scholarly journals Implementation of Basic Computer Vision Methods for Analyzing the Results of Biological Experiments

2020 ◽  
pp. paper72-1-paper72-1
Author(s):  
Kseniia Ezhova ◽  
Andrey Veremenko ◽  
Ksenia Baranova ◽  
Alexander Belaykov ◽  
Vladislav Cherebedov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Open Field ◽  
Morris Water Maze ◽  
Video Processing ◽  
Water Maze ◽  
Laboratory Mice ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
C Programming Language ◽  
C Programming ◽  
New Applications ◽  
Automation Of Experiments

The article discusses the video processing methods necessary for the automation of processing the results of the experiments “Morris Water Maze”, “Open Field”, “Elevated Cross-shaped Maze”, which are used to study the behavior of laboratory mice depending on various external factors, as well as an experiment with daily tracking Rhesus macaque activity. To process the received information, the C++ programming language is used including the OpenCV 3.2 and Qt 5.2 libraries. Later in the paper new applications are discussed to further the research based on findings described here. For further use monkey observation is proposed. The choice was made based on similarity between discussed and proposed methods for video processing and automation of experiments. For reviewed methods their advantages and disadvantages are included in the work. For each of experiments “Morris Water Maze”, “Open Field”, “Elevated Crossshaped Maze” there is corresponding image sequence for anyone unfamiliar with the topic.

scholarly journals Parallel programming technologies on computer complexes

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 28-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. A. Pryadko ◽  
A. Yu. Troshin ◽  
V. D. Kozlov ◽  
A. E. Ivanov
Keyword(s):  
Parallel Programming ◽  
Shared Memory ◽  
Programming Language ◽  
Operating Systems ◽  
Distributed Memory ◽  
Programming Models ◽  
Writing Programs ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
C Programming Language ◽  
C Programming

The article describes various options for speeding up calculations on computer systems. These features are closely related to the architecture of these complexes. The objective of this paper is to provide necessary information when selecting the capability for the speeding process of solving the computation problem. The main features implemented using the following models are described: programming in systems with shared memory, programming in systems with distributed memory, and programming on graphics accelerators (video cards). The basic concept, principles, advantages, and disadvantages of each of the considered programming models are described. All standards for writing programs described in the article can be used both on Linux and Windows operating systems. The required libraries are available and compatible with the C/C++ programming language. The article concludes with recommendations on the use of a particular technology, depending on the type of task to be solved.

scholarly journals A COMPARISON OF CREATING AN ANDROID APPLICATION USER INTERFACE IN XAML AND IN C# CODE

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 52-62
Author(s):  
Igor Košťál ◽  
Martin Mišút
Keyword(s):  
User Interface ◽  
User Interfaces ◽  
Execution Time ◽  
Android Application ◽  
Development Environment ◽  
Source Codes ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
C Programming Language ◽  
C Programming ◽  
Android Applications

Almost every Android user application has some kind of user interface. Android programmers who create Xamarin.Forms applications and who uses the Microsoft Visual Studio development environment to do so can create user interfaces in the XAML (the Extensible Application Markup Language) or in the C# programming language. This paper deals with a comparison of creating this user interface by the first and the second way. We demonstrate the differences in the creation of Android application user interfaces in XAML and in C# by way of using two of our Android applications which were created by the Microsoft Visual Studio 2019 Enterprise, which work as text editors with the ability to store text to disc, and have user interfaces that are visually identical. However, the user interface of the first Android application was created in XAML with a C# support code, whereas the user interface of the second Android application was created entirely in C#. While comparing the source codes of the user interfaces of both these Android applications, we identify the advantages and disadvantages of both approaches to creating a user interface and we try to find out which of these approaches is better for maintaining and modifying user interfaces. In this study, we also contrast the processes of handling events of controls of a user interface created in the XAML code for the first Android application as well as that of the same user interface created in the C# code for the second Android application. Furthermore, we were interested in determining whether the different ways of creating user interfaces affected the execution time of basic operations that included disc files that were performed on the same data by both the applications. We assume that it does not fundamentally affect the execution time, and so, we performed an experiment to confirm or refute our assumption.

scholarly journals Amelioration of Scopolamine-Induced Amnesic, Anxiolytic and Antidepressant Effects of Ficus benghalensis in Behavioral Experimental Models

Medicina ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 144
Author(s):  
Humna Malik ◽  
Sana Javaid ◽  
Muhammad Fawad Rasool ◽  
Noreen Samad ◽  
Syed Rizwan Ahamad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Passive Avoidance ◽  
Open Field ◽  
Morris Water Maze ◽  
Water Maze ◽  
Elevated Plus Maze ◽  
Methanolic Extract ◽  
Ficus Benghalensis ◽  
Y Maze ◽  
Plus Maze ◽  
Phytochemical Studies

Background and Objectives: Ficus benghalensis (FB) is a commonly found tree in Pakistan and its various parts have folkloric importance in managing neurological ailments. In the present study, methanolic extract of its bark has been tested on an experimental animal model to evaluate memory-enhancing, anxiolytic and antidepressant activities to validate the claimed therapeutic potential. Materials and Methods: Methanolic extract of freshly isolated bark was prepared and subjected to preliminary phytochemical studies and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis for the presence of phytocomponents. To evaluate its effect on spatial learning, passive-avoidance test–step through (PAT-ST), Y-maze and Morris water maze (MWM) tests were carried out. Open-field (OFT) and elevated plus maze (EPM) tests were employed to explore the anti-anxiety potential of FB while a forced swimming test (FST) was utilized to assess its anti-depressant prospective. FB doses of 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg with positive and negative controls given to Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. Results: phytochemical studies showed the presence of various phytoconstituents including alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenes, phenolics and anthraquinones. The presence of synephrine, aspargine, glucose, fructose and fatty acids was revealed by GC–MS analysis. FB administration led to significant improved memory retention when evaluated through passive avoidance (p < 0.05), Y-maze (p < 0.05) and Morris water maze (p < 0.05) tests in a scopolamine model of amnesic rats. When tested by open field and elevated plus maze tests, FB demonstrated anxiety-resolving characteristics (p < 0.05) as animals dared to stay in open areas more than a control group. Mobility time was increased and immobility time was reduced (p < 0.05–0.01) in rats treated with FB, unveiling the anti-depressant importance of F. benghalensis. Conclusion: methanolic extract of F. benghalensis bark furnished scientific proof behind folkloric claims of the memory improving, anxiety-reducing and depression-resolving characteristics of the plant. These activities might be possible due to interaction of its phytoconstituents with serotonergic, glutamatergic, cholinergic and GABAergic systems in the brain.

scholarly journals The effect of intra-amygdalar leptin administration on anxiety, depression and learning behaviors in rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 331-335
Author(s):  
Hayriye SOYTURK ◽  
Bihter Gökçe BOZAT ◽  
Hamit COŞKUN ◽  
Fatma PEHLİVAN KARAKAŞ
Keyword(s):  
Open Field ◽  
Morris Water Maze ◽  
Water Maze ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Elevated Plus Maze ◽  
Low Doses ◽  
Experimental Protocol ◽  
Maze Test ◽  
Plus Maze ◽  
Anxiety Depression

Leptin is released by adipose tissue. Leptin can cross the blood–brain barrier and bind to receptors on neurons in brain areas to exert its biological function when released into circulation. This study aimed to determine the influences of intra-amygdalar administration of high and low doses of leptin on anxiety, depression, learning behaviors of rats. In the experimental protocol I, intra-amygdalar injection of high and low doses of leptin (0.1 and 1 μg/ kg) and saline were administered 30 min before the behavioral tests. Then, the animals were exposed to open field, elevated plus maze, Porsolt and Morris water maze tests for measuring of behaviors. In experimental protocol 2, the cerebrospinal fluids of all groups of experimental protocol 1 were collected by microdialysis method and then were analyzed by HPLC. The effect of the low dose of leptin was significant on the open field. The effect of the high and low dose of leptin was significant on the elevated plus maze test. The effect of the low dose of leptin was significant on mobility in the center of the Porsolt. A high dose of leptin group had spent less time around the platform than controls in the Morris water maze test. HPLC analysis showed that the amount of serotonin and glutamate in the amygdala region increased after low dose leptin administration. Intra-amygdalar injection of low doses of leptin may decrease anxiety and depression-like behavior in rats by increasing serotonin and glutamate levels in the amygdala.

scholarly journals Maternal Separation Impairs Mother’s Cognition One Month Beyond The Separation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Joushi ◽  
Zahra Taherizadeh ◽  
Fatemeh Mohtashami Borzadaran ◽  
José Francis-Oliveira ◽  
Khadije Esmaeilpour ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Locomotor Activity ◽  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Open Field ◽  
Morris Water Maze ◽  
Spatial Learning ◽  
Water Maze ◽  
Maternal Separation ◽  
Stressful Event ◽  
Spatial Learning And Memory ◽  
Postpartum Stress

Abstract Background: Separation of pups from their dam during the infancy not only has detrimental effects on the pups’ brain but also affects dams’ behavior. Postpartum stress may affect mothers’ cognitive functions. In the present study, by using a 180 min/day maternal separation (MS) paradigm, we assessed anxiety- like behavior (in the elevated plus maze) and locomotor activity (in the open field) of rat dams which experienced separation from postnatal day (PND) 1 until weaning. Since no study has ever investigated MS effects on spatial learning and memory of dams in the Morris water maze, we tried for the first time to clarify whether such separation impairs dam’s performance in the Morris water maze. Methods:We assessed dams’ behavior at three time points; 24 hours, 1 week and 1 month after weaning. Therefore, the six groups consisted of control (CTRL); 24h, 1week and 1month and MS; 24h, 1week and 1month was allocated in this study.Results: Our results revealed that although MS-24h and MS-1week groups had intact locomotor activity, MS-1month group showed less locomotor activity in the open field. Moreover, MS induced anxiety–like behavior was more pronounced in MS-1week and MS-1month dams. Spatial learning and memory was also impaired only in MS-1month dams. Conclusions: We can conclude that MS induces cognitive impairments in dam that may appear not immediately after the separation, but a few weeks after such stressful event.

scholarly journals Bexarotene Impairs Cognition and Produces Hypothyroidism in a Mouse Model of Down Syndrome and Alzheimer’s Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Verónica Vidal ◽  
Alba Puente ◽  
Susana García-Cerro ◽  
María Teresa García Unzueta ◽  
Noemí Rueda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Down Syndrome ◽  
Open Field ◽  
Morris Water Maze ◽  
Water Maze ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Hormone Levels ◽  
Hole Board ◽  
Stimulating Hormone

All individuals with Down syndrome (DS) eventually develop Alzheimer’s disease (AD) neuropathology, including neurodegeneration, increases in β-amyloid (Aβ) expression, and aggregation and neurofibrillary tangles, between the third and fourth decade of their lives. There is currently no effective treatment to prevent AD neuropathology and the associated cognitive degeneration in DS patients. Due to evidence that the accumulation of Aβ aggregates in the brain produces the neurodegenerative cascade characteristic of AD, many strategies which promote the clearance of Aβ peptides have been assessed as potential therapeutics for this disease. Bexarotene, a member of a subclass of retinoids that selectively activates retinoid receptors, modulates several pathways essential for cognitive performance and Aβ clearance. Consequently, bexarotene might be a good candidate to treat AD-associated neuropathology. However, the effects of bexarotene treatment in AD remain controversial. In the present study, we aimed to elucidate whether chronic bexarotene treatment administered to the most commonly used murine model of DS, the Ts65Dn (TS) mouse could reduce Aβ expression in their brains and improve their cognitive abilities. Chronic administration of bexarotene to aged TS mice and their CO littermates for 9 weeks diminished the reference, working, and spatial learning and memory of TS mice, and the spatial memory of CO mice in the Morris water maze. This treatment also produced marked hypoactivity in the plus maze, open field, and hole board tests in TS mice, and in the open field and hole board tests in CO mice. Administration of bexarotene reduced the expression of Aβ1-40, but not of Aβ1-42, in the hippocampi of TS mice. Finally, bexarotene increased Thyroid-stimulating hormone levels in TS mice and reduced Thyroid-stimulating hormone levels in CO mice, while animals of both karyotypes displayed reduced thyroxine levels after bexarotene administration. The bexarotene-induced hypothyroidism could be responsible for the hypoactivity of TS and CO mice and their diminished performance in the Morris water maze. Together, these results do not provide support for the use of bexarotene as a potential treatment of AD neuropathology in the DS population.

scholarly journals Nootropic and Adaptogenic Effect of Combined Use of Cortexin with Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Concentrate under Experimental Dislipidemia

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 150-154
Author(s):  
Tatyana I. Sangadieva ◽  
Galina P. Lamazhapova ◽  
Erzhena V. Syngeeva
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Open Field ◽  
Morris Water Maze ◽  
Water Maze ◽  
Atherogenic Diet ◽  
Morris Water Maze Test ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Lipid Complex ◽  
Combined Use

Background.We studied the effect of combined application of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid concentrate, based on seals fat, with parenteral administration of brain cortex polypeptide preparation on cognitive-research reactions and adaptation of rats under experimental hyperlipidemia. The composition of the myelin sheaths of neurons is represented by a protein-lipid complex, which is a part of the cell membrane, the imbalance of which leads to a number of neurological diseases.The aim of the study was to confirm experimentally that the combined use of drugs, based on essential polyunsaturated fatty acids and polypeptides, would influence more effectively on neurometabolic processes in neurons, compared to their application separately.Materials and methods.Wistar rats were used. They were on a special atherogenic diet to build the model of hypercholesterolemia. The pharmacological effects of drugs were evaluated in the Open Field and Morris Water Maze tests.Results.The study found that in rats, who received a combination of polyunsaturated fatty acids concentrate with Cortexin injections, and undergoing atherogenic diet, the overall motor activity increased significantly in the Open field test, at the same time the number of acts of defecation and grooming decreased. The Morris Water Maze test results indicated an increase in the level of spatial memory and orientation, which shows a high level of adaptability and adaptation to new conditions, a decrease in the level of anxiety.Conclusions.The results demonstrated a more pronounced and prolonged nootropic and adaptogenic action of the complex use in comparison with the use of the studied agents as monotherapy.

scholarly journals Subarachnoid hemorrhage leads to early and persistent functional connectivity and behavioral changes in mice

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Y Chung ◽  
Fumiaki Oka ◽  
Gina Jin ◽  
Andrea Harriott ◽  
Sreekanth Kura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage ◽  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Open Field ◽  
Morris Water Maze ◽  
Cognitive Deficits ◽  
Water Maze ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Rotarod Performance ◽  
Optical Intrinsic Signal ◽  
Y Maze

AbstractAneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) leads to significant long-term cognitive deficits. Studies in survivors of SAH show an association between persistent cognitive deficits and alterations in resting state functional connectivity (RSFC). However, modalities commonly used to assess RSFC in humans, such as fMRI, have practical limitations in small animals. Therefore, we used non-invasive functional optical intrinsic signal imaging to determine the effect of SAH on measures of RSFC in mice at early (day 4), intermediate (1 month), and late (3 months) time points after prechiasmatic arterial blood injection. We assessed Morris water maze, open field test, Y-maze, and rotarod performance from approximately 2 weeks to 3 months after SAH induction. We found qualitative and quantitative differences in seed-based connectivity maps between sham and SAH mice. SAH reduced motor, retrosplenial and visual seed-based connectivity indices, which persisted in retrosplenial and visual cortex seeds at 3 months. Seed-to-seed connectivity analysis confirmed attenuation of correlation coefficients in SAH mice, which persisted in predominantly posterior network connections at later time points. Seed-independent global and interhemispheric indices of connectivity revealed decreased correlations following SAH for at least 1 month. SAH led to Morris water maze hidden platform and open field deficits at 2 weeks, and Y-maze deficits for at least 3 months, without altering rotarod performance. In conclusion, experimental SAH leads to early and persistent alterations both in hemodynamically-derived measures of RSFC and in cognitive performance.

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