scholarly journals Genocide and the Hispanic-American Dilemma

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 122-152
Author(s):  
Eitan Ginzberg
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Indigenous People ◽  
Spanish Empire ◽  
Hispanic American ◽  
Unpublished Study ◽  
American Dilemma ◽  
Historical Reliability ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
American Colonialism

The reasoning behind Hispanic-American colonization was that the indigenous people were rational vassals, who could be embraced by Christianity, and must, therefore, be protected and well-treated, though judiciously recruited to serve the interests of the Spanish Empire. Eyewitnesses and studies conducted on the Indian issue since the early sixteenth century found that the preservation-exploitation policy gradually became extremely destructive. Raphael Lemkin, in an unpublished study on Hispanic-American colonialism, was the first to call its damaging consequences genocide. The objective of this article is to explore the historical reliability of Lemkin’s controversial claim, and how it might tally with the Spanish Crown’s manifested caring approach toward the Indians. The study is based on a broad range of documents, many of them personal and unpublished until recently, making these sources highly reliable. We believe that the research will shed light on the historical dilemma of Hispanic-American colonization.

Disordered Books and Dynamic Archives: Rabbinic Scholarly Practices in Early Modern Ashkenaz

AJS Review ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-75
Author(s):  
Tamara Morsel-Eisenberg
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Dynamic Activity ◽  
Modes Of Transmission ◽  
Printed Books ◽  
Modern Learning ◽  
Shed Light

This article examines early modern learning through Ashkenazic responsa. Beyond explicit evidence from published responsa collections, implicit insights dwell in what these publications lack. These missing features shed light on sixteenth-century scholarly practices. The works’ organizational inconsistencies must be understood in context of learned archives. Such an adjustment offers a corrective to the regnant narrative, which views the introduction of print as a sharp rupture from earlier modes of transmission. This article suggests instead that the culture of printed books coexisted with older approaches, and that print was complemented by more disorderly and unconstrained forms of transmission. Comparing rabbinic “paper-ware” with contemporaneous humanist practices highlights the rabbi's working papers, focusing on a culture's dynamic activity rather than its stable output. This shift in perspective allows us to see rabbinic writings not merely as a collection of books but as a mode of scholarship.

Onstage Violence in Sixteenth-Century French Tragedy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Meere
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Gender Politics ◽  
Cain And Abel ◽  
Integral Role ◽  
Complex Relationships ◽  
David And Goliath ◽  
Shed Light

The performance of violence on the stage has played an integral role in French tragedy since its inception. Onstage Violence in Sixteenth-Century French Tragedy is the first book to tell this story. It traces and examines the ethical and poetic stakes of violence, as playwrights were experimenting with the newly discovered genre during decades of religious and civil war (c.1550–1598). The study begins with an overview of the origins of French vernacular tragedy and the complex relationships between violence, performance, ethics, and poetics. The remainder of the book homes in on specific plays and analyzes biblical, mythological, historical, and politically topical tragedies—including the stories of Cain and Abel, David and Goliath, Medea, Sultan Süleyman the Magnificent, the Roman general Regulus, and the assassination of the Duke of Guise in 1588—to show how the multifarious uses of violence on stage shed light on a range of pressing issues during that turbulent time such as religion, gender, politics, and militantism.

The First Calvinist Encounters with New World Religions

2021 ◽  
pp. 252-269
Author(s):  
Mark Valeri
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Native Americans ◽  
Human Nature ◽  
Indigenous People ◽  
New World ◽  
World Religions ◽  
Jean De Lery ◽  
Travel Writings ◽  
Civic Virtues ◽  
Cultural Observation

European Calvinists first encountered Native Americans during three brief expeditions of French adventurers to Brazil and Florida during the mid-sixteenth century. Although short-lived and rarely noted, these expeditions produced a remarkable commentary by Huguenots on the Tupinamba people of Brazil and the Timucuan people of Florida. Informed by Calvinist understandings of human nature and humanist approaches to cultural observation, authors such as Jean de Léry produced narratives that posed European and Christian decadence against the sociability and honesty of Native Americans. They used their experiences in America to suggest that Huguenots in France, like indigenous people in America, ought to be tolerated for their civic virtues whatever their doctrinal allegiances. Huguenot travel writings indicate variations in Calvinist approaches to Native peoples from the mid-sixteenth through the seventeenth centuries.

scholarly journals Women vaqfs in the sixteenth-century Sanjak of Krusevac (Alaca Hisâr)

Balcanica ◽  
2009 ◽  
pp. 43-55
Author(s):  
Dragana Amedoski
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Muslim Women ◽  
Government Officials ◽  
Islamic World ◽  
Shed Light

The role of the vaqf in the Ottoman Empire, as in the whole Islamic world, was quite significant, especially in a period marked by the founding of new orien?tal settlements. The first endowers in the newly-conquered lands were sultans, begs and prominent government officials. Affluent citizens also took part in endowing their cities, and women are known to have been among them. The aim of the paper, based on Ottoman sources, is to shed light on the participation of Muslim women in this kind of humanitarian and lucrative activity using the example of the Sanjak of Krusevac (Alaca His?r) in the sixteenth century.

scholarly journals Cosmopolitanism, Translocality, Astronoetics: A Multi-Local Vantage Point

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 29-38
Author(s):  
Gabriela Vargas-Cetina ◽  
Manpreet Kaur Kang
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
New England ◽  
Human Life ◽  
The United States ◽  
Vantage Point ◽  
Special Volume ◽  
Multiple Flows ◽  
The World ◽  
Shed Light

The world in which we live is crisscrossed by multiple flows of people, information, non-human life, travel circuits and goods. At least since the Sixteenth Century, the Americas have received and generated new social, cultural and product trends. As we see through the case studies presented here, modern literature and dance, the industrialization of food and the race to space cannot be historicized without considering the role the Americas, and particularly the United States, have played in all of them. We also see, at the same time, how these flows of thought, art, science and products emerged from sources outside the Americas to then take root in and beyond the United States. The authors in this special volume are devising conceptual tools to analyze this multiplicity across continents and also at the level of particular nations and localities. Concepts such as cosmopolitanism, translocality and astronoetics are brought to shed light on these complex crossings, giving us new ways to look at the intricacy of these distance-crossing flows. India, perhaps surprisingly, emerges as an important cultural interlocutor, beginning with the idealized, imagined versions of Indian spirituality that fueled the romanticism of the New England Transcendentalists, to the importance of Indian dance pioneers in the world stage during the first part of the twentieth century and the current importance of India as a player in the race to space. 

The Edinburgh Book Trade and Vernacular Literature, 1500–1660

2020 ◽  
pp. 54-96
Author(s):  
Adam Fox
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Book Trade ◽  
Vernacular Literature ◽  
Extensive Range ◽  
The City ◽  
Shed Light

Chapter 2 surveys the development of the book trade in Edinburgh during the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries with a particular emphasis on the production and circulation of more popular works in Scots and English. It traces the development of printing in Edinburgh, looks at the expansion of booksellers in the city, and examines the role of travelling chapmen in disseminating literature across Scotland and into England. The remarkable inventories of Thomas Bassandyne and Robert Gourlaw are examined in some detail in order to shed light on the extensive range of vernacular literature from the London market that was being sold in the Scottish capital in the later sixteenth century.

Military Networks at the Extremes of Empire: The Che of Chile and the Puebloans of the United States

Ethnohistory ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 643-664
Author(s):  
Jacob J. Sauer
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
The United States ◽  
Spanish Empire ◽  
Military Power ◽  
Southern Chile ◽  
Power Networks ◽  
Sociopolitical Complexity ◽  
Military Networks ◽  
The Military

Abstract At the northern and southern ends of the Spanish “Empire,” two cultures of similar sociopolitical complexity violently removed Spanish invaders from their ancestral territory. The Che of southern Chile militarily engaged the Spanish in the mid-sixteenth century and eventually forced the Spanish to abandon their colonization attempts. The Puebloans of the southwestern United States also forced the Spanish to flee from Puebloan territory in 1680, but by 1696, Puebloan territories returned to Spanish hegemony. This article compares some of the reasons why the Che maintained independence for more than 350 years while Puebloan independence lasted 16, examining the military power networks of the Che and Puebloans and the timing of resistance to Spanish incursion. These comparisons highlight some of the diverse reactions of foreign groups and how connections between peoples affect how individuals and communities react to outside influences.

Architecture and Infirmitas: Doge Andrea Gritti and the Chancel of San Marco

1998 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 182-197
Author(s):  
Andrew Hopkins
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Twelfth Century ◽  
Shed Light

The mid-sixteenth century location of the doge's throne and the seating for the Signoria in S. Marco, Venice, were considerably different from the original arrangements of the twelfth century. The date of the changes and the motives that prompted them have never been clarified. An examination of Marin Sanudo's Diaries provides not only the date of the changes in practice but also suggests the initial and hitherto unsuspected impetus: the infirmity of Doge Andrea Gritti. This article utilizes Sanudo's contemporary accounts to shed light on architectural changes in the chancel of S. Marco in the 1530s.

Who Was “Prioris”? A Royal Composer Recovered

2012 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theodor Dumitrescu
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Royal Court ◽  
Secondary Literature ◽  
Basic Documentation ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Loire Valley

Abstract Research into the musical establishments of the French royal court during the reign of Louis XII (1498–1515) must contend with a severe lack of basic documentation from the musical chapels of Louis and Queen Anne of Brittany. A hitherto unexplored resource helping to fill this lacuna is offered by the archives of Blois, the principal urban base of the peripatetic royal households in the early sixteenth century. New archival records shed light on the activities of leading singers and composers of the court, among them the enigmatic royal chapelmaster “Prioris,” occasioning a complete revision of the composer's biography. A new story emerges: Prioris turns out to be not the “Johannes Prioris” known from the secondary literature—who likely never existed—but the Blois canon Denis Prieur (Dionisius Prioris), who had already served Louis XII for many years before his accession. The new outline of Prioris's biography reveals a career and life rooted in the Loire Valley, a localized and institutionalized view supported by a reexamination of the musician's compositional output and significant new musical evidence.

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