The High Point (III): ‘A Republic Apart’

1997 ◽  
pp. 151-169
Author(s):  
Jonathan Israel
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Striking Feature ◽  
The Political ◽  
Large Measure ◽  
General Transformation ◽  
High Point ◽  
Cultural Sphere ◽  
Self Rule

This chapter describes how, politically, as in other ways, the period 1650–1713 marked the culmination of a distinctive Jewish culture within Europe. While Jews, at least in many parts of Europe, had always tended to congregate in their own quarters, the changes of the sixteenth century — the vast expansion of Jewish life in Poland–Lithuania and in the Ottoman lands and the compulsory subjection to the ghetto system in Italy — combined to propagate a much more developed and intricate pattern of Jewish self-government than had existed previously. In the political as in the cultural sphere, perhaps the most striking feature of the general transformation was the large measure of conformity and cohesion applying across the continent. This is not to say that there were no significant divergences as between diverse parts of Europe, but by and large the essential similarities in the institutions of Jewish organized life held true everywhere. Moreover, there was a particularly notable uniformity regarding the chronology of the evolution of Jewish self-rule: practically everywhere the system reached its fullest development after 1650 and then gradually waned as from the early years of the eighteenth century.

A Census of the Provincial Theatre in Eighteenth-Century Spain

1979 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-123
Author(s):  
Heinrich Richard Falk
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Cultural Capital ◽  
Golden Age ◽  
Spanish Version ◽  
The Political ◽  
Large Measure ◽  
Political Center ◽  
History Of

The recorded history of the Spanish theatre has been, in large measure, a history of the Madrid stage. Madrid, like London and Paris, was not only the political center of its nation, but also its cultural capital. Performers and playwrights may have served enforced periods of apprenticeship in the provinces (the example of Molière comes to mind), but success in the capital remained a constant goal. Historians of the theatre in Spain have tended to follow the lead of the actors in fixing their attention almost exclusively on Madrid. N. D. Shergold's A History of the Spanish Stage becomes primarily a history of the Madrid stage after his chronicle moves from medieval times to the establishment of the first public theatres in late sixteenth-century Madrid. René Andioc's study of the eighteenth-century Spanish theatre, Sur la querelle du théâtre au temps de Leandro Fernández de Moratín (Theatrical Polemics in the Time of Moratin), is almost entirely about the theatre in Madrid, a fact recognized in the title of the Spanish version, Teatro y sociedad en el Madrid del siglo XVIII (Theatre and Society in Eighteenth-Century Madrid). Many additional examples could be cited from the Golden Age to the present of historians purporting to study the Spanish theatre, but in reality considering only the Madrid theatre.

scholarly journals The superb Brazilian Fortresses of Macapá and Príncipe da Beira

X ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
João Campos
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
The Political ◽  
Military Architecture ◽  
Construction Process ◽  
Cross Point ◽  
Regional Conflict ◽  
The Indian Ocean ◽  
One Year ◽  
The Right

During the eighteenth century Portugal developed a large military construction process in the Ultramarine possessions, in order to compete with the new born colonial trading empires, mainly Great Britain, Netherlands and France. The Portuguese colonial seashores of the Atlantic Ocean (since the middle of the sixteenth century) and of the Indian Ocean (from the end of the first quarter of the seventeenth century) were repeatedly coveted, and the huge Portuguese colony of Brazil was also harassed in the south during the eighteenth century –here due to problems in a diplomatic and military dispute with Spain, related with the global frontiers’ design of the Iberian colonies. The Treaty of Madrid (1750) had specifically abrogated the Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) between Portugal and Spain, and the limits of Brazil began to be defined on the field. Macapá is situated in the western branch of Amazonas delta, in the singular cross-point of the Equator with Tordesillas Meridian, and the construction of a big fortress began in the year of 1764 under direction of Enrico Antonio Galluzzi, an Italian engineer contracted by Portuguese administration to the Commission of Delimitation, which arrived in Brazil in 1753. In consequence of the political panorama in Europe after the Seven Years War (1756-1763), a new agreement between Portugal and Spain was negotiated (after the regional conflict in South America), achieved to the Treaty of San Idefonso (1777), which warranted the integration of the Amazonas basin. It was strategic the decision to build, one year before, the huge fortress of Príncipe da Beira, arduously realized in the most interior of the sub-continent, 2000 km from the sea throughout the only possible connection by rivers navigation. Domingos Sambucetti, another Italian engineer, was the designer and conductor of the jobs held on the right bank of Guaporé River, future frontier’s line with Bolivia. São José de Macapá and Príncipe da Beira are two big fortresses Vauban’ style, built under very similar projects by two Italian engineers (each one dead with malaria in the course of building), with the observance of the most exigent rules of the treaties of military architecture.

The Rev. Simon George Bordley, Schoolmaster

1976 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 280-287
Author(s):  
W.Vincent Smith
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Public Schools ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Educational Activity ◽  
The Political ◽  
Educational Work ◽  
Political Situation ◽  
The North ◽  
Paper Cover ◽  
Dissenting Academies

Catholic educational endeavour in England during the eighteenth century depended not only on the enterprise of individuals, but also on the fluctuations of the political situation and the degree of local complaisance. Schools were often ephemeral, though one or two founded during the century proved to be permanent, and in some recusant areas, notably in south Lancashire, Durham County, York, the North Riding and London, educational activity was persistent. Catholics had no counterpart in England for the standard offered in Grammar and Public Schools, Dissenting Academies and the Universities. They had to look for this education to their colleges and schools on theContinent, and their educational activities at home were usually designed to prepare boys for these further studies. It is against this background that this article attempts to assess the educational work of the secular priest, Simon George Bordley.The earliest and the best known of the schools in Lancashire in the eighteenth century was that of ‘Dame Alice’ Harrison at Fernihalgh. Started in the early years of the century, the school continued until she retired shortly before her death in 1760. During her last years another well-known school, one for boys, had been started by Simon Bordley. Our knowledge of this school has been greatly increased by an account book kept by him from 1759 to 1771, and preserved at St Edmund’s College, Ware.The manuscript consists of a quire of paper folded into folio sheets and is in the original paper cover.

The Prince's Mentor: A New Perspective on the Friendship between George III and Lord Bute during the 1750s

1989 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
John L. Bullion
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Political History ◽  
Early Years ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Relationship ◽  
History Of ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
George Iii ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Do So

The effects of the intense personal and political relationship between the young George III and his “dearest friend,” the earl of Bute, are well known to scholars of eighteenth-century Britain. The prince's affection and respect raised Bute, an obscure though well-connected Scottish nobleman, to the highest offices of state and to the absolute pinnacle of power. The earl's instruction and advice governed George's reactions to men and measures from 1755 until 1763. Even after Bute's influence waned following his resignation as First Lord of the Treasury, the lingering suspicions at Whitehall and Westminster that the king still listened to him in preference to others complicated relations between George III, his ministers, and Parliament.This article examines the origins of the friendship between the king and the earl, and the features of it that strengthened and preserved their attachment during the 1750s. These are questions that have not engaged the attention of many students of the period. The long shadow the relationship cast over politics during the 1760s has intrigued far more historians than its beginnings. They have been content to leave efforts to understand that subject to Sir Lewis Namier, who was inclined toward making psychological judgments of eighteenth-century politicians, and John Brooke, who was compelled to do so by the demands of writing a biography of George III. Both of these men asserted that the personal and affectionate aspects of the connection between the prince and Bute far outweighed the political and ideological during its early years. Their arguments have evidently convinced historians of politics to pass over what made Bute “my dearest friend” and press on to matters they assumed to be more relevant to their interests. The concern of this essay is to demonstrate that this assumption is incorrect. It will show that political and ideological considerations were in fact utterly crucial to this friendship at its inception and throughout its development during the 1750s, with consequences which profoundly affected the political history of the first decade of George III's reign. A mistaken reliance on works by Namier and Brooke has prevented scholars from perceiving these realities. Thus it is necessary to begin by pointing out the serious flaws in their interpretations.

Making Relations, Breaking Relations

2014 ◽  
Vol 41 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 297-329
Author(s):  
Marguerite de Huszar Allen
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Cultural Diplomacy ◽  
Early Years ◽  
The Political ◽  
Cultural Relations ◽  
High Point ◽  
Political Landscape ◽  
History Of ◽  
Monthly Journal ◽  
Intellectual Elites

French-Hungarian relations reached a high point in the aftermath of the 1896 Millennium Celebration in Budapest. But by 1910, prospects for rapprochement had faded. The article explores the genesis of the rupture in relations that manifested itself in the Treaty of Trianon. It investigates events from two new perspectives: first, the career of French consul general Viscount de Fontenay before and during his stay in Budapest (1906–1912); second, the founding of the Revue de Hongrie along with its early years of publication. Fontenay began the Revue in March 1908 as a diplomatic initiative supported by the intellectual elites of France and Hungary and their governments. It was a monthly journal written entirely in French with subscriptions from individuals as well as prestigious universities, colleges, and libraries in Europe, North America, Australia, and Asia. This article explores relations between the two countries as reflected in the political landscape and the contents of the Revue. Finally, as a contribution to the previously neglected history of international cultural relations, this article identifies the key issue: there is no pure cultural diplomacy. It strives to use the frequently overlapping terms of this emerging field in such a way that the context in which they appear helps to clarify their meaning.

The beylicate in Ottoman Egypt during the seventeenth century

1961 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 214-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. M. Holt
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Political History ◽  
The Political ◽  
History Of

The period of nearly three centuries which lies between Selīm I's overthrow of the Mamluk sultanate in 1517, and Bonaparte's landing at Alexandria in 1798 is one of the most obscure in the history of Muslim Egypt. For the latter part of the period, from the early twelfth/eighteenth century, there are ample materials for the reconstruction of the political history in the famous chronicle by Jabartī. The Ottoman invasion, and the years which immediately succeeded it have also received some attention, thanks to the detailed information provided by the chronicler Ibn Iyās. In contrast, there has been virtually no investigation of the last seventy-five years of the sixteenth century and the whole of the seventeenth.

To Be a Sikh King

2020 ◽  
pp. 11-42
Author(s):  
Priya Atwal
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Early Years ◽  
The Political ◽  
Scholarly Research ◽  
Intellectual Context ◽  
Changing World

This chapter provides a sense of the political, cultural and intellectual context in which Ranjit Singh was able to claim the title of ‘Maharajah’. It examines the development of ‘Sikh’ ideas about monarchy, power and rulership that first emerged within the earliest writings of the first Sikh ‘master’, Guru Nanak, in the fifteenth century; whilst considering how attempts to practically interpret and set into action such ideas also evolved within the changing world of the Punjab, leading up to the early years of Ranjit Singh’s reign. This chapter draws upon recent scholarly research that has re-evaluated the dynamics between the Sikhs and the Mughal imperial dynasty, and about the emergence of the Khalsa and Sikh sardars as powers in their own right across eighteenth-century Punjab: studies that casts doubt on earlier scholarly contentions about the ‘republican’ nature of the Khalsa. It thereby aims to outline ideas of Sikh kingship that may have inspired and legitimised Ranjit Singh’s rise to power as a self-styled monarch by the turn of the nineteenth century.

Scottish Philosophy in the Seventeenth Century

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Medieval Period ◽  
Large Measure ◽  
The Many ◽  
Scholastic Philosophy ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Philosophical Writings ◽  
Do So

During the seventeenth century Scots produced many philosophical writings of high quality, writings that were very much part of a wider European philosophical discourse. Yet today seventeenth-century Scottish philosophy is known to hardly anyone. The Scottish philosophy of the sixteenth century is now being investigated by many scholars, and the philosophy of the eighteenth is widely studied. But that of the seventeenth century is only now beginning to receive the attention it deserves. This book begins by placing the seventeenth-century Scottish philosophy in its political and religious contexts, and then investigates the writings of the philosophers in the areas of logic, metaphysics, politics, ethics, law, and religion. It is demonstrated that in a variety of ways the Scottish Reformation impacted on the teaching of philosophy in the Scottish universities. It is also demonstrated that until the second half of the century, and the arrival of Descartes on the Scottish philosophy curriculum, the Scots were teaching and developing a form of Reformed orthodox scholastic philosophy, a philosophy that shared many features with the scholastic Catholic philosophy of the medieval period. It also becomes clear that by the early eighteenth-century Scotland was well placed to give rise to the spectacular Enlightenment that then followed, and to do so in large measure on the basis of its own well-established intellectual resources. Among the many thinkers discussed are Reformed orthodox, Episcopalian, and Catholic philosophers including George Robertson, George Middleton, John Boyd, Robert Baron, Mark Duncan, Samuel Rutherford, James Dundas (first Lord Arniston), George Mackenzie, James Dalrymple (Viscount Stair), and William Chalmers.

Prenuptial pregnancy in a rural area of Devonshire in the mid-nineteenth century: Colyton 1851–1881

1986 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean Robin
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Recent Work ◽  
Rural Area ◽  
Sexual Behaviour ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Victorian Era ◽  
Long Duration

The popularly held belief that in Victorian times a rigid code of sexual behaviour was in operation throughout the country, and that transgression of the code resulted in loss of respectability, has been under attack for some time now. One of the weapons used in the assault has been the extent of prenuptial pregnancy during the period compared with earlier centuries. In the first of his two papers on prenuptial pregnancy in England, published in 1966, P. E. H. Hair demonstrated that the phenomenon was of long duration. Roughly one-third of his sample of 1,855 brides traced to a maternity between the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries had been pregnant at marriage, and he considered that this was an under-estimate of the true proportion. Data from a number of reconstitution studies published in a recent work edited by Laslett, Oosterveen and Smith show that prenuptial pregnancies, measured in 50-year periods from 1550–1849, peaked in the second half of the sixteenth century at 31 per cent of all marriages traced to the birth of a child, only to decline over the next hundred years through the heyday of Puritanism and beyond to their nadir of 16 per cent by the end of the seventeenth century. From the early eighteenth century onwards, however, the proportion of such pregnancies increased, at first slowly and then gathering pace until by 1800 the previous peak at the end of the sixteenth century had been passed, the proportion of prenuptial pregnancies standing at 33 per cent. The rate continued to rise through the early years of the nineteenth century into the Victorian era, reaching 37 per cent for the 50 years ending in 1849.

scholarly journals El inglés en Europa: Origen y consolidación de una lengua franca

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Fernández Vítores
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
International Communication ◽  
The Political ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Lingua Franca ◽  
Historical Process ◽  
Siglo Xx ◽  
Sobre Todo

Aunque la enseñanza del inglés en Europa continental se remonta al siglo XVI, la aparición de este idioma como herramienta de comunicación internacional no comenzó a ser palpable hasta el siglo XVIII. El siglo XX, sobre todo su segunda mitad, supuso la consolidación de este idioma como lengua franca de Europa y el desplazamiento progresivo de otras lenguas de prestigio, como el francés y el alemán. El propósito de este artículo es describir dicho proceso histórico y analizar los factores políticos, sociales y económicos que han convertido a esta lengua en el principal instrumento de comunicación internacional del viejo continente.Abstract:Although the teaching of English in mainland Europe dates back to the sixteenth century, the emergence of this language as a tool for international communication didn’t become evident until the eighteenth century. The twentieth century, especially during the second half, was witness to the consolidation of English as a lingua franca in Europe as it gradually superseded other prestigious languages such as French and German. The purpose of this paper is to describe this historical process and analyze the political, social and economic factors that made this language the major tool for international communication on the old continent.

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