scholarly journals El inglés en Europa: Origen y consolidación de una lengua franca

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Fernández Vítores
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
International Communication ◽  
The Political ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Lingua Franca ◽  
Historical Process ◽  
Siglo Xx ◽  
Sobre Todo

Aunque la enseñanza del inglés en Europa continental se remonta al siglo XVI, la aparición de este idioma como herramienta de comunicación internacional no comenzó a ser palpable hasta el siglo XVIII. El siglo XX, sobre todo su segunda mitad, supuso la consolidación de este idioma como lengua franca de Europa y el desplazamiento progresivo de otras lenguas de prestigio, como el francés y el alemán. El propósito de este artículo es describir dicho proceso histórico y analizar los factores políticos, sociales y económicos que han convertido a esta lengua en el principal instrumento de comunicación internacional del viejo continente.Abstract:Although the teaching of English in mainland Europe dates back to the sixteenth century, the emergence of this language as a tool for international communication didn’t become evident until the eighteenth century. The twentieth century, especially during the second half, was witness to the consolidation of English as a lingua franca in Europe as it gradually superseded other prestigious languages such as French and German. The purpose of this paper is to describe this historical process and analyze the political, social and economic factors that made this language the major tool for international communication on the old continent.

The Virtues of Archaism: The Political Economy of Schooling in Europe, 1750–1850

1979 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 611-625 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Jo Maynes
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Political Economy ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
School Attendance ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
The Political ◽  
School Systems ◽  
Historical Process ◽  
The North

Schooling is now a routine part of childhood in Western Europe, but this has not, of course, always been the case. The historical process of incorporation into school systems was one which affected the children of some social groups earlier than others and which occurred earlier in some regions than in others. In Western Europe, the contrast between the Protestant North and the Catholic South has proven to be significant in schooling history as in so many other realms: in general the South was less literate and less schooled than the North apparently from the sixteenth century until the accomplishment of universal school attendance and literacy around the beginning of the twentieth century.

The Gallic Singularity and the Royal Mistress

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-66
Author(s):  
Christine Adams
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Soft Power ◽  
Political Power ◽  
The Political ◽  
Marie Antoinette ◽  
Louis Xvi ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Political Realm

The relationship of the French king and royal mistress, complementary but unequal, embodied the Gallic singularity; the royal mistress exercised a civilizing manner and the soft power of women on the king’s behalf. However, both her contemporaries and nineteenth- and early twentieth-century historians were uncomfortable with the mistress’s political power. Furthermore, paradoxical attitudes about French womanhood have led to analyses of her role that are often contradictory. Royal mistresses have simultaneously been celebrated for their civilizing effect in the realm of culture, chided for their frivolous expenditures on clothing and jewelry, and excoriated for their dangerous meddling in politics. Their increasing visibility in the political realm by the eighteenth century led many to blame Louis XV’s mistresses—along with Queen Marie-Antoinette, who exercised a similar influence over her husband, Louis XVI—for the degradation and eventual fall of the monarchy. This article reexamines the historiography of the royal mistress.

Introduction

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-147
Author(s):  
Stephen Menn ◽  
Justin E. H. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
The Political ◽  
Medical Philosophy ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
History Of ◽  
Intellectual Context ◽  
Academic Dissertations

The life of Anton Wilhelm Amo is summarized, with close attention to the archival documents that establish key moments in his biography. Next the history of Amo’s reception is considered, from the first summaries of his work in German periodicals during his lifetime, through his legacy in African nationalist thought in the twentieth century. Then the political and intellectual context at Halle is addressed, considering the likely influence on Amo’s work of Halle Pietism, of the local currents of medical philosophy as represented by Friedrich Hoffmann, and of legal thought as represented by Christian Thomasius. The legacy of major early modern philosophers, such as René Descartes and G. W. Leibniz, is also considered, in the aim of understanding how Amo himself might have understood them and how they might have shaped his work. Next a detailed analysis of the conventions of academic dissertations and disputations in early eighteenth-century Germany is provided, in order to better understand how these conventions give shape to Amo’s published works. Finally, ancient and modern debates on action and passion and on sensation are investigated, providing key context for the summary of the principal arguments of Amo’s two treatises, which are summarized in the final section of the introduction.

scholarly journals The superb Brazilian Fortresses of Macapá and Príncipe da Beira

X ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
João Campos
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
The Political ◽  
Military Architecture ◽  
Construction Process ◽  
Cross Point ◽  
Regional Conflict ◽  
The Indian Ocean ◽  
One Year ◽  
The Right

During the eighteenth century Portugal developed a large military construction process in the Ultramarine possessions, in order to compete with the new born colonial trading empires, mainly Great Britain, Netherlands and France. The Portuguese colonial seashores of the Atlantic Ocean (since the middle of the sixteenth century) and of the Indian Ocean (from the end of the first quarter of the seventeenth century) were repeatedly coveted, and the huge Portuguese colony of Brazil was also harassed in the south during the eighteenth century –here due to problems in a diplomatic and military dispute with Spain, related with the global frontiers’ design of the Iberian colonies. The Treaty of Madrid (1750) had specifically abrogated the Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) between Portugal and Spain, and the limits of Brazil began to be defined on the field. Macapá is situated in the western branch of Amazonas delta, in the singular cross-point of the Equator with Tordesillas Meridian, and the construction of a big fortress began in the year of 1764 under direction of Enrico Antonio Galluzzi, an Italian engineer contracted by Portuguese administration to the Commission of Delimitation, which arrived in Brazil in 1753. In consequence of the political panorama in Europe after the Seven Years War (1756-1763), a new agreement between Portugal and Spain was negotiated (after the regional conflict in South America), achieved to the Treaty of San Idefonso (1777), which warranted the integration of the Amazonas basin. It was strategic the decision to build, one year before, the huge fortress of Príncipe da Beira, arduously realized in the most interior of the sub-continent, 2000 km from the sea throughout the only possible connection by rivers navigation. Domingos Sambucetti, another Italian engineer, was the designer and conductor of the jobs held on the right bank of Guaporé River, future frontier’s line with Bolivia. São José de Macapá and Príncipe da Beira are two big fortresses Vauban’ style, built under very similar projects by two Italian engineers (each one dead with malaria in the course of building), with the observance of the most exigent rules of the treaties of military architecture.

A misleading source: the fortuna of a sixteenth-century engraving and its impact on the history of Roman baths studies

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 296-335
Author(s):  
Giacomo Savani
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Wall Painting ◽  
History Of ◽  
Roman Baths ◽  
Uncritical Acceptance ◽  
Roman Wall Painting ◽  
Intellectual Networks ◽  
Cutaway View

AbstractIn this article, I follow the mixed fortunes of a woodcut depicting a cutaway view of a set of ancient baths, so far neglected by modern scholarship. First published in a mid-sixteenth-century treatise on balneology and based on a misinterpretation of Vitruvius (5.10.1), it reappeared as a copy of a Roman wall-painting in several eighteenth-century antiquarian works. The remarkable resonance enjoyed by this image in specialist and popular publications until the early twentieth century makes it one of the most influential and controversial sources in the history of Roman baths studies. In exploring the reasons behind the enduring, uncritical acceptance of this depiction, I raise broader questions concerning the nature and extent of intellectual networks in eighteenth-century Europe.

Charismatic Revelations

2021 ◽  
pp. 185-202
Author(s):  
Douglas H. Shantz
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Religious Pluralism ◽  
Modern Science ◽  
Charles Taylor ◽  
Personal Commitment ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
Direct Encounter ◽  
The Impact

The notion of ‘charismatic revelations’ is a modern one, reflecting the individualism and theological conflicts arising from the Reformation of the sixteenth century. Charismatic revelations can be found in seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Protestant movements such as German Pietism and English Evangelicalism and are notable in twentieth-century Pentecostalism and charismatic renewal. Charles Taylor has described the burden of individualism that came with the break-up of Christendom under the impact of the Reformation and the rise of modern science. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries there arose ‘a new Christianity of personal commitment’ (Taylor 2007, 143–144). In German Pietism and English Methodism the stress was upon feeling, emotion, and a living faith, reflecting the logic of Enlightenment ‘subjectification’. The predicament of these believers and their religious individualism was marked by spiritual instability, melancholy, and doubt. This predicament provides the context for understanding the rise of charismatic revelations. Under the burden of growing secularism, religious pluralism, and existential angst and isolation, a host of modern believers found meaning and hope through experiences of direct encounter with God that included his personal speaking addressed to their inmost being.

The High Point (III): ‘A Republic Apart’

1997 ◽  
pp. 151-169
Author(s):  
Jonathan Israel
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Striking Feature ◽  
The Political ◽  
Large Measure ◽  
General Transformation ◽  
High Point ◽  
Cultural Sphere ◽  
Self Rule

This chapter describes how, politically, as in other ways, the period 1650–1713 marked the culmination of a distinctive Jewish culture within Europe. While Jews, at least in many parts of Europe, had always tended to congregate in their own quarters, the changes of the sixteenth century — the vast expansion of Jewish life in Poland–Lithuania and in the Ottoman lands and the compulsory subjection to the ghetto system in Italy — combined to propagate a much more developed and intricate pattern of Jewish self-government than had existed previously. In the political as in the cultural sphere, perhaps the most striking feature of the general transformation was the large measure of conformity and cohesion applying across the continent. This is not to say that there were no significant divergences as between diverse parts of Europe, but by and large the essential similarities in the institutions of Jewish organized life held true everywhere. Moreover, there was a particularly notable uniformity regarding the chronology of the evolution of Jewish self-rule: practically everywhere the system reached its fullest development after 1650 and then gradually waned as from the early years of the eighteenth century.

Elena Malvezzi's keyboard manuscript: a new sixteenth-century source

1990 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 73-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig Monson
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Musical Instruments ◽  
The Political ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Architectural Ornament ◽  
Art Dealer ◽  
Personal Collection

It is safe to say that the collections of the Museo Comunale Bardini, situated in Piazza dei Mozzi on the oltrarno in Florence, remain comparatively little known. The museum's vast store of paintings, sculpture, architectural ornament, rugs and tapestries, armour, bronzes, furniture and musical instruments all belonged to Stefano Bardini, the nineteenth- and early twentieth-century collector and art dealer. Born in 1836 in the province of Arezzo, Bardini came to Florence to study painting at the Accademia delle Belle Arti. After the political turbulence of the 1860s, when Bardini fought with the Garibaldini, the young painter turned to restoration, connoisseurship and art dealing. By the age of forty-five he had established his reputation and an extraordinary personal collection. At the height of his career his patrons included the Rothschilds, the Vanderbilts, Isabella Gardiner and J. Pierpont Morgan. Many objects now in some of the world's best-known public collections passed through his hands.

A Census of the Provincial Theatre in Eighteenth-Century Spain

1979 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-123
Author(s):  
Heinrich Richard Falk
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Cultural Capital ◽  
Golden Age ◽  
Spanish Version ◽  
The Political ◽  
Large Measure ◽  
Political Center ◽  
History Of

The recorded history of the Spanish theatre has been, in large measure, a history of the Madrid stage. Madrid, like London and Paris, was not only the political center of its nation, but also its cultural capital. Performers and playwrights may have served enforced periods of apprenticeship in the provinces (the example of Molière comes to mind), but success in the capital remained a constant goal. Historians of the theatre in Spain have tended to follow the lead of the actors in fixing their attention almost exclusively on Madrid. N. D. Shergold's A History of the Spanish Stage becomes primarily a history of the Madrid stage after his chronicle moves from medieval times to the establishment of the first public theatres in late sixteenth-century Madrid. René Andioc's study of the eighteenth-century Spanish theatre, Sur la querelle du théâtre au temps de Leandro Fernández de Moratín (Theatrical Polemics in the Time of Moratin), is almost entirely about the theatre in Madrid, a fact recognized in the title of the Spanish version, Teatro y sociedad en el Madrid del siglo XVIII (Theatre and Society in Eighteenth-Century Madrid). Many additional examples could be cited from the Golden Age to the present of historians purporting to study the Spanish theatre, but in reality considering only the Madrid theatre.

scholarly journals EL DIARIO PERSONAL EN FRANCIA A PRINCIPIOS DEL SIGLO XXI: INFLEXIONES DE UN GÉNERO LITERARIO

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 21
Author(s):  
Michel BRAUD
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Literary Genre ◽  
Siglo Xx

Resumen: Aparecido en Francia a finales del siglo XVIII en el ámbitoprivado, el diario personal se impone progresivamente en el curso delos siglos XIX y XX como un género literario para conocer diversasmutaciones a finales del siglo XX. La banalización del género, al principiodel siglo XXI, se acompaña de nuevas inflexiones que se identificarán apartir de tres ejemplos. Abstract: Appeared in France at the end of the eighteenth century as aprivate form, the diary progressively became a literary genre during the nineteenth and twentieth century, and underwent various mutations at the end of the twentieth century. The trivialization of the genre at the beginning of the 21st Century is accompanied by new inflections that will be identified on the basis of three examples.

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