scholarly journals Groundwater investigations in the Hattar industrial estate and its vicinity, Haripur district, Pakistan: An integrated approach

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Umair B Nisar ◽  
◽  
Muhammad J Khan ◽  
Muhammad Imran ◽  
Siddique A Ehsan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
World Health ◽  
Subsurface Water ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Protective Capacity ◽  
Longitudinal Conductance ◽  
Hydrochemical Analysis ◽  
Industrial Estate ◽  
Transverse Resistance ◽  
Subsurface Layers ◽  
Borehole Logs

The Hattar industrial estate in the Haripur district, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK), Pakistan, is investigated for the groundwater potential and aquifer vulnerability using vertical electrical sounding (VES) data, borehole logs, and hydrochemical analysis. A total of eight VES points were acquired in the Haripur region using Schlumberger configuration. The interpreted VES models are further constrained by four borehole logs to delineate comprehensive information of the thin lithological layers, subsurface layers configuration, and spatial extent in the area. A quantitative interpretation based on the VES and the borehole data suggests six main subsurface layers: (i) soil cover, (ii) gravel, (iii) clay, (iv) clay with gravel, (v) silty-clay, and (vi) sand with boulder in the study area. A fence diagram is also generated to provide a detailed paleo-depositional model of the subsurface layers. The interpreted VES data is utilized to compute aquifer thickness, longitudinal conductance, and transverse resistance within the study area. The lateral extent and protective capacity for the aquifer were inferred from these measurements. The aquifer thickness is relatively low in the central and eastern parts ranging from 10 m to 11 m. The longitudinal conductance map shows values greater than 2 mhos from the central region to northern one. This is indicative of moderate to good protective capacity for the aquifer and is less vulnerable to infiltration of Hattar industrial polluted fluid. However, the values less than 0.19 mhos in the southwest and east are indicative of weak protective capacity with risk of contamination. The hydrochemical analysis of the surface and subsurface water is carried out at eleven locations to identify the water quality within the study area. The chemical analysis of the water shows the presence of the high concentration of magnesium, bicarbonate, and chlorine away from the World Health Organization (WHO) standard.

scholarly journals GEOELECTRIC STUDY OF GROUNDWATER REPOSITORY IN PARTS OF AKWA IBOM STATE, SOUTHERN NIGERIA

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-102
Author(s):  
Johnson C. Ibuot ◽  
Moses M. M. Ekpa ◽  
Doris O. Okoroh ◽  
Aniefiok S. Akpan Emmanuel T. Omeje
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Groundwater Potential ◽  
Vertical Electrical Sounding ◽  
Protective Capacity ◽  
Longitudinal Conductance ◽  
Contour Maps ◽  
Transverse Resistance ◽  
Southern Nigeria ◽  
Electrical Sounding ◽  
Dar Zarrouk Parameters

Geoelectric survey employing Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) was carried out in order to assess the groundwater repositories. A total of seven soundings were obtained with their layer resistivity, thickness and depth within the maximum electrode separation. The geoelectric parameters obtained were used to estimate the Dar-Zarrouk parameters (longitudinal conductance and transverse resistance), hydraulic conductivity and transmissivity. The result shows the aquifer resistivity ranging from 77.14 to 784.76 Ωm, with thickness ranging from 28.78 to 80.04 m. The longitudinal conductance have values ranging from 0.071 to 0.825 Ω-1 while the values of hydraulic conductivity and transmissivity range from 1.087 to 5.881 m/day and 60.180 to 374.031 𝑚2/day respectively. The contour maps generated show the variation of these parameters across the subsurface, and areas with poor protective capacity were delineated. The results also delineate the groundwater potential of the study area as moderate, while the corrosivity rating indicates non-corrosive and slightly corrosive.

scholarly journals Investigation of Groundwater Potential using Electrical Resistivity Method and Hydraulic Parameters in Lam Apeng, Aceh Besar, Indonesia.

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 211-218
Author(s):  
Dian Darisma ◽  
Ferdy Fernanda ◽  
Muhammad Syukri
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Resistivity ◽  
Unconfined Aquifer ◽  
Groundwater Potential ◽  
Hydraulic Parameters ◽  
Sand Layer ◽  
Protective Capacity ◽  
Longitudinal Conductance ◽  
Resistivity Method ◽  
Transverse Resistance ◽  
Electrical Resistivity Method

Lam Apeng is a village with a majority of people living as farmers, which causes the need of water for agriculture is increasing. The water demand in this area continues to increase as the population increases, for various purposes. The objective of this study is to determine the distribution of the groundwater layer using the electrical resistivity method and to determine groundwater potential using hydraulic parameters. This research is conducted using 2 measurement line with a length of each line is 112 meters and distances of each electrode is 2 meters. The data invert using Res2Dinv software to obtain 2D subsurface lithology subsurface. At line 1, the aquifer (sand) layer is located in the second layer with a rock resistivity value of 12 Ωm - 18.6 Ωm at a depth of 8 m - 18 m. At line 2, the aquifer (sand) layer is also located in the second layer with a resistivity value of 4.6 Ωm - 18 Ωm at a depth of 5 m – 12 m. Based on the interpretation of the two measurement lines, it can be concluded that the type of aquifer in the research site is a semi unconfined aquifer. In this study, hydraulic parameters (hydraulic conductivity, longitudinal conductance, transverse resistance, and transmissivity) was calculated based on the resistivity value and the thickness of the aquifer layer. The average resistivity of the aquifer layer used is 15.3 Ωm and 11.3 Ωm, respectively for line 1 and line 2, indicating that the aquifer was moderately corrosive. Longitudinal conductance values are 0.65 Ω-1 and 0.62 Ω-1 which indicated moderate protective capacity. The transmissivity values are 6.78 m2/dayand 4.77 m2/day, which indicates that the designation in this area is low and the groundwater potential is local or only for personal consumption.

scholarly journals HYDROGEOPHYSICAL AND AQUIFER PROTECTIVE CAPACITY OF ABAKALIKI/AFIKPO AREA AND ENVIRONS, SOUTHEASTERN NIGERIA USING GEO-SOUNDING DATA

2021 ◽  
pp. 53-72
Author(s):  
I Osi-Okeke ◽  
◽  
AI Opara ◽  
IC Oli ◽  
HM Udeh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrode Spacing ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Protective Capacity ◽  
Southeastern Nigeria ◽  
Longitudinal Conductance ◽  
Aquifer System ◽  
Transverse Resistance ◽  
Electrical Sounding ◽  
Depth Ranges ◽  
Matching Techniques

This work was carried out to evaluate the hydrogeological and geophysical properties of Abakaliki and Afikpo environs. Forty-seven (47) Vertical Electrical Sounding data were acquired with electrode spacing (AB/2) of 500m using Schlumberger electrode configuration. Conventional curve matching techniques were used to interpret the data and obtain initial model parameters. Results of the study showed 3-7 electric layers which indicate multiple aquifer system. QQH, QHK, KHK and QQHK models were the Vertical Sounding curves obtained. The aquiferous layers make up the third and fourth layers. The resistivity of the aquifer varies from 10.74Ωm to 13201Ωm with an average of 1013.58 Ωm. Aquifer depth ranges from 6.2m to 92.5m with an average aquifer depth of 27.07m, while the aquifer thickness varies from 2.3m to 55.87m with an average of 15.61m. Transverse resistance varies from 65.34Ωm2to 7079.14 Ωm2 with an average of 9966.29 Ωm2; and the longitudinal conductance varies from 0.00018Ω-1 to 1.65 Ω-1 with an average of 0.026 Ω-1. From the study, 49% of the study area falls under the poor protective rating while 21% falls under the weak rating with 25% and 5% which makes up the moderate and good ratings respectively. Using the average longitudinal conductance, it is observed that the study area is moderately protected.

scholarly journals GEOELECTRIC STUDY OF GROUNDWATER REPOSITORY IN PARTS OF AKWA IBOM STATE, SOUTHERN NIGERIA

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 102-104
Author(s):  
Johnson C. Ibuot ◽  
Moses M. M. Ekpa ◽  
Doris O. Okoroh ◽  
Aniefiok S. Akpan Emmanuel T. Omeje
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Groundwater Potential ◽  
Vertical Electrical Sounding ◽  
Protective Capacity ◽  
Longitudinal Conductance ◽  
Contour Maps ◽  
Transverse Resistance ◽  
Southern Nigeria ◽  
Electrical Sounding ◽  
Dar Zarrouk Parameters

Geoelectric survey employing Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) was carried out in order to assess the groundwater repositories. A total of seven soundings were obtained with their layer resistivity, thickness and depth within the maximum electrode separation. The geoelectric parameters obtained were used to estimate the Dar-Zarrouk parameters (longitudinal conductance and transverse resistance), hydraulic conductivity and transmissivity. The result shows the aquifer resistivity ranging from 77.14 to 784.76 Ωm, with thickness ranging from 28.78 to 80.04 m. The longitudinal conductance have values ranging from 0.071 to 0.825 Ω-1 while the values of hydraulic conductivity and transmissivity range from 1.087 to 5.881 m/day and 60.180 to 374.031 𝑚2/day respectively. The contour maps generated show the variation of these parameters across the subsurface, and areas with poor protective capacity were delineated. The results also delineate the groundwater potential of the study area as moderate, while the corrosivity rating indicates non-corrosive and slightly corrosive.

scholarly journals A booster dose of an inactivated vaccine increases neutralizing antibodies and T cell responses against SARS-CoV-2

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara M Schultz ◽  
Felipe Melo-Gonzalez ◽  
Luisa F Duarte ◽  
Nicolas MS Galvez ◽  
Gaspar A Pacheco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Cellular Response ◽  
Booster Dose ◽  
Vaccination Schedule ◽  
World Health ◽  
Inactivated Vaccine ◽  
Protective Capacity ◽  
Cell Responses ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Chilean Population

Numerous vaccines have been generated to decrease the morbidity and mortality of COVID-19. CoronaVac® is an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine approved by the World Health Organization (WHO) to prevent COVID-19 that has safety and immunogenicity profiles described in different clinical trials. We previously reported an increase in levels of neutralizing antibodies two- and four-weeks after administering two doses of CoronaVac® in a two-week interval (0-14 day) vaccination schedule, as compared to pre-immune sera in adults in the Chilean population that are participating in phase 3 clinical trial. Here we report the levels of antibodies directed against the Receptor Binding Domain of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein comparing their neutralizing capacities and the cellular response at five months after the second dose and four weeks after a booster (third) dose in volunteers immunized with two doses of CoronaVac®in a four-week interval (0-28 day) vaccination schedule. We observed a decrease in the levels of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies with neutralizing capacities five months after the second dose (GMU 39.0 95% confidence interval (CI)(32.4-47.0), which increased up to 12 times at four weeks after the booster dose (GMU 499.4, 95% CI=370.6-673.0). Equivalent results were observed in adults aged 18-59 years old and individuals ≥60 years old. In the case of cellular response, we observed that activation of specific CD4+ T cells increases in time and reaches its maximum at four weeks after the booster dose in both groups. Our results support the notion that a booster dose of the SARS-CoV-2 inactivated vaccine increases the levels of neutralizing antibodies and the specific cellular response in adults of both groups, which is likely to boost the protective capacity of these vaccines against COVID-19.

scholarly journals Soil corrosivity and aquifer protective capacity of overburden units in Ado-Ekiti, southwestern Nigeria

2018 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-58
Author(s):  
A.A. Oyedele ◽  
G.M. Olayanju ◽  
A.O. Talabi ◽  
S.N. Ogunyebi ◽  
O.F. Ojo
Keyword(s):  
Complex Terrain ◽  
Physicochemical Analysis ◽  
Central Portion ◽  
Protective Capacity ◽  
Basement Complex ◽  
Southwestern Nigeria ◽  
Longitudinal Conductance ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Electrical Sounding ◽  
Soil Corrosivity

AbstractVertical electrical sounding, well inventory and physicochemical analysis were conducted to evaluate soil corrosivity and aquifer protective capacity of overburden units in the basement complex terrain of Ado-Ekiti, southwestern Nigeria. The topsoil is composed of slightly corrosive materials at the eastern, southern and northeastern flanks and the central portion with resistivity values ranging from 60 to 180 Ωm. Moderately corrosive/slightly corrosive materials (with resistivity values of 10 < ρ < 60 Ωm) constitute the second layer around the eastern, southern and north-eastern flanks. Pockets of areas in the northwestern, southeastern, eastern and central parts of the metropolis are practically non-corrosive with resistivity values in excess of 200 Ωm. Zones of good, moderate, weak and poor overburden protective capacity were delineated, with longitudinal conductance (S) values of 0.7 < S < 4.9, 0.2 < S < 0.69, 0.1 < S < 0.19 and S < 0.1 mhos, respectively. On a regional consideration, 23.31%, 18.80% and 57.9% of the study area is characterised by overburden materials of poor, weak and moderate protective capacity, respectively. Only 6.02% of the area indicates good overburden protective capacity.

scholarly journals GEOPHYSICAL EVALUATION OF SUBSURFACE PROTECTIVE CAPACITY AND GROUNDWATER PROSPECT IN A TYPICAL SEDIMENTARY ZONE, EASTERN DAHOMEY BASIN USING ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY TECHNIQUE

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-92
Author(s):  
Kayode Festus Oyedele ◽  
Olawale Babatunde Olatinsu
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Groundwater Prospect ◽  
Protective Capacity ◽  
Clayey Sand ◽  
Entire Area ◽  
Unconfined Aquifers ◽  
Capacity Evaluation ◽  
Transverse Resistance ◽  
Southwest Nigeria ◽  
Dar Zarrouk Parameters

Subsurface protective capacity evaluation is important in groundwater prospecting. With the aid of Dar-Zarrouk parameters which show direct relationship with contaminants infiltration time and transmissivity, joint interpretation of vertical electrical sounding (VES) and 2-D resistivity imaging were employed to evaluate overburden protective capacity and groundwater potentials at Mowe in Obafemi-Owode LGA, southwest Nigeria. Total longitudinal conductance S, total transverse resistance T, longitudinal resistivity ρL and transverse resistivity ρT were computed. Sand/clayey sand was delineated at 70% of the area either as confined aquifers (78%) or unconfined aquifers (22%). S values in 87% of locations has moderate protective rating (0.2071 – 0.5630), one location has good protective rating (0.7736), others have weak protective ratings (0.1053 – 0.1814). The entire area is characterized by low overburden thickness H (7.9 – 25.6 m), which agrees with a correlation coefficient of 0.58 between S and H. T values is in the range 235 – 2046 Ωm2 with high values indicating high transmissivity zones, suggesting high probability of pollutant contamination of aquifer, also agreeing with moderate correlation coefficient of 0.69 between T and H. The study area was grouped into three regions on the cross plot of T versus S: low S and high T – poor protection and high contaminant transmission; moderate/good S and low T – good protection with low contaminants transmission; moderate/low S and low T – weak protective capacity and poor transmissivity. Excellent correlation (0.99) exists between ρL and ρT, with ρT slightly higher than ρL, and low ρL signifying the presence of conductive clayey materials in the overburden.

scholarly journals Hydrogeophysical investigation of groundwater potential and aquifer vulnerability prediction in basement complex terrain – A case study from Akure, Southwestern Nigeria

2016 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Opeyemi J. Akinrinade ◽  
Rasheed B. Adesina
Keyword(s):  
Low Frequency ◽  
Groundwater Potential ◽  
Aquifer Vulnerability ◽  
Hydraulic Gradient ◽  
Protective Capacity ◽  
Real Component ◽  
Southwestern Nigeria ◽  
Reconnaissance Survey ◽  
Transverse Resistance ◽  
Optimum Position

AbstractThis study provides a model for the prediction of groundwater potential and vulnerability of basement aquifers in parts of Akure, Southwestern Nigeria. Hydrogeophysical surveys involving very-low-frequency electromagnetic (VLF-EM) profiling and electrical resistivity (ER) sounding, as well as evaluation of hydraulic gradient using three-point method, were carried out. Ten VLF-EM reconnaissance survey traverses, with lengths ranging from 55 m to 75 m, at 10 m station separation, and 12 vertical electrical sounding (VES) stations were occupied. Two-dimensional map of the filtered real component reveals areas of high conductivity, indicative of linear features that can serve as a reservoir or conduit for fluid flow. Interpretation of the VES results delineates three to four geoelectric units. Two aquifer zones were identified, with resistivity values in the ranges of 20 Ωm to 310 Ωm and 100 Ωm to 3,000 Ω m, respectively. Transverse resistance, longitudinal conductance, coefficient of anisotropy and hydraulic gradient have values ranging from 318.2 Ωm2 to 1,041.8 Ωm2, 0.11 mhos to 0.39 mhos, 1.04 to 1.74 and 0.017 to 0.05, respectively. The results of this study identified two prospective borehole locations and the optimum position to site the proposed septic system, based on the aquifer’s protective capacity and groundwater flow properties.

scholarly journals Using Geo-electric Techniques for Vulnerability and Groundwater Potential Analysis of Aquifers in Nnewi, South Eastern Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-52
Author(s):  
Kenechukwu A. Ifeanyichukwu ◽  
Elizabeth Okeyeh ◽  
Okechukwu E. Agbasi ◽  
Onwe I. Moses ◽  
Ogechukwu Ben-Owope
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Groundwater Potential ◽  
Hydraulic Parameters ◽  
Protective Capacity ◽  
Anambra State ◽  
Transverse Resistance ◽  
Longitudinal Conductivity ◽  
Groundwater Supply ◽  
Electrical Sounding ◽  
Apparent Resistance

In Nnewi, Anambra State Nigeria, twenty vertical electrical sounding (VES) were performed to delineate vulnerability and transmissivity of identified aquifer within the study area. Hydraulic parameters (transverse resistance, longitudinal conductivity, hydraulic conductivity and transmissivity) were delineated from geoelectrical parameters (depth, thickness, and apparent resistance). The geo- parameters of the aquifer: apparent resistance from 1000.590 to 1914.480, thickness from 42.850 – 66.490 m and 65.530 to 100.400 m of depth. The estimated hydraulic parameters of the aquifers are transverse resistance 54264.383 - 104568.898 Ωm, longitudinal conductance 0.029 – 0.062 mho, hydraulic conductivity 0.664 – 2.015 m/day and transmis- sivity between 4.167 and 13.963 m2/day. All aquifers have poor protective capacity, 40 percent of the aquifers have low classification with smaller withdrawal potential for local groundwater supply, while 60 percent of the delineated aquifer has intermediate classification and withdrawal potential for local groundwater supply. Due to its groundwater supply potential and protective capacity, the eastern part of the study area has stronger groundwater potential.

scholarly journals Estimation of Dar-Zarrouk parameters and delineation of groundwater potential zones in Karlahi, part of Adamawa Massif, Northeastern Nigeria

Warta Geologi ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-112
Author(s):  
S.N. Yusuf ◽  
◽  
J.M. Ishaku ◽  
W.M. Wakili ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Groundwater Potential ◽  
Groundwater Potential Zones ◽  
North Central ◽  
Longitudinal Conductance ◽  
The North ◽  
Transverse Resistance ◽  
Potential Map ◽  
Groundwater Potential Map ◽  
Potential Groundwater ◽  
Dar Zarrouk Parameters

Karlahi is largely underlain by granites and migmatites gneiss of the Adamawa Massif. The area lies west of Benue Trough and east of Cameroon volcanic line. The aim of this paper is to determine hydraulic properties of water bearing layer using parameters derived from Dar-Zarrouk equation and characterized them into groundwater potential zones. The resistivity values of the weathered and slightly weathered layers which make up the water bearing layers were added and an average was taken and used as the resistivity of the water bearing formation in computation of Dar-Zarrouk parameters in Karlahi area. The values of resistivity of water bearing formation ranged from 18 to 4963 Ωm with an average resistivity value of 549 Ωm and the thickness of the water bearing formation ranges from 21 to 32 m with an average thickness of 24.5 m. Conductivity values range from 0.000201 to 0.05509 (σ) while the longitudinal conductance range from 0.00483 to 1.2363 Ω-1, the transverse resistance ranges from 407 to 123504.3 Ωm2. The hydraulic conductivity and transmissivity values range from 0.14 to 25.87 m/day and 3.28 to 580.4 m2/day respectively. The longitudinal conductance values in Karlahi area revealed poor to good with an average longitudinal conductance value that is moderate. High transverse resistance values are located in the central and southern part of Karlahi area while low values are located in the eastern part. The spatial distribution map of transmissivity in the area revealed moderate to high transmissivity values in the north central part and a negligible to low transmissivity in southern part, extreme northeastern part. The groundwater potential map of Karlahi area shows negligible to weak potential groundwater zones in SW and SE, moderate potential in the central to northern part of Karlahi area.

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