13% were in 2018, likely coinciding with declining beetle populations in the area. Overall tree health improved for trees that were not reinfested by EAB after a record of attack in 2015, suggesting that they can survive and recover from EAB attack. Conversely, health declined for newly and continuously infested trees, indicating that they became stressed from EAB attack. Although the majority of the trees survived the invasion wave, several were removed from various sites due to EAB attack suggesting that white fringetree varies in its resistance and tolerance to attack. As beetle populations continue to expand geographically, infestation rates will likely increase and health of white fringetrees will decrease with the EAB attack wave, especially as EAB reaches denser populations of fringetrees.

scholarly journals Record of the Emerald Ash Borer (Agrilus planipennis) in Ukraine is Confirmed

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander N. Drogvalenko ◽  
Marina J. Orlova-Bienkowskaja ◽  
Andrzej O. Bieńkowski
Keyword(s):  
Emerald Ash Borer ◽  
Agrilus Planipennis ◽  
European Russia ◽  
Invasive Pest ◽  
Fraxinus Pennsylvanica ◽  
Ash Trees ◽  
Boring Insect ◽  
Wood Boring

Agrilus planipennis is a devastating invasive pest of ash trees. This wood-boring insect native to Asia and established in European Russia about 20 years ago poses a serious threat to ash trees all over Europe. In 2019 we first detected Agrilus planipennis in Ukraine. More than 20 larvae have been collected from under the bark of Fraxinus pennsylvanica trees on 5 September 2019 in Markivka District of Luhansk Region. Coordinates of the localities of collection: 49.614991 N, 39.559743 E; 49.614160 N, 39.572402 E and 49.597043 N, 39.561811 E. The photos of damaged trees with larval galleries, exit holes and larvae are presented. There is no doubt that the pest is established in Ukraine. This fact is important for development of quarantine protocols to prevent or at least slow the further spread of this invasive pest in Europe.

A collaborative approach to preparing for and reacting to emerald ash borer: a case study from Colorado

2019 ◽  
Vol 93 (2) ◽  
pp. 239-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathleen Alexander ◽  
Micaela Truslove ◽  
Rob Davis ◽  
Sky Stephens ◽  
Ralph Zentz
Keyword(s):  
Community Forestry ◽  
Urban Forest ◽  
Emerald Ash Borer ◽  
Community Support ◽  
Management Plan ◽  
Agrilus Planipennis ◽  
Tree Canopy ◽  
Ash Trees ◽  
Response Team

Abstract Collaboration has been the key to success for urban forest management in Colorado, not only collaboration amongst agencies at all levels of government but also in engaging industry allies, coordinating education and outreach efforts and in fostering community support. A unique interagency team, the Emerging Pests in Colorado (EPIC) Workgroup, was formed in 2009 to address the immediate threat from Thousand Cankers Disease (TCD) of walnut and to plan for the arrival of other invasive urban forest pests to Colorado. When the emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire) (EAB) was detected in Boulder, Colorado in 2013, it marked the westernmost occurrence of EAB in the US, threatening millions of planted and naturalized ash trees representing over 25 percent of the tree canopy throughout Colorado’s urban and riparian forests. The detection in Boulder prompted the development of a second multi-agency group, the Colorado EAB Response Team (CORT). The preparedness and established working relationships between stakeholders and responsible authorities allowed for a quick, decisive and unified response. We review as a case study: (1) the formation and history of collaborative interagency groups in Colorado; (2) how the interagency collaborative planning and post-detection EAB response have supported community forestry programmes throughout the state; (3) development of the post-detection EAB management plan and economics behind the strategy in Boulder, Colorado; and (4) the proactive EAB planning and outreach efforts underway in Denver, Colorado.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Xylem Discoloration in Ash Trees Associated with Macroinjections of a Systemic Insecticide

2016 ◽  
Vol 42 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Tanis ◽  
Deborah McCullough
Keyword(s):  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Emerald Ash Borer ◽  
Agrilus Planipennis ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Confocal Laser ◽  
Green Ash ◽  
Pathogen Infection ◽  
White Ash ◽  
Ash Trees ◽  
Canadian Provinces

Emerald ash borer (EAB) (Agrilus planipennis), first identified near Detroit, Michigan, U.S., in 2002, has killed millions of ash trees (Fraxinus spp.) in 28 states and two Canadian provinces to date. Trunk injections of insecticide products containing emamectin benzoate (EB) (e.g., TREE-ageR) are often used to protect ash trees in landscapes from EAB, but wounds and potential injury resulting from injections are a concern. Researchers examined 507 injection sites on 61 trees and recorded evidence of secondary wounding (e.g., external bark cracks, internal xylem necrosis and pathogen infection). Researchers assessed 233 injection sites on 22 green ash and 24 white ash trees macro-injected with a low or a medium-high rate of EB in 2008 only, or in both 2008 and 2009. Only 12 of 233 injection sites (5%) were associated with external bark cracks and there was no evidence of pathogen infection. On 39 of the 46 trees (85%), new xylem was growing over injection sites. Researchers assessed 274 injection sites on 15 green ash trees injected annually with EB from 2008 to 2013 or injected in 2008 and again in 2011. Bark cracks were associated with four injection sites on three trees, but no evidence of injury was found on the other 12 trees. All 15 trees had new xylem laid over injection sites. Confocal laser scanning and polarizing digital microscopy were used to assess the integrity of discolored xylem tissue removed from the immediate area surrounding 140 injection sites on 61 trees. Researchers found no evidence of decay associated with discoloration.

scholarly journals Challenges, tactics and integrated management of emerald ash borer in North America

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deborah G McCullough
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Integrated Management ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Emerald Ash Borer ◽  
Interspecific Variation ◽  
Agrilus Planipennis ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
Ash Trees ◽  
Invasion Impacts ◽  
Individual Trees

Abstract Emerald ash borer (EAB) (Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire), discovered in southeastern Michigan, USA in 2002, has become the most destructive and costly invasive forest insect in North America. This phloem-boring beetle has also invaded Moscow, Russia and continued spread of EAB potentially threatens European ash (Fraxinus spp.) species. This review summarizes EAB life history, including interspecific variation in host preference, invasion impacts and challenges of detecting new infestations and provides an overview of available management tactics. Advances in systemic insecticides, particularly emamectin benzoate products applied via trunk injection, have yielded effective and practical options both to protect individual trees and to slow EAB population growth and ash decline on an area-wide basis without disrupting natural enemies. Economic costs of treating ash are substantially lower than removal costs, retain ecosystem services provided by the trees, reduce sociocultural impacts and conserve genetic diversity in areas invaded by EAB. Girdled ash trees are highly attractive to EAB adults in low-density populations and debarking small girdled trees to locate larval galleries is the most effective EAB detection method. An array of woodpeckers, native larval parasitoids and introduced parasitoids attack EAB life stages but mortality is highly variable. Area-wide management strategies that integrate insecticide-treated trees, girdled ash trap trees and biological control can be adapted for local conditions to slow and reduce EAB impacts.

Estimates of emerald ash borer (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) larval galleries in branch samples from asymptomatic urban ash trees (Oleaceae)

2015 ◽  
Vol 148 (3) ◽  
pp. 361-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean J. Turgeon ◽  
Jeffrey G. Fidgen ◽  
Krista L. Ryall ◽  
Taylor A. Scarr
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
North America ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Predictive Power ◽  
Emerald Ash Borer ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Agrilus Planipennis ◽  
Significant Source ◽  
Resource Managers ◽  
Ash Trees

AbstractAgrilus planipennis (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), is causing extensive mortality of ash (Fraxinus Linnaeus; Oleaceae) in North America. Once detected in an area, resource managers require methods to obtain estimates that could improve management decisions. We studied the within-crown and within-branch distribution and abundance of A. planipennis feeding galleries by sampling 3-m-long branches from asymptomatic urban ash trees and subdividing each branch into 12 sections of 25 cm each. We found galleries in all 12 sections of some, but not all, branches. Section was a significant source of variation in A. planipennis gallery density/m2 of branch surface area. A comparison of predictive power and efficiency of estimates for samples of increasing length, and for samples of the same length but consisting of different combinations of sections, revealed that those based on the two basal 25-cm sections of a branch from the lower-crown or mid-crown of an asymptomatic tree were less accurate and precise than those based on more sections, but were the most cost effective. Whittling more sections per branch, irrespective of the combinations of branch sections per length, improved predictive power but reduced cost effectiveness. We also observed that crown level was not important, and aspect was only marginally so, when estimating gallery abundance per sampled branch.

Developing and integrating tactics to slow ash (Oleaceae) mortality caused by emerald ash borer (Coleoptera: Buprestidae)

2015 ◽  
Vol 147 (3) ◽  
pp. 349-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deborah G. McCullough ◽  
Rodrigo J. Mercader ◽  
Nathan W. Siegert
Keyword(s):  
Population Growth ◽  
Emerald Ash Borer ◽  
Pilot Project ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Agrilus Planipennis ◽  
Ecological Impacts ◽  
Tree Age ◽  
Project Area ◽  
Effective Strategies ◽  
Ash Trees

AbstractPractical and effective strategies to manage emerald ash borer (EAB) (Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire; Coleoptera: Buprestidae) are increasingly important given economic and ecological impacts of this invader. While EAB detection remains challenging, tactics are available to protect individual ash (Fraxinus Linnaeus; Oleaceae) trees and slow EAB population growth, thereby delaying ash mortality. Simulations with a coupled map lattice model, parameterised with data from numerous field studies, showed treating trees with a highly effective systemic insecticide (TREE-äge™; emamectin benzoate), would be more effective in slowing EAB population growth than girdling trees to attract ovipositing females then destroying trees before larvae develop, while harvesting ash to reduce available phloem would have the least effect. From 2008 to 2012, cooperators participated in a pilot project to implement an integrated strategy for an EAB infestation in Upper Michigan, United States of America. Ash was inventoried and EAB density monitored using girdled ash detection trees supplemented with baited artificial traps across the >750 km2 project area. While only a tiny fraction of ash trees in the project area were girdled (444–855 trees annually) or injected with TREE-äge™ (<360 roadside trees annually), and treatment distribution was restricted, both treatments slowed EAB population growth. Coupling TREE-äge™ injections with other tactics will likely yield additive or synergistic outcomes.

The use of Cerceris fumipennis (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae) for surveying and monitoring emerald ash borer (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) infestations in eastern North America

2013 ◽  
Vol 146 (1) ◽  
pp. 90-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip Careless ◽  
Stephen A. Marshall ◽  
Bruce D. Gill
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Emerald Ash Borer ◽  
Agrilus Planipennis ◽  
Eastern North America ◽  
Monitoring Tool ◽  
Wood Boring

AbstractThe beetle-hunting wasp, Cerceris fumipennis Say (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae), native to eastern North America, provisions its subterranean nest almost exclusively with adult metallic wood-boring beetles (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), including the destructive emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire, EAB). This wasp provides a unique opportunity to survey indigenous and nonindigenous buprestid diversity. We discuss the accessibility, sustainability, and productivity of C. fumipennis with respect to its application as a buprestid surveying and monitoring tool.

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