scholarly journals A Leaf Point Documents Hunting with Spears in the Middle Paleolithic at Hohle Fels, Germany

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (30) ◽  
Author(s):  
Veerle Rots ◽  
Justin Coppe ◽  
Nicholas Conard
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Evolutionary Development ◽  
Functional Study ◽  
Middle Paleolithic ◽  
Projectile Technology ◽  
Excellent Preservation ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Pointed End ◽  
The University

During the 2020 season at Hohle Fels Cave in the Ach Valley of southwestern Germany the excavation team from the University of Tübingen recovered a bifacial leaf point in archaeological horizon (AH) X. This horizon is the fifth deepest of the Middle Paleolithic horizons at the site and is located roughly 120 cm beneath the base of the rich Aurignacian layers of the cave. The new leaf point, or Blattspitze in German, is the first artifact of its kind found in situ in the Swabian caves since Gustav Riek’s excavation at Haldenstein Cave near the source of the Lone River recovered two leaf points in excellent preservation in 1936. The new find allowed our team to conduct the first techno-functional study of a freshly recovered leaf point from the European Middle Paleolithic. This study demonstrates that the leaf point was hafted at the less pointy end of the artifact. The leaf point bears clear damage to the pointed end of the artifact that occurred during a hunting episode. A Neanderthal knapper further damaged the tool during an attempt to resharpen and rejuvenate the tool. This damage was likely the reason the knapper discarded the leaf point at Hohle Fels. This result and a re-examination of the two leaf points from Haldenstein Cave indicate that late Neanderthals used Blattspitzen for hunting large game. The current results do not explicitly prove that spears with hafted leaf points were always thrown or used as thrusting spears, and one can easily imagine scenarios in which a weapon of this kind could be used in both ways. Ideally, the ongoing excavation at Hohle Fels will recover more leaf points, which will give us the opportunity to document the technological variability of this kind of tool with regard to their manufacture, function and life history. We also view the current research at Hohle Fels as an excellent opportunity to gain a better and more strongly contextualized understanding of the technological system linking lithic, botanical and osseous technologies during this phase of the Middle Paleolithic. This paper also considers the place that hafted leaf points have within the broader evolutionary development of hunting and projectile technology.

Paleopathological study of the Egyptian mummies collected in Italy: the Anubis project

1970 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosalba Ciranni ◽  
Donata Pangoli ◽  
Valentina Giuffra ◽  
DAvide Caramella ◽  
Edda Bresciani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
X Rays ◽  
Axial Tomography ◽  
Technical Problems ◽  
Histological Studies ◽  
Computed Axial Tomography ◽  
The University ◽  
First Time

Eighty-five Egyptian mummies belonging to different dynastic periods and collected in a number of Italian museums, have been censed and submitted for paleopathological research. In most cases the presence of bandages required the application of X- rays and computed axial tomography (CAT). Fifty-two mummies have been studied in situ with Xrays; twelve with CAT scanning. Technical problems kept us from investigating eleven of the censed mummies. In a few cases it was possible to perform autopsies, endoscopy, or histological studies. The mummies submitted for X- rays were divided into two groups: The first group thirty-six mummies studied by the team of Paleopathology-Egyptology of the University of Pisa were studied for the first time. The second group was composed of twenty-six mummies studied elsewhere in Italy. Those results also have been included in the Anubi Project database.

scholarly journals Side-binding proteins modulate actin filament dynamics

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alvaro H. Crevenna ◽  
Marcelino Arciniega ◽  
Aurelie Dupont ◽  
Kaja Kowalska ◽  
Oliver Lange ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Actin Filament ◽  
Brownian Dynamics ◽  
Actin Polymerization ◽  
Actin Dynamics ◽  
Central Feature ◽  
Filament Dynamics ◽  
Filament Structure ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Dynamics Simulations ◽  
Pointed End

Actin filament dynamics govern many key physiological processes from cell motility to tissue morphogenesis. A central feature of actin dynamics is the capacity of the filament to polymerize and depolymerize at its ends in response to cellular conditions. It is currently thought that filament kinetics can be described by a single rate constant for each end. Here, using direct visualization of single actin filament elongation, we show that actin polymerization kinetics at both filament ends are strongly influenced by proteins that bind to the lateral filament surface. We also show that the less dynamic end, called the pointed-end, has a non-elongating state that dominates the observed filament kinetic asymmetry. Estimates of filament flexibility and Brownian dynamics simulations suggest that the observed kinetic diversity arises from structural alteration. Tuning filament kinetics by exploiting the natural malleability of the actin filament structure may be a ubiquitous mechanism to generate the rich variety of observed cellular actin dynamics.

scholarly journals The Athens Mobile γ-Spectrometry System (AMESOS)

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 150
Author(s):  
A. Karailias ◽  
V. Lagaki ◽  
C. Katsiva ◽  
A. Kanellakopoulos ◽  
T. J. Mertzimekis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Absorbed Dose ◽  
In Situ Measurements ◽  
Harsh Environments ◽  
The Public ◽  
Dose Rates ◽  
Field Operation ◽  
Standard Calibration ◽  
Γ Spectrometry ◽  
The University

We report on a new mobile γ-spectrometry system (AMESOS) developed at the University of Athens. The system aims at carrying out in situ measurements to study distributions of NORM and TENORM at harsh environments or where sampling is difficult. AMESOS has been characterized by using standard calibration sources and minerals of known, independently determined, U and Th concentrations. Simulations of the system have been performed with MCNP and Geant4. As a proof of good field operation, AMESOS was deployed in a series of measurements at Mt. Kithaeron, near Athens, extending earlier data and estimating absorbed dose rates that concern the public.

Successes and Failures of the University-Community Partnership: A Case Study of Imbali Semi-Rural Settlement

2021 ◽  
pp. 001312452110273
Author(s):  
Molise David Nhlapo ◽  
Dipane Joseph Hlalele
Keyword(s):  
Community Partnership ◽  
Relational Leadership ◽  
Leadership Model ◽  
Rural Context ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Effective Group ◽  
University Leaders ◽  
The University ◽  
University Community

Universities should conduct research and provide services to the society in their environment. In this article, the relational leadership model was used to evaluate a University-Community partnership in a semi-rural context in South Africa. The relational leadership model is an aspirational model supporting a healthy, ethical, and effective group. It comprises five components necessary for sustainable positive change in an organization. The model advocates for five components of which four were used to evaluate the project which the article is based on. Data were produced through interviews with two main university leaders of the project and the results show that the partnership has lost momentum in recent years based on non-conformity to some of the principles of the components suggested by the relational leadership. Through the rich experiences from participants, the article reflects on methods and recommendations in which the threads facing the partnership can be circumvented.

Functional Group Protection

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglass F. Taber
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Amines ◽  
Primary Amines ◽  
Silyl Ether ◽  
Southern Illinois ◽  
Convenient Procedure ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
National University ◽  
Facile Preparation ◽  
The University

Bekington Myrboh of North-Eastern Hill University reported (Tetrahedron Lett. 2010, 51, 2862) a convenient procedure for the oxidative removal of a 1,3-oxathiolane 1 or a 1,3-dithiolane. Sang-Gyeong Lee and Yong-Jin Yoon of Gyeongsang National University developed (J. Org. Chem. 2010, 75, 484) the pyridazin-3(2H )-one 4 for the microwave-mediated deprotection of an oxime 3. Dario M. Bassani of Université Bordeaux 1 and John S. Snaith of the University of Birmingham devised (J. Org. Chem. 2010, 75, 4648) a procedure for the facile preparation of esters such as 6. Brief photolysis (350 nm) returned the parent carboxylic acid 7. Craig M. Williams of the University of Queensland prepared (Tetrahedron Lett. 2010, 51, 1158) the trithioorthoester 8 by iterative opening of epichlorohydrin. He found that the keto ester 9 could be efficiently released by Hg-mediated hydrolysis. Masatoshi Mihara of the Osaka Municipal Technical Research Institute established (Synlett 2010, 253) that even very congested alcohols such as 10 could be acetylated by acetic anhydride containing a trace of FeCl3. Colleen N. Scott, now at Southern Illinois University, developed (J. Org. Chem. 2010, 75, 253) a convenient procedure for the preparation of the hydridosilane 13, which on Mn catalysis added the alcohol 12 to make the unsymmetrical bisalkoxysilane 14. Sabine Berteina-Raboin of the Université d’Orléans found (Tetrahedron Lett. 2010, 51, 2115) that NaBH4 in EtOH cleanly removed the chloroacetates from 15. Both other esters and silyl ethers were stable under these conditions. Ram S. Mohan of Illinois Wesleyan University established (Tetrahedron Lett. 2010, 51, 1056) that Fe(III) tosylate in methanol selectively removed the alkyl silyl ether from 17 without affecting the aryl silyl ether. Alakananda Hajra and Adinath Majee of Visva-Bharati University effected (Tetrahedron Lett. 2010, 51, 2896) formylation of an amine 19 by heating with commercial 85% formic acid as the solvent in a sealed tube at 80°C. Although both primary and secondary amines could be effi ciently formylated, the primary amines were much more reactive. Doo Ok Jang of Yonsei University found (Tetrahedron Lett. 2010, 51, 683) that the conveniently handled CF3CCO2H (the acid chloride is a gas) could be activated in situ to selectively convert 22 into 24.

C–N Ring Construction: The Waser Synthesis of Jerantinine E

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglass F. Taber
Keyword(s):  
Ni Catalyst ◽  
University Of Alberta ◽  
Princeton University ◽  
In Situ Preparation ◽  
National University ◽  
The University ◽  
École Polytechnique ◽  
Pais Vasco ◽  
Multicomponent Coupling

James A. Bull of Imperial College London prepared (J. Org. Chem. 2013, 78, 6632) the aziridine 2 with high diastereocontrol by adding the anion of diiodomethane to the imine 1. Karl Anker Jørgensen of Aarhus University observed (Chem. Commun. 2013, 49, 6382) high ee in the distal aziridination of 3 to give 4. Benito Alcaide of the Universidad Complutense de Madrid and Pedro Almendros of ICOQ- CSIC Madrid reduced (Adv. Synth. Catal. 2013, 355, 2089) the β-lactam 5 to the azetidine 6. Hiroaki Sasai of Osaka University added (Org. Lett. 2013, 15, 4142) the allenoate 8 to the imine 7, delivering the azetidine 9 in high ee. Tamio Hayashi of Kyoto University, the National University of Singapore, and A*STAR devised (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2013, 135, 10990) a Pd catalyst for the enanti­oselective addition of the areneboronic acid 11 to the pyrroline 10 to give 12. Ryan A. Brawn of Pfizer (Org. Lett. 2013, 15, 3424) reported related results. Nicolai Cramer of the Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne developed (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2013, 135, 11772) a Ni catalyst for the cyclization of the formamide 13 to the lactam 14. Andrew D. Smith of the University of St. Andrews used (Org. Lett. 2013, 15, 3472) an organocatalyst to cyclize 15 to 16. Jose L. Vicario of the Universidad del Pais Vasco effected (Synthesis 2013, 45, 2669) the multicomponent coupling of 17, 18, and 19, mediated by an organocatalyst, to construct 20 in high ee. André Beauchemin of the University of Ottawa explored (J. Org. Chem. 2013, 78, 12735) the thermal cyclization of ω-alkenyl hydroxyl amines such as 21. Abigail G. Doyle of Princeton University developed (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2013, 52, 9153) a Ni catalyst for the enantioselective addition of aryl zinc bromides such as 24 to the pro­chiral 23, to give 25 in high ee. Dennis G. Hall of the University of Alberta developed (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2013, 52, 8069) an in situ preparation of the allyl boronate 26 in high ee. Addition to the aldehyde 27 proceeded with high diasteroselectivity.

Flow Chemistry: The Direct Production of Drug Metabolites

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglass F. Taber
Keyword(s):  
Organic Synthesis ◽  
Flow Chemistry ◽  
Florida State University ◽  
State University ◽  
Max Planck ◽  
Direct Production ◽  
Reactor Technology ◽  
University Of Cambridge ◽  
The University

Several overviews of flow chemistry appeared recently. Katherine S. Elvira and Andrew J. deMello of ETH Zürich wrote (Nature Chem. 2013, 5, 905) on micro­fluidic reactor technology. D. Tyler McQuade of Florida State University and the Max Planck Institute Mühlenberg reviewed (J. Org. Chem. 2013, 78, 6384) applications and equipment. Jun-ichi Yoshida of Kyoto University focused (Chem. Commun. 2013, 49, 9896) on transformations that cannot be effected under batch condi­tions. Detlev Belder of the Universität Leipzig reported (Chem. Commun. 2013, 49, 11644) flow reactions coupled to subsequent micropreparative separations. Leroy Cronin of the University of Glasgow described (Chem. Sci. 2013, 4, 3099) combin­ing 3D printing of an apparatus and liquid handling for convenient chemical synthe­sis and purification. Many of the reactions of organic synthesis have now been adapted to flow con­ditions. We will highlight those transformations that incorporate particularly useful features. One of those is convenient handling of gaseous reagents. C. Oliver Kappe of the Karl-Franzens-University Graz generated (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2013, 52, 10241) diimide in situ to reduce 1 to 2. David J. Cole-Hamilton immobilized (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2013, 52, 9805) Ru DuPHOS on a heteropoly acid support, allowing the flow hydrogenation of neat 3 to 4 in high ee. Steven V. Ley of the University of Cambridge added (Org. Process Res. Dev. 2013, 17, 1183) ammonia to 5 to give the thiourea 6. Alain Favre-Réguillon of the Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers used (Org. Lett. 2013, 15, 5978) oxygen to directly oxidize the aldehyde 7 to the car­boxylic acid 8. Professor Kappe showed (J. Org. Chem. 2013, 78, 10567) that supercritical ace­tonitrile directly converted an acid 9 to the nitrile 10. Hisao Yoshida of Nagoya University added (Chem. Commun. 2013, 49, 3793) acetonitrile to nitrobenzene 11 to give the para isomer 12 with high regioselectively. Kristin E. Price of Pfizer Groton coupled (Org. Lett. 2013, 15, 4342) 13 to 14 to give 15 with very low loading of the Pd catalyst. Andrew Livingston of Imperial College demonstrated (Org. Process Res. Dev. 2013, 17, 967) the utility of nanofiltration under flow conditions to minimize Pd levels in a Heck product.

scholarly journals Augmented Reality Storytelling – Narrative Design and Reconstruction of a Historical Event in situ

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gunnar Liestoel
Keyword(s):  
Augmented Reality ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Media Representations ◽  
Background Information ◽  
Historical Event ◽  
Visual Medium ◽  
Narrative Design ◽  
Online Tracking ◽  
The Rich

<p class="0abstract"><span lang="EN-GB">How may we best utilize mobile augmented reality for storytelling when reconstructing historical events onlocation? In this article we present a series of narrative design considerations when developing an augmented reality application recreating the assault on Omaha Beach in the early morning on D-Day. To what extent may we select existing genre conventions from, for example, documentary film, and adapt them to a location–based audio–visual medium like AR? How can we best combine sequence and access, the narrative flow of an unfolding historical event with the availability of background information, in order to enrich the experience of the story, but without distorting its coherence? To what extent may we draw from existing and well known media representations of the Omaha Beach landing? How was the battle documented with contemporary means? We present the rich documentation of photos, films, drawings, paintings, maps, action reports, official reports, etc., and discuss how these have been employed to create the published AR situated simulation. We also describe and discuss the testing and evaluation of the application on location with visitors, as well as online tracking of its current use.</span></p>

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