Erratum to :  A Study of the Individual and Racial Differences in Taste Reaction using the Same Stimulus Compound

Background: Some individuals classified as having metabolic syndrome (MetSyn) are centrally obese while others are not with unclear implications for cardiovascular (CV) risk. Methods: REGARDS is following 30,239 individuals ≥45 years of age living in 48 states recruited from 2003-7. MetSyn risk factors were defined using the AHA/NHLBI/IDF harmonized criteria with central obesity being defined as ≥88 cm in women and ≥102 cm in men. Participants with and without central obesity were stratified by whether they met >2 or ≤2 of the other 4 MetSyn criteria, resulting in the creation of 4 groups. To ascertain CV events, participants are telephoned every 6 months with expert adjudication of potential events following national consensus recommendations and based on medical records, death certificates, and interviews with next-of-kin or proxies. Acute coronary heart disease (CHD) was defined as definite or probable myocardial infarction or acute CHD death. To determine the association between these 4 groups and incident acute CHD, we constructed Cox proportional hazards models in those free of CHD at baseline by race/gender group, adjusting for sociodemographic variables. Results: A total of 20,018 individuals with complete data on MetSyn components were free of baseline CHD. Mean age was 64+/−9 years, 58% were women, and 42% were African American. Over a mean follow-up of 3.4 (maximum 5.9) years, there were 442 acute CHD events. In the non-centrally obese with>2 other risk factors, risk for CHD was higher for all but AA men, though significant only for white men. In contrast, in the centrally obese with >2 other risk factors, risk was doubled for women, but only non-significantly and modestly increased for men. Only AA women with central obesity and ≤2 other risk factors had increased CHD risk (Table). Conclusion: The CHD risk associated with the MetSyn varies by the presence of central obesity as well as the race and gender of the individual.

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Examining Observational Measures of Emotional Support and Cognitive Stimulation in Black and White Mothers of Preschoolers

Journal of Family Issues ◽

10.1177/019251395016005008 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 16 (5) ◽

pp. 664-686 ◽

Cited By ~ 43

Author(s):

LISA J. BERLIN ◽

JEANNE BROOKS-GUNN ◽

DONNA SPIKER ◽

MARTHA J. ZASLOW

Keyword(s):

Racial Differences ◽

Emotional Support ◽

Infant Health ◽

Child Outcomes ◽

Development Program ◽

Receptive Language ◽

Parenting Behavior ◽

Cognitive Stimulation ◽

Observational Measures ◽

The Individual

In this study we drew on the Infant Health and Development Program to examine two sets of observational measures of parenting behavior. First, correlations between the Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (HOME) Warmth subscale and a Supportive Presence scale, and between the HOME Learning subscale and a Quality of Assistance scale were examined. There were moderate correlations between the two emotional support scales and between the two cognitive stimulation scales. Second, the individual and collective predictive strengths of each parenting behavior measure were examined vis-à-vis two child outcomes: children's behavior problems and children's receptive language abilities. White and Black children were examined separately in all analyses. Analyses indicated some degree of association between the parenting behavior measures and the childhood outcomes. Some unanticipated racial differences in the regression models also emerged.

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Familiarity and Trust: Explaining Trust in Government through Ethno-racial Differences

Public Policy And Administration ◽

10.5755/j01.ppaa.20.3.28518 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 20 (3) ◽

pp. 397-410

Author(s):

Eglė Vaidelytė ◽

Eglė Butkevičienė ◽

Vaidas Morkevičius ◽

Michiel De Vries

Keyword(s):

Ethnic Groups ◽

Racial Differences ◽

National Culture ◽

Explanatory Power ◽

Individual Characteristics ◽

Institutional Trust ◽

Trust In Government ◽

Individual Level ◽

Country Level ◽

The Individual

The paper investigates whether generalized trust in government varies among ethnic groups in a society. Theories on trust predominantly explain such institutional trust by the capabilities and intentions of the trusted actors and research into trust is mostly done at the individual level measuring whether individual characteristics of the trustee and trusted one have explanatory power. Meanwhile this paper analyzes the institutional trust at the macro (country) level. Based on a comparative study among 29 countries, this paper argues that there are significant differences between ethnic groups regarding their trust in the country‘s government and that significant effects are visible with the country‘s income inequality and one of Hofstede‘s dimensions of national culture, namely ‘power distance‘. This is an important finding as it calls for multilevel analyses when explaining institutional trust. Trust is not only dependent on individual characteristics of the trusted one and the trustee, but also on macro-level variables.

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Pharmacogenetics, Pharmacogenomics and Personalized Medicine: Are We There Yet?

Hematology ◽

10.1182/asheducation-2006.1.111 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 2006 (1) ◽

pp. 111-117 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

Stella M. Davies

Keyword(s):

Racial Differences ◽

Genetic Basis ◽

New Technologies ◽

Therapeutic Index ◽

Variable Response ◽

Multiple Gene ◽

Wide Range ◽

Routine Basis ◽

The Individual ◽

And Personalized Medicine

Abstract The genetic basis of a differential response to drugs has been understood for a limited number of agents for over 30 years. This knowledge has generated hope that the individual basis for response to a wide range of drugs would be quickly known, and individualized drug selection and dosing would be possible for many or all disorders. Understanding the variable response to drugs seems particularly pressing in the field of oncology, in which the stakes are high (failure to cure cancer usually leads to death), drugs commonly have a narrow therapeutic index, and toxicities can be severe (a significant frequency of toxic death is a feature of most acute myeloid leukemia protocols, for example). However, in common with many new technologies, the generalizability and clinical application of pharmacogenetics has proved more challenging than expected. Difficulties include, in many examples, a modest clinical effect relative to genotype, therapy-specific, not broad, applicability and the very major challenge of unraveling the complexity of gene-gene interactions. In addition, ethical and economic challenges to the application of pharmacogenetics have moved to the fore in recent years, particularly in the context of racial differences in outcome of therapy. Genomic, rather than candidate gene approaches to identification of relevant loci are increasingly being explored, and significant progress is being made. However, greater understanding of the complexities of multiple gene modifiers of outcome, and the statistical challenge of understanding such data, will be needed before individualized therapy can be applied on a routine basis.

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The US Pretrial System: Balancing Individual Rights and Public Interests

The Journal of Economic Perspectives ◽

10.1257/jep.35.4.49 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 35 (4) ◽

pp. 49-70

Author(s):

Will Dobbie ◽

Crystal S. Yang

Keyword(s):

Racial Differences ◽

Criminal Activity ◽

Policy Implications ◽

Empirical Literature ◽

Individual Rights ◽

Government Assistance ◽

Public Interests ◽

Pretrial Detention ◽

The Us ◽

The Individual

In this article, we review a growing empirical literature on the effectiveness and fairness of the US pretrial system and discuss its policy implications. Despite the importance of this stage of the criminal legal process, researchers have only recently begun to explore how the pretrial system balances individual rights and public interests. We describe the empirical challenges that have prevented progress in this area and how recent work has made use of new data sources and quasi-experimental approaches to credibly estimate both the individual harms (such as loss of employment or government assistance) and public benefits (such as preventing non-appearance at court and new crimes) of cash bail and pretrial detention. These new data and approaches show that the current pretrial system imposes substantial short-and long-term economic harms on detained defendants in terms of lost earnings and government assistance, while providing little in the way of decreased criminal activity for the public interest. Non-appearances at court do significantly decrease for detained defendants, but the magnitudes cannot justify the economic harms to individuals observed in the data. A second set of studies shows that that the costs of cash bail and pretrial detention are disproportionately borne by Black and Hispanic individuals, giving rise to large and unfair racial differences in cash bail and detention that cannot be explained by underlying differences in pretrial misconduct risk. We then turn to policy implications and describe areas of future work that would enable a deeper understanding of what drives these undesirable outcomes.

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Three-Dimensional Morphometry of Normal Japanese Knees For Designing Total Knee Arthroplasty

10.21203/rs.3.rs-970782/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Tetsuya Tomita ◽

Masahiko Suzuki ◽

Takashi Nakamura ◽

Keinosuke Ryu ◽

Hiroshi Tsumura

Keyword(s):

Racial Differences ◽

Ethnic Differences ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Knee Joints ◽

Bone Morphology ◽

Japanese Men ◽

Dimensional Measurements ◽

Total Knee ◽

Caucasian Women ◽

The Individual

Abstract Background: To examine racial and sex-related differences in bone morphology and to determine whether it is necessary to take sex-related and ethnic differences into account in designing artificial knee joints.Methods: Hundred Japanese women normal knees, 88 Japanese men normal knees, and 18 Caucasian women normal knees were examined. Knee joints were measured to enable selection and design of artificial knee joints based on assumed bone resection face dimensions in TKA. Results: The dimensional measurements were performed by reading the three-dimensional CT based bone model. F-MAP/F-ML and F-LAP/F-ML relative to F-ML dimensions and T-MAP/T-ML and T-LAP/T-ML relative to T-ML dimensions were determined in both sexes. Results: In both sexes and in both the femur and tibia, the value increased with decreasing size. Therefore, the width narrowed with decreasing size. It was considered that the width may be narrower in women than in men because women have smaller bone sizes than men. The matching ratio was considered to improve as the aspect ratio is adjusted according to the size when an artificial joint is designed. There were no significant differences in the measured sagittal flexion angle between the Japanese and Caucasian women. Conclusion: The individual differences were greater than the racial differences; therefore, we consider that there is no significant need to change the shape of the artificial knee joint according to racial differences in bone morphology.

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A study on sacral index and its uses in sex determination

International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences ◽

10.26452/ijrps.v11ispl2.2691 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (SPL2) ◽

pp. 264-266

Author(s):

Gunapriya Raghunath ◽

Yuvaraj M ◽

Aishwarya V ◽

Balaji K ◽

Karthikeyan G ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sexual Dimorphism ◽

Sex Determination ◽

Racial Differences ◽

Complex Structure ◽

Age Groups ◽

Morphometric Measurements ◽

Spinal Nerves ◽

The Individual

The human sacrum is a complex structure and provides accommodation for spinal nerves which stabilises the pelvis. Morphometric measurements of sacrum determine the sex of the individual. The measurement of sacral index using the sacrum bone is considered as one of the best methods for determination of sex. The aim of this study is to find out the importance of sacral index in sexual dimorphism and to compare the findings with various age groups. 100 fully ossified sacral bones were collected from department of Anatomy. Average sacral length and breadth were taken by using sliding Vernier caliper and sacral index was calculated. The obtained values were tabulated against their respective parameters and then interpreted for the study. Avergae sacral index in females (109) is significantly greater than males (94). As per present study sacral index can reliably identify 58% of male sacrum and 42% of female sacrum. It is therefore a quite reliable and significant criteria for sex determination of sacrum. Thus, regional and racial differences in sacrum along with sacral index can be used for anatomical, medico-legal and anthropological purposes.

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Impact of Multiple Social Determinants of Health on Incident Stroke

Stroke ◽

10.1161/strokeaha.120.028530 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 51 (8) ◽

pp. 2445-2453 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Evgeniya Reshetnyak ◽

Mariella Ntamatungiro ◽

Laura C. Pinheiro ◽

Virginia J. Howard ◽

April P. Carson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Social Determinants Of Health ◽

Racial Differences ◽

Social Determinants ◽

Proportional Hazards ◽

Statistical Significance ◽

Cox Proportional Hazards ◽

Hazard Ratio ◽

Determinants Of Health ◽

Cox Proportional Hazards Models ◽

The Individual

Background and Purpose: Social determinants of health (SDOH) have been previously associated with incident stroke. Although SDOH often cluster within individuals, few studies have examined associations between incident stroke and multiple SDOH within the same individual. The objective was to determine the individual and cumulative effects of SDOH on incident stroke. Methods: This study included 27 813 participants from the REGARDS (Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke) Study, a national, representative, prospective cohort of black and white adults aged ≥45 years. SDOH was the primary exposure. The main outcome was expert adjudicated incident stroke. Cox proportional hazards models examined associations between incident stroke and SDOH, individually and as a count of SDOH, adjusting for potential confounders. Results: The mean age was 64.7 years (SD 9.4) at baseline; 55.4% were women and 40.4% were blacks. Over a median follow-up of 9.5 years (IQR, 6.0–11.5), we observed 1470 incident stroke events. Of 10 candidate SDOH, 7 were associated with stroke ( P <0.10): race, education, income, zip code poverty, health insurance, social isolation, and residence in one of the 10 lowest ranked states for public health infrastructure. A significant age interaction resulted in stratification at 75 years. In fully adjusted models, among individuals <75 years, risk of stroke rose as the number of SDOH increased (hazard ratio for one SDOH, 1.26 [95% CI, 1.02–1.55]; 2 SDOH hazard ratio, 1.38 [95% CI, 1.12–1.71]; and ≥3 SDOH hazard ratio, 1.51 [95% CI, 1.21–1.89]) compared with those without any SDOH. Among those ≥75 years, none of the observed effects reached statistical significance. Conclusions: Incremental increases in the number of SDOH were independently associated with higher incident stroke risk in adults aged <75 years, with no statistically significant effects observed in individuals ≥75 years. Targeting individuals with multiple SDOH may help reduce risk of stroke among vulnerable populations.

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Ethical and Educational Ideals in Max Scheler᾿s Philosophical Sociology of Knowledge

Общество философия история культура ◽

10.24158/fik.2020.12.4 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 38-40

Author(s):

Olga Vyacheslavovna Nikulina

Keyword(s):

Racial Differences ◽

Personal Development ◽

Sociology Of Knowledge ◽

Max Scheler ◽

Male And Female ◽

Types Of Knowledge ◽

Essential Knowledge ◽

The Individual ◽

Self Formation ◽

The Universe

The paper analyzes M. Scheler᾿s doctrine of three types of knowledge – positive, aimed at achieving pragmatic goals; essential, educational, aimed at personal development; and metaphysical, salvific, striving to comprehend the highest basis of being. It is substantiated that the ideals of these types of knowledge are a scientist, a sage, a saint. The scien-tist’s goal is to obtain natural science and social and humanitarian knowledge for the use of things and domination over people. The sage’s goal is to com-prehend the essential structure of the universe. He transforms essential knowledge into educational knowledge, thereby creating the basis for personali-ty formation. The saint’s goal is to obtain metaphys-ical knowledge about the Absolute, which becomes saving knowledge. It is emphasized that in the his-torical perspective M. Scheler puts forward the edu-cational ideal of the “whole human” as a free all-round self-formation of the individual. The philoso-pher connects the achievement of the “whole hu-man” ideal in modern history with the processes of “equalization” of all physical, mental and spiritual characteristics inherent in individuals and groups; national, ethnic and racial differences; male and female types of thinking; mentality, cultural charac-teristics of peoples, countries and continents; char-acteristic features of capitalism and socialism, etc.

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