ASSESSMENT OF HYDROPHYSICAL AND HYDROCHEMICAL FEATURES OF WATER BODIES: A CASE STUDY OF LAKE IMANTAU, KAZAKHSTAN

The lakes of “Kokshetau” State National Natural Park (SNNP) are scanty and have a mosaic, fragmented character due to the present ecological state. In current work, the chemistry and degree of pollution in this lake is studied. The present research aimed to analyse the hydrophysical and hydrochemical parameters of lake Imantau of “Kokshetau” SNNP. This assessment includes dynamics of the hydrochemical water composition and benthal deposits, heavy metals content, and morphometric indicators of the lake using Earth’s remote sensing technique. This technique is based on Earth’s retrospective multichannel satellite images Landsat. Ionic water composition, total mineralization, hydrogen index, gas regime, and nutrient content (nitrates, nitrites) are determined. To assess the geochemical state of benthal deposits, the parameters like concentration coefficient (Cc), maximum allowable concentration (MAC) of pollutants in the soil, and total pollution index (Zc) are calculated. The results of this work is measured in terms of changes takes place in lake depth, water mass volume, water hardness, chemical concentrations.

EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE AND CHANGING DISINFECTANTS ON STEEL WATER PIPES CORROSION: CASE STUDY OF MASHHAD, IRAN

Water pipe corrosion inflicts big health problems and financial damages to societies. Temperature, pH, type, and dosage of oxidants, and DO are some of the key factors that affect water pipe corrosion. The aim of this research is to assess the impacts of temperature (15 and 25oC), dosage of potassium permanganate (0, 1 and 2 mg/L) and sodium hypochlorite (0, 0.5 and 1 mg/L) on corrosion of steel pipes. To measure the corrosion of steel specimens, OCP, EIS and potentiodynamic polarization tests were conducted. The results showed a direct relationship between temperature and corrosion rate. A 10-degree raise in the temperature, caused a 25% increase in corrosion current density (CCD). Adding sodium hypochlorite to the solution, decreases CCD by around 50%. Moreover, potassium permanganate proved to have a positive impact on reducing CCD by up to 21%. The results demonstrate that simultaneous usage of NaClO and KMnO4 for water disinfection can have beneficial impact on corrosion of steel pipes. Finally, our analysis suggests that when combined with KMnO4, lower dosage of NaClO significantly increases polarization resistance. The findings of this research highlight the impact of disinfectants on steel water pipes corrosion in different temperatures and supports water infrastructure decision-makers in more effective rehabilitation and maintenance of water pipes. Further, our results inform decision-makers for a more effective infrastructure design and resilience planning to random failures caused by corrosion.

AUGMENTATION OF SOLAR WATER DISTILLER PERFORMANCE WITH PV/T

Recently, due to global warming and urbanization, there are many major cities that may face the challenge of day zero next decades. Obviously, water is an indispensable component for maintaining life on the earth. Although portable water is required of the hour, the quantity of available freshwater is impacted significantly by sea-level rise and pollution from industrialization. As a consequence of the global water crisis, different methods for clean water production from brackish water have been studied and developed in practice, however, the solar distillation of water is the most economical and desirable approach due to this method utilize solar energy that is the environmentally friendly and economical resource. Over the last 15 years, the impressive price drop of the photovoltaic solar collector (PV/T) makes them popular and easy to access. As a result, the employment of PV/T in solar stills is emerging as a potential device for water distillation. Therefore, in this paper, an active solar distiller combined with a photovoltaic panel has been reviewed for improvement of the distillate yield and effectiveness of solar photovoltaic. This review work presents a variety of studies on various types of solar still (for example conventional solar still (CSS), double slope solar still (DSSS), stepped solar distiller, and cascade solar still) couples with different solar water collectors (such as flat plate collector (FPC) and evacuated tubes collector (ETC)) and solar photovoltaic modules. It is obtained that the hybrid PV/T active solar still improves the distillate yield, energy efficiency, and exergy efficiency as compared to passive mode. The cooling method enhances the performance of the photovoltaic solar collector as well as the productivity of solar still. Moreover, the environmental economic estimation reveals that the solar still coupled with the PV/T mitigated considerably the amount of CO2. It can be stated that it is suitable to commercialize the hybrid PV/T active solar still for supplying not only electricity but drinking water also. Finally, this review paper also suggests the scope for the research in the future.

ROLE OF PHYCOREMEDIATION IN DOMESTIC WASTEWATER TREATMENT

Conventional domestic wastewater treatment in most developing countries is confined to secondary treatments, mainly focusing on solids and organics removal, which results in eutrophication when the effluents are discharged into receiving bodies. Thus, to resolve the issues associated with the conventional treatment system, in the present study, microalgae was introduced in the primary treated effluent collected from a sewage treatment plant to study the efficiency of the system in reducing eutrophication and other challenges of secondary treatment. Phycoremediation is an effective and eco-friendly treatment alternative that reduced the primary-treated effluent’s PO4-P, NH3-N and COD concentration to 97.89%, 98.81%, and 88.24%, respectively at the identical HRT practiced for secondary treatment. One-way ANOVA was also conducted to determine the effectiveness of the system statistically. The experimental and statistical analysis proved that microalgal treatment could resolve the challenges of conventional secondary treatments if adopted for domestic wastewater.

OPTIMIZATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF CALCINATED CHICKEN EGG SHELL DOPED TITANIUM DIOXIDE PHOTOCATALYST BASED NANOPARTICLES FOR WASTEWATER TREATMENT

In recent decades, research concerning and knowledge about the external benefits of renewable raw materials have intensified the efforts for investigating the major sources, causes, and effects of wastewater from solid waste and industries or households. In this study bio-matter and low-cost photocatalyst was prepared for photodegradation on the removal of methylene blue from wastewater treatment, and characterized by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, UV-spectrometer, and X-ray diffractometer (XRD). The effects of initial concentration of methylene blue, amount of dopant, and degradation time were investigated on the percentage degradation of methylene blue using the calcinated eggshell doped titanium dioxide nanoparticle catalysts. At sufficient contact time and low initial concentration, the increment in dopant dose from 0.5 to 2.5 g/l results in an increment of methylene blue degradation efficiency, from 52.5 % to 95.8%. It was shown that a calcinating eggshell doped titanium dioxide photocatalyst method for wastewater treatment is a promising option for the degradation of methylene blue from industrial wastewater under the stated condition.

PREPARATION OF NOVEL HYBRID (ALMOND SHELL AND PLEUROTUS SAJOR CAJU) BIOSORBENT FOR THE REMOVAL OF HEAVY METALS (NICKEL AND LEAD) FROM WASTEWATER

Level of contaminants (Nickel and Lead) in aquatic ecosystems has increased due to discharge of industrial effluents in water. Hence, there is a need to remove heavy metals (Nickel and Lead) from the water. For removing heavy metals from water, hybrid biosorbent (Almond shell and Pleurotus sajor caju) was prepared. To prepare a novel hybrid biosorbent (Almond shell and Pleurotus sajor caju) for the removal of nickel and lead from waste water the study was conducted in the department of chemistry, university of agriculture Faisalabad. The biomass was collected from local market of Chiniot. Hybrid matrix (Almond shell and Pleurotus sajor caju) and heavy metals (Nickel and Lead) were prepared. Waste water was interacted with the developed hybrid metals (Nickel and Lead) and hybrid bio sorbent (almond shell and P.sajor caju).The maximum adsorption capacity q(mg/g) of nickel and lead obtained at l0mgL-l concentration is in the following order; hybrid biosorbent(87)>P.sajor caju(65)> almond shell(54) and hybrid biosorbent(85)>P.sajor caju(57)>almond shell(45). The maximum uptake for nickel obtained by almond shell, P.sajor caju, hybrid biosorbent (56%), (66%), (90%) for lead and (47%), (61%), (89%) for nickel. The adsorption of nickel and lead follows the 2nd order kinetic model. FTIR spectra show that there are various functional groups, active sites present in hybrid biosorbent (Almond shell and Pleurotus sajor caju). Maximum absorption of lead occurs at pH 5 and nickel at pH 3. The sorptions of heavy metals (Lead and Nickel) follow the pseudo 2nd order kinetic model. From the whole analysis it is concluded that Hybrid biosorbent calm of microbial and plant waste biomass was extremely functional in exclusion of lead and Nickel from wastewater.

INTEGRATED APPROACH OF PHYCOREMEDIATION IN WASTEWATER TREATMENT: AN INSIGHT

Even after secondary treatment, wastewater has a high convergence of nutrients, which frequently causes eutrophication and different destructive impacts on biological systems. Wastewater treatment is a critical activity that must be considered necessary for the improvement of society. The secondary contamination of sludge formation and disposal also makes the treatment difficult. The vitality and financial amount required for tertiary treatment of wastewater remain an issue for local bodies, limiting its use for treatment. Hence, to address most of the challenges of sewage treatment, an algal-based system can be more affordable and biologically secure with the additional advantages of asset recuperation and reusing. Phycoremediation system even eliminates the need for tertiary treatment. The paper illustrates the benefits and challenges of phycoremediation, with some recent studies on microalgae as a wastewater treatment alternative along with the factors affecting the wastewater treatment through microalgae. The in-depth knowledge of the microalgal treatment in every aspect could result in an advancement to the conventional treatment process if applied in the field.

SUGARCANE BAGASSE ADSORPTION EVALUATION AND APPLICATION ON BOD AND COD REMOVAL FROM TEXTILE WASTEWATER TREATMENT

Without properly treated Wastewater released from textile industry contains organic and inorganic pollutants and causes environmental problems. Textile wastewater contains: BOD, COD, toxic heavy metals, organic and inorganic particle matter, colour and etc. The multi-component pollutions needs latest technology treatment. Butch adsorption process is one of the best selective unit operations for such treatment using organic waste material. Sugarcane bagasse was used for this experimental study in butch adsorption process. The variable affects the adsorption process are adsorbent dose changes 0.5 g to 2 g in 200mL sample, pH ranges 3 to 11 and retention time 3 to 7 days. The maximum BOD removed was 85% at 0.5 g, 3days and 8.32 dose, retention time and pH values respectively, and the maximum COD removed was 86% at 1 g, 3 days and 8.24 adsorbent dose, retention time and pH value respectively. Adsorbent dose, pH and retention time are significant factors on the competitive pollutant removal.

PRELIMINARY STUDY ON EFFECT OF DETENTION TIME ON NUTRIENT REMOVAL FROM GREYWATER USING WATER HYACINTH

Increasing water scarcity has resulted in the reuse of wastewater for non-potable purposes after treatment. In this laboratory-scale study, the effect of different hydraulic detention time (HDT) for remediation of nutrients from greywater was undertaken. Greywater was collected from the hostel building of educational institute in Surat, India. The experimental study was carried out in a circular plastic reactor all in triplicate and average removal were reported. The physicochemical properties of influent and effluent were monitored throughout the experiment duration. The average influent greywater characteristics were: water temperature (27.52 ± 0.22°C), pH (6.95 ± 0.07), turbidity (57.80 ± 11.14 NTU), COD (273.60 ± 11.53 mg/L), ammonium-nitrogen (5.32 ± 0.84 mg/L), phosphate-phosphorous (1.30 ± 0.07 mg/L), and sodium (57.80 ± 11.14 mg/L). Water hyacinth was planted in all three sets, and one was kept as control (without adding water hyacinth). Significant nutrient reduction was observed in reactor planted with water hyacinth compared to control. The result showed that reactor with HDT of 3 days performed optimum for remediation of nutrients from greywater. The average removal under optimal HDT observed for turbidity, ammonia, phosphate-phosphorous, and sodium was 97.77 ± 0.33%, 89.80 ± 2.48%, 84.64 ± 0.84%, and 40.36 ± 1.23% respectively. This study shows the optimum HDT of 3 days are required for greywater treatment in batch mode. However, further study is needed to explore the optimum HDT for continuous operation mode for greywater treatment.

HE HARMFUL OF THE HYDROELECTRIC DAMS IN MEKONG RIVER UPSTREAM ON THE ECOSYSTEMS AND LIVELIHOODS IN THE MEKONG DELTA, VIETNAMS

The hydro-electric of the upstream Mekong (China) has been and will greatly impact on the down-stream areas, in which the Mekong Delta (Viet Nam) is suffering a lot of losses Drought due to water trapped by dams upstream together with Climate Change, Sea Level Rise are present, its impact on Vietnam Mekong Delta and given scenarios for the specialist units to propose. 12 dams in the Chinese division, they accumulate too large water; even causing floods for the people, for many years, causing drought in the downstream, especially the Mekong Delta of Vietnam: drought, lack of water for crops, livestock, for human livelihoods. Alluvium of the river stream is also retained (formerly 160,000,000.00 tons / year, this year, only 80,000,000.00 tons / year, so not only the loss of crop but also erosion of the shoreline and coastline. and saline intrusion, under the impact of climate change is rapidly increasing and very high, in addition, the Sulfate Acidification process also becomes fierce. Characteristics of the ecological system of acid sulfate soil in the Mekong Delta, it contains more than 1.7 million Ha with S content about 1.0-.8%. in normal condition, they are not toxic, but when dry, dehydrated, and air penetrates, they will sulfate acidification very strong, produces highly toxic (Al3+> 3000ppm), kills aquatic organisms and rice, and other agricultural crops. Drought due to water resources by upstream countries, mainly by China, will be increasingly fierce: 6 processes simultaneously occurring in this Ecosystem: 1- Drought, 2: sulfate acidification, 3. Saltwaterization, 4. Lack of alluvium and nutrition, 5- riverbank erosion, sedimentation of estuaries and seaports; and 6 – Coastal landslide (which in the past, accreted to the sea 100m /year, now, in contrast, erosion and sea intrusion 25m/year. Productivity of rice and fisheries has been and will continue to decrease.