A New Force in the History of the World

2019 ◽  
pp. 13-39
Author(s):  
Katherine M. Marino
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Feminist Movement ◽  
Spanish Speaking ◽  
The First World War ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Pan American ◽  
Pan Americanism ◽  
First World ◽  
The U.S

This chapter explores the birth of Pan-American feminism through a conflict between Uruguayan Paulina Luisi and Brazilian Bertha Lutz. Both women helped develop a new inter-American movement for women’s political, civil, economic, and social rights, and both drew on ideals of a Latin-American-led Pan-Americanism that followed the First World War. However, Luisi privileged a Pan-Hispanic movement led by Spanish-speaking women that could counter U.S. hegemony, while Lutz upheld the U.S. and Brazil as continental leaders. At the 1922 Pan-American Conference of Women in Baltimore, Maryland, Luisi’s proposal created a new inter-American feminist group, but Lutz and U.S. feminist Carrie Chapman Catt became its leaders. This 1922 conference and the Pan-American Association of Women that emerged from it would be critical to unprecedented resolutions at the 1923 Fifth International Conference of American States for the study and discussion of women’s rights at future diplomatic Pan-American conferences. Yet Lutz and Catt’s organization failed to unite many Latin American feminists because of their own dim views about Spanish-speaking feminists’ capacity to organize. These tensions and their conflicts with Luisi demonstrate how centrally discord around language, race, nation, and empire, shaped the early Pan-American feminist movement.

The Potential of Flight: U.S. Aviation and Pan-Americanism During the Early Twentieth Century

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-76
Author(s):  
Alex Bryne
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Latin America ◽  
The United States ◽  
Western Hemisphere ◽  
The First World War ◽  
History Of ◽  
Pan American ◽  
Pan Americanism ◽  
First World

AbstractThis article examines the formative years of flight in the United States and argues that Pan-Americanism served as a guiding ideology in the development of the nation's early aeronautic endeavors. With the advent of the airplane at the turn of the twentieth century, U.S. Pan-Americanists believed that aviation would provide a solution to the sociological and practical problems that hindered the development of international unity among the American republics. By physically transporting individuals, products, and cultural media rapidly across the hemisphere via the sky, aircraft would unite the peoples of Latin America and the United States and promote inter-American cooperation. To see the Pan-American potential of aircraft fulfilled, Pan-Americanists cooperated with private U.S. aviation organizations to expound the value of flight and to generate interest in aviation across the Western Hemisphere. Although a variety of Pan-American initiatives were successfully undertaken during the 1910s, the outbreak of the First World War hindered the movement and ultimately led to the transformation of aviation into a tool of U.S. imperialism in Latin America. By examining the origins of U.S. aviation through the lens of Pan-Americanism, this article seeks to reevaluate the pervading imperial narrative of the history of U.S. aviation in the Western Hemisphere.

Remembrance Begins, 1919–1923

2018 ◽  
pp. 15-51
Author(s):  
Thomas H. Conner
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
First World War ◽  
World War ◽  
The First World War ◽  
History Of ◽  
First World ◽  
The U.S

This chapter looks at the establishment of the ABMC and the history of American cemeteries and monuments in Europe. During the First World War, in a span of about seven months, America left more than 75,000 American soldiers dead in Europe. Torn between bringing the soldiers home and the expense of doing so, the U.S. government allowed the families to decide the fates of their fallen loved ones. Two parties arose from the controversy over whether the fallen soldiers should be brought home or left in American cemeteries abroad. The “Bring Home the Soldier Dead League” wanted the former, and the “Field of Honor Association” wanted the latter. Most of the soldiers’ bodies were shipped home to America, but in 1920-1921, eight permanent cemetery sites were designated in Europe: Suresnes, Romagne, Belleau Wood, Bony, Brookwood, Fère-en-Tardenois, Thiaucourt, and Waregem. In addition to the American cemeteries, it was also decided that American monuments would be erected in Europe. General Pershing emerged as the “chief of national remembrance” for the United States, and the first chairman of the ABMC.

Das Projektionsplanetarium als hyperreales Environment

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-40
Author(s):  
Hans-Christian von Herrmann
Keyword(s):  
First World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Fand Sich ◽  
The First World War ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
First Time ◽  
First World ◽  
The Universe

"In den Jahren nach dem Ersten Weltkrieg wurde im Jenaer Zeiss-Werk im Auftrag des Deutschen Museums in München das Projektionsplanetarium als immersives Modell des Universums entwickelt. In ihm hallte eine lange Geschichte von Himmelsgloben, Armillarsphären, Astrolabien und mechanischen Planetarien nach, die seit der Antike als astronomische Demonstrationsobjekte gedient hatten. Erstmals aber fand sich diese Aufgabe nun mit einer Simulation des raum-zeitlichen In-der-Welt-Seins des Menschen verbunden. In the years following the First World War, commissioned by the German Museum in Munich, the projection planetarium was developed as an immersive model of the universe at the Zeiss plant in Jena. In it, a long history of celestial globes, armillary spheres, astrolabes, and mechanical planetaria resonated, which had served as astronomical demonstration objects since ancient times. For the first time, however, this task was associated with a simulation of man’s spaciotemporal being-in-the-world. "

Brazil in the First World War

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Rinke
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Latin American ◽  
The United States ◽  
First World War ◽  
World War ◽  
The First World War ◽  
The World ◽  
Active Interest ◽  
The Impact ◽  
First World

When news broke of the war in Europe, there was talk of a catastrophe that, as a result of the close-knit global entanglements, would embroil the world in an unprecedented crisis. The world dimensions of the events were in evidence to contemporary Latin American observers from early on. Despite the region’s considerable distance from the battlefields, the First World War was felt more than any other previous event outside Latin America in Brazil, and it was clear that its repercussions would affect the lives of average citizens. The relative isolation from which people in the region had witnessed other conflicts in Europe prior to 1914 came to an end. Many Brazilians took an active interest in the war. They participated in the debates about the end of Western hegemony and the downfall of Europe, which took place around the world and would become emblematic of the 20th century. The perception of the war followed a global logic, as Brazil was entangled in the events because of the new type of economic and propaganda war. Modern historiography largely ignored the impact of the war in Brazil, although a number of treatises appeared immediately after the conflict. It was not until the advent of dependence theory that interest was rekindled in the significance of the First World War. The picture changed in 2014 when several important studies integrated new perspectives of cultural and global history. While the First World War may have long been a marginal concern of Brazilian historiography, it was even more common to find “general” histories of the conflagration devoid of any perspective other than the European and that of the United States. But in the total wars of the 20th century, even a neutral country could not remain passive. As a result of its natural resources and strategic position, Brazil was to become an actor in this conflagration.

Pulling Down the Walls of the World, 1920–1930

2020 ◽  
pp. 19-49
Author(s):  
Simon J. Potter
Keyword(s):  
Short Wave ◽  
Early History ◽  
World War ◽  
International Broadcasting ◽  
The First World War ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Exchange Material ◽  
The Impact ◽  
First World

This chapter traces the origins of international broadcasting in the 1920s, examines cooperation among broadcasters working to control and regulate transnational transmissions, and analyses utopian ideas about the impact of radio on the international order. It draws out the early history of cross-border broadcasting and listening and demonstrates that in the first years of radio, all listeners were distant listeners. It explores the technologies of transmission and reception used in international broadcasting during the 1920s. It discusses why many contemporaries thought that broadcasting could encourage international understanding and peace in the wake of the carnage of the First World War. It argues that wireless internationalism found its most obvious expression in this period with the foundation of the International Broadcasting Union (IBU). The IBU encouraged members to exchange material with one another and relay each other’s programmes. Finally, the chapter explores the early history of short-wave broadcasting and relay work, and examines debates about the establishment of a BBC empire service.

Russia and the world in the First World War: diplomacy, war on the Western front, culture and modernization of military equipment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stanislav Agureev ◽  
Andrey Boltaevskiy ◽  
Igor' Pryadko
Keyword(s):  
First World War ◽  
Policy Outcomes ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
World War ◽  
Military Equipment ◽  
The First World War ◽  
The World ◽  
Teachers And Students ◽  
History Of ◽  
First World

In the monograph, the authors answer a number of questions related to the history of the First World War: from its diplomatic preparation to the planning and implementation of major military operations and foreign policy outcomes. Various aspects of world diplomacy on the eve of the war, public opinion of the belligerent countries, aspects of conducting and planning military operations, as well as the reflection of this war in the works of domestic and foreign historians are subjected to a detailed rethinking. It is intended for professional historians and for a wider readership, teachers and students.

scholarly journals Orel – the Catholic physical education association : foreign relations up to 1929

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-31
Author(s):  
Tomáš Tlustý
Keyword(s):  
Physical Education ◽  
Foreign Relations ◽  
First World War ◽  
World War ◽  
The First World War ◽  
The World ◽  
Strongly Connected ◽  
Education Association ◽  
History Of ◽  
First World

This paper looks at the history of Orel, the Catholic physical education association, and its foreign relations up to 1929. The origins of the Orel movement in the Czech region of Austria-Hungary go back to the turn of the 20th century when the first local Orel associations were established. These associations were strongly connected with Czech political Catholicism. Shortly after being formed, their functionaries began to establish their first contacts with existing foreign organizations. Most of these organizations were from the area of contemporary Slovenia. Their number rose significantly after the First World War when the newly independent Czechoslovakian Orel became a member of the Catholic physical education union – UIOCEP. The members of this organization were all around the world. The number of foreign contacts it had established was also on the increase. The first international physical educational festival, which helped Czechoslovak Orel with its development, was organized in Brno in 1922. But the Czechoslovakian Orel had planned a second big festival of physical education for 1929, hoping to further extend its number of foreign friends. The second physical educational festival was also successful. It helped Czechoslovak Orel to increase its influence in UIOCEP where it became the second-largest organization.

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