Diagnosis and treatment of drug-induced interstitial lung disease

Drug-induced interstitial lung disease (DILD) is a group of adverse drug reactions that is rare but fatally toxic. Pulmonary toxicity causes inflammation and subsequent interstitial fibrosis. As novel drugs with a variety of purposes are introduced into the medical field, the number of culprit medications that are suspected to cause lung complications is accordingly increasing. In this review, DILD will be discussed from several aspects such as causality by numerous drugs, check points for a timely diagnosis, alongside some contemporary treatment options. The exact mechanism of DILD has not been elucidated, and a useful clinical, radiological, or pathological confirmation process is still lacking. Common drugs which casue DILD include bleomycin, amiodarone, epidermal growth factor receptor-targeted agents, and immune checkpoint inhibitors. Diagnosis is based on a suspicious drug administration history, somewhat inconsistent clinical symptoms and signs, radiological hints, and histopathological assistance, together with the exclusion of other lung-injuring etiologies. Cessation of the suspected drug, meticulous corticosteroid usage, and ancillary supportive management are the mainstay therapeutic strategy for DILD. Most cases of DILD respond to these countermeasures and reductions, but in some cases the fibrotic process worsens, leading to irreversible sequelae on the affected lung.