scholarly journals The superb Brazilian Fortresses of Macapá and Príncipe da Beira

X ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
João Campos
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
The Political ◽  
Military Architecture ◽  
Construction Process ◽  
Cross Point ◽  
Regional Conflict ◽  
The Indian Ocean ◽  
One Year ◽  
The Right

During the eighteenth century Portugal developed a large military construction process in the Ultramarine possessions, in order to compete with the new born colonial trading empires, mainly Great Britain, Netherlands and France. The Portuguese colonial seashores of the Atlantic Ocean (since the middle of the sixteenth century) and of the Indian Ocean (from the end of the first quarter of the seventeenth century) were repeatedly coveted, and the huge Portuguese colony of Brazil was also harassed in the south during the eighteenth century –here due to problems in a diplomatic and military dispute with Spain, related with the global frontiers’ design of the Iberian colonies. The Treaty of Madrid (1750) had specifically abrogated the Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) between Portugal and Spain, and the limits of Brazil began to be defined on the field. Macapá is situated in the western branch of Amazonas delta, in the singular cross-point of the Equator with Tordesillas Meridian, and the construction of a big fortress began in the year of 1764 under direction of Enrico Antonio Galluzzi, an Italian engineer contracted by Portuguese administration to the Commission of Delimitation, which arrived in Brazil in 1753. In consequence of the political panorama in Europe after the Seven Years War (1756-1763), a new agreement between Portugal and Spain was negotiated (after the regional conflict in South America), achieved to the Treaty of San Idefonso (1777), which warranted the integration of the Amazonas basin. It was strategic the decision to build, one year before, the huge fortress of Príncipe da Beira, arduously realized in the most interior of the sub-continent, 2000 km from the sea throughout the only possible connection by rivers navigation. Domingos Sambucetti, another Italian engineer, was the designer and conductor of the jobs held on the right bank of Guaporé River, future frontier’s line with Bolivia. São José de Macapá and Príncipe da Beira are two big fortresses Vauban’ style, built under very similar projects by two Italian engineers (each one dead with malaria in the course of building), with the observance of the most exigent rules of the treaties of military architecture.

The Early History of the Sultanate of Angoche

1972 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 397-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D. D. Newitt
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Slave Trade ◽  
Early History ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Indian Ocean ◽  
Set Up

The sultanate of Angoche on the Moçambique coast was founded probably towards the end of the fifteenth century by refugees from Kilwa. It became a base for Muslim traders who wanted to use the Zambezi route to the central African trading fairs and it enabled them to by-pass the Portuguese trade monopoly at Sofala. The Portuguese were not able to check this trade until they themselves set up bases on the Zambezi in the 1530s and 1540s, and from that time the sultanate began to decline. Internal dissensions among the ruling families led to the Portuguese obtaining control of the sultanate in the late sixteenth century, but this control was abandoned in the following century when the trade of the Angoche coast dwindled to insignificance. During the eighteenth century movements among the Macua peoples of the mainland and the development of the slave trade in the Indian Ocean laid the foundations for the revival of the sultanate in the nineteenth century.

The High Point (III): ‘A Republic Apart’

1997 ◽  
pp. 151-169
Author(s):  
Jonathan Israel
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Striking Feature ◽  
The Political ◽  
Large Measure ◽  
General Transformation ◽  
High Point ◽  
Cultural Sphere ◽  
Self Rule

This chapter describes how, politically, as in other ways, the period 1650–1713 marked the culmination of a distinctive Jewish culture within Europe. While Jews, at least in many parts of Europe, had always tended to congregate in their own quarters, the changes of the sixteenth century — the vast expansion of Jewish life in Poland–Lithuania and in the Ottoman lands and the compulsory subjection to the ghetto system in Italy — combined to propagate a much more developed and intricate pattern of Jewish self-government than had existed previously. In the political as in the cultural sphere, perhaps the most striking feature of the general transformation was the large measure of conformity and cohesion applying across the continent. This is not to say that there were no significant divergences as between diverse parts of Europe, but by and large the essential similarities in the institutions of Jewish organized life held true everywhere. Moreover, there was a particularly notable uniformity regarding the chronology of the evolution of Jewish self-rule: practically everywhere the system reached its fullest development after 1650 and then gradually waned as from the early years of the eighteenth century.

A Census of the Provincial Theatre in Eighteenth-Century Spain

1979 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-123
Author(s):  
Heinrich Richard Falk
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Cultural Capital ◽  
Golden Age ◽  
Spanish Version ◽  
The Political ◽  
Large Measure ◽  
Political Center ◽  
History Of

The recorded history of the Spanish theatre has been, in large measure, a history of the Madrid stage. Madrid, like London and Paris, was not only the political center of its nation, but also its cultural capital. Performers and playwrights may have served enforced periods of apprenticeship in the provinces (the example of Molière comes to mind), but success in the capital remained a constant goal. Historians of the theatre in Spain have tended to follow the lead of the actors in fixing their attention almost exclusively on Madrid. N. D. Shergold's A History of the Spanish Stage becomes primarily a history of the Madrid stage after his chronicle moves from medieval times to the establishment of the first public theatres in late sixteenth-century Madrid. René Andioc's study of the eighteenth-century Spanish theatre, Sur la querelle du théâtre au temps de Leandro Fernández de Moratín (Theatrical Polemics in the Time of Moratin), is almost entirely about the theatre in Madrid, a fact recognized in the title of the Spanish version, Teatro y sociedad en el Madrid del siglo XVIII (Theatre and Society in Eighteenth-Century Madrid). Many additional examples could be cited from the Golden Age to the present of historians purporting to study the Spanish theatre, but in reality considering only the Madrid theatre.

Phillis Wheatley and the Political Work of Ekphrasis

2017 ◽  
pp. 53-79
Author(s):  
Mary Louise Kete
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
The Political ◽  
African Slave ◽  
Rhetorical Device ◽  
Phillis Wheatley ◽  
Political Work ◽  
The Face ◽  
Revolutionary America ◽  
The Right ◽  
Educated Person

Wheatley redefines herself and her prospects by choosing to open her collection of poems with the rhetorical device of ekphrasis applied to her own situation. This act of agency asserts her equality as an educated person with men and with white people in the face of society’s claims that she—as a woman, a Negro, and a slave—is inherently inferior. She rejects the ways in which her master, the eighteenth-century evangelical clergy, a noble patron, and her publisher try to control her by defining her as their creation. Instead, her use of ekphrasis to compare her situation to those of classical literary figures such as Homer, Maecenas, Virgil, and especially Terence (a freed African slave turned playwright) invokes the classical tradition in order to assert that it inspires her radical claims of gender and racial equality. In doing so, she asked many of the same questions posed by radical elements in revolutionary America, including who has the right to define what we are or will be, and what our reputation will be? She anticipates the use of ekphrasis by familiar Romantic poets such as Wordsworth, Keats, and Hemans as way to define and claim the ethos of the poet.

De Diego de Vera a Juan Martín Zermeño: tres siglos de reformas en la arquitectura del castillo viejo de Rosalcazar en Orán, Argelia

X ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Bravo-Nieto ◽  
Sergio Ramírez-González ◽  
Kouider Metair
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Military Architecture

From Diego de Vera to Juan Martín Zermeño: three centuries of alterations in the architecture of the old castle of Rosalcazar in Oran, AlgeriaThe ancient castle of Rosalcazar is a military architecture that is part of the Oran’s defensive system, in Algeria. His structure was built in the sixteenth century by Diego de Vera, and it reflects the approaches of the Spanish fortification of the reign of Ferdinand the Catholic. These constructions were increased with later alterations, until their consolidation during the term of the governor and engineer Juan Martín Zermeño. The architectural ensemble represented an interesting evolution of the Spanish fortification since the beginning of the sixteenth century until the middle of the eighteenth century, preserving each extension of the elements of the prior period that they are shown in the heritage ensemble of maximum interest.

The beylicate in Ottoman Egypt during the seventeenth century

1961 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 214-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. M. Holt
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Political History ◽  
The Political ◽  
History Of

The period of nearly three centuries which lies between Selīm I's overthrow of the Mamluk sultanate in 1517, and Bonaparte's landing at Alexandria in 1798 is one of the most obscure in the history of Muslim Egypt. For the latter part of the period, from the early twelfth/eighteenth century, there are ample materials for the reconstruction of the political history in the famous chronicle by Jabartī. The Ottoman invasion, and the years which immediately succeeded it have also received some attention, thanks to the detailed information provided by the chronicler Ibn Iyās. In contrast, there has been virtually no investigation of the last seventy-five years of the sixteenth century and the whole of the seventeenth.

scholarly journals El inglés en Europa: Origen y consolidación de una lengua franca

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Fernández Vítores
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
International Communication ◽  
The Political ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Lingua Franca ◽  
Historical Process ◽  
Siglo Xx ◽  
Sobre Todo

Aunque la enseñanza del inglés en Europa continental se remonta al siglo XVI, la aparición de este idioma como herramienta de comunicación internacional no comenzó a ser palpable hasta el siglo XVIII. El siglo XX, sobre todo su segunda mitad, supuso la consolidación de este idioma como lengua franca de Europa y el desplazamiento progresivo de otras lenguas de prestigio, como el francés y el alemán. El propósito de este artículo es describir dicho proceso histórico y analizar los factores políticos, sociales y económicos que han convertido a esta lengua en el principal instrumento de comunicación internacional del viejo continente.Abstract:Although the teaching of English in mainland Europe dates back to the sixteenth century, the emergence of this language as a tool for international communication didn’t become evident until the eighteenth century. The twentieth century, especially during the second half, was witness to the consolidation of English as a lingua franca in Europe as it gradually superseded other prestigious languages such as French and German. The purpose of this paper is to describe this historical process and analyze the political, social and economic factors that made this language the major tool for international communication on the old continent.

Astra and the Appeal of the Nation: Power and Autonomy in Late-Nineteenth-Century Transylvania

2003 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 215-246
Author(s):  
Tanya Dunlap
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Political Life ◽  
The Political ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
National Community ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Romanian Literature ◽  
The Right ◽  
Near Future

An Enthusiastic Group of Romanians gathered in Sibiu at the 1905 annualassembly of Astra, the largest Romanian cultural association in Transylvania, to celebrate their nation and their future. Moved by the gathering and the festivities, the editor of the association's paper, Transilvania, expressed a hope he and thousands of his compatriots shared: “Never before has this people been in a more favorable position as a superiorethnic element, as an important factor of civilization, and as a gifted nation with vitality, character, and great talents that guarantee it a bright future and a distinguished place among the peoples of eastern Europe.”1 Like many prominent Romanians of his time, the editor firmlybelieved that his nation would enjoy equal status with other European national groups in the near future. Equal standing had been a central goal of theRomanian intellectuals and clergy who founded the Transylvanian Associationfor Romanian Literature and the Culture of the Romanian People, or Astra, in 1861. Since the eighteenth century, Romanian elites in Transylvania had worked to obtain recognition for their national community so that they couldparticipate fully in the political life of the region. Two centuries later Astra members still hoped they were on the verge of forming a Romanian nation that could achieve the right to control its own destiny.

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