Research on the Relationship Between Blood Lead Level and Depression, Anxiety, and Anger-in Patients With Occupational Lead Exposure

The modifying factor for exposure time for paint workers who work more than 8 hours / day have abnormal blood lead levels> 10 Î¼g / dl. Lead exposure to paint workers occurs when mixing paints, mostly through air, skin, through food and drinks. The longer the work, the more the amount of lead exposure received, although the amount of lead absorbed by the body is only small, this metal turns out to be very dangerous and can cause health problems due to the buildup of lead in the body. The presence of lead (Pb) in the blood can cause severe and dangerous effects including interfering with the hematopoietic system, a long exposure can disrupt the gastrointestinal system, central nervous system, immune system, kidneys. The purpose of this research was to determine the relationship and closeness of the relationship between the modification factors of exposure time with blood lead levels of adulterated paint workers in the area of East Jakarta. The research method uses primary data through an analytic observational cross-sectional design approach. Sampling is done by non-probability sampling with consecutive sampling techniques. The correlation test used was the Spearman test with a confidence level of 95%. The results of the research found that the average exposure time of adulterated paint workers was 48.9 hours/week exceeding the permissible work time, and the exposure time >40 hours/week was 77.5% of the number of respondents. The average blood lead level was 0.15 mg/L, with the highest blood lead level 0.45 mg/L and workers with exposure times> 40 hours/week obtained blood lead levels exceeding the safe reference limit (40 mg/L) of 19.4%. The conclusion is that there is a significant relationship between duration of exposure and lead level of adulterated paint workers (p-value = 0.029) and shows the moderate closeness of the relationship with the direction of a positive relationship. The value of r = 0.346, means that the longer the person is exposed to lead, the higher the level of lead in the blood of adulterated paint workers. The discussion of modification factors of exposure time in adulterated paint workers can influence lead exposure continuously, in the long term, absorption of lead in the body 99% which is bound to erythrocytes will accumulate in the blood, then it is distributed into the blood which is 90% binding to cells red blood cells (erythrocytes), and the rest are bound to blood plasma. Once absorbed, the lead will be stored in the blood for 35 days. For 8 hours, a worker can absorb up to 400 Î¼g and add 20 - 30 Î¼g / day from food, drinks, and air. The presence of lead in blood represents a reflection of the dynamic continuity between exposure, absorption, distribution, and excretion, so that it is one indicator to know and follow ongoing exposure. Keywords : Modifying Effect, Exposure Time, Relationship Strength, Blood Lead Levels

Download Full-text

Blood lead level and risk of hypertension in the United States National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2016

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-82435-6 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Man Fung Tsoi ◽

Chris Wai Hang Lo ◽

Tommy Tsang Cheung ◽

Bernard Man Yung Cheung

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Lead Exposure ◽

Blood Lead Level ◽

Lead Level ◽

Blood Lead ◽

The United States ◽

Study Data ◽

Blood Lead Levels ◽

Environmental Lead ◽

Lead Levels

AbstractLead is a heavy metal without a biological role. High level of lead exposure is known to be associated with hypertension, but the risk at low levels of exposure is uncertain. In this study, data from US NHANES 1999–2016 were analyzed. Adults with blood lead and blood pressure measurements, or self-reported hypertension diagnosis, were included. If not already diagnosed, hypertension was defined according to the AHA/ACC 2017 hypertension guideline. Results were analyzed using R statistics version 3.5.1 with sample weight adjustment. Logistic regression was used to study the association between blood lead level and hypertension. Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were estimated. Altogether, 39,477 participants were included. Every doubling in blood lead level was associated with hypertension (OR [95%CI] 1.45 [1.40–1.50]), which remained significant after adjusting for demographics. Using quartile 1 as reference, higher blood lead levels were associated with increased adjusted odds of hypertension (Quartile 4 vs. Quartile 1: 1.22 [1.09–1.36]; Quartile 3 vs. Quartile 1: 1.15 [1.04–1.28]; Quartile 2 vs. Quartile 1: 1.14 [1.05–1.25]). In conclusion, blood lead level is associated with hypertension in the general population with blood lead levels below 5 µg/dL. Our findings suggest that reducing present levels of environmental lead exposure may bring cardiovascular benefits by reducing blood pressure.

Download Full-text

Chronic Environmental and Occupational Lead Exposure and Kidney Function among African Americans: Dallas Lead Project II

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph15122875 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 15 (12) ◽

pp. 2875 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Robert Reilly ◽

Susan Spalding ◽

Brad Walsh ◽

Jeanne Wainer ◽

Sue Pickens ◽

...

Keyword(s):

African Americans ◽

Kidney Function ◽

Lead Exposure ◽

Environmental Protection Agency ◽

Blood Lead Level ◽

Lead Level ◽

Blood Lead ◽

Lead Smelter ◽

Male And Female ◽

Negative Effect

Background: We examined the effects of lead on kidney function in occupationally and environmentally exposed adults from a Dallas lead smelter community that was the site of an Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Superfund clean-up. All subjects were African Americans—a racial group that bears a disproportionate burden of kidney disease. Methods: A two-phase health screening was conducted. Phase II included a physical examination and laboratory tests. Study subjects were African Americans residents, aged ≥19 years to ≤89 years. Of 778 subjects, 726 were environmentally exposed and 52 were both occupationally and environmentally exposed. The effects of lead exposure on estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) were examined in three groups: male and female smelter-community residents, as well as males with both occupational and environmental exposure. Multiple linear regression was used to analyze the dependence of eGFR on log (blood lead level), duration of residence in the community, type 2 diabetes, and hypertension. Results: There was a statistically significant negative effect on kidney function for all three groups. Comparison of female and male residents showed a slightly larger negative effect of blood lead level on eGFR in females versus males, with the largest effect seen in male smelter-working residents. For each unit increase (log10 10µg/dL = 1) in blood lead level, age-adjusted eGFR was reduced 21.2 mL/min/1.73 m2 in male residents, 25.3 mL/min/1.73 m2 in female residents and 59.2 mL/min/1.73 m2 in male smelter-working residents. Conclusions: Chronic lead exposure is associated with worsening kidney function in both African American male and female residents, as well as male workers in Dallas smelter communities. This effect is slightly, but not statistically significantly, worse in female residents than male residents, and significantly worse in males that both worked and resided in the smelter community.

Download Full-text

The relationship between blood lead level and the severity of abdominal pain in opioid-addicted patients during a hospital outbreak

Journal of Addictive Diseases ◽

10.1080/10550887.2019.1663088 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 37 (3-4) ◽

pp. 211-216

Author(s):

Fatemeh Doodkanloy Milan ◽

Mehdi Torabi ◽

Moghaddameh Mirzaee

Keyword(s):

Abdominal Pain ◽

Blood Lead Level ◽

Lead Level ◽

Blood Lead ◽

Hospital Outbreak ◽

The Relationship

Download Full-text

Against lead poisoning: effectiveness of housing first and counselling in the home

European Journal of Public Health ◽

10.1093/eurpub/ckz187.138 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 29 (Supplement_4) ◽

Author(s):

R Laporte ◽

H Barberin de Barberini ◽

E Jouve ◽

K Hadji ◽

S Gentile

Keyword(s):

Lead Poisoning ◽

Lead Exposure ◽

Blood Lead Level ◽

Lead Level ◽

Blood Lead ◽

Housing First ◽

Blood Lead Levels ◽

Stable Housing ◽

Lead Levels

Abstract Background Removing lead sources is the main measure against child lead poisoning. Medical treatment is ineffective for most mild cases and particularly against long-term complications in neurological development. However, the effectiveness of interventions to eliminate sources of lead exposure has not been fully established, mainly because of the diversity of situations. The objective of this study was to determine the influence of several interventions (housing counselling, rehabilitation and relocation) on blood lead levels in two situations (stable unhealthy housing with old flaked lead paints, slums with family recycling practices by incineration). Methodology A historical cohort of lead poisoning in children has been established in Marseille, France. Medical follow-up followed national guidelines. Environmental interventions followed legal procedures, where available. In slums, counselling was adapted to the exposure. A generalized mixed model was developed to study the kinetics of blood lead levels after the interventions. Results 151 children were included; age = 5.4 (SD = 7.8) years; 85 (56%) lived in stable unhealthy housing, others lived in slums. Medical follow-up included 492 blood lead levels. For children living in stable unhealthy housing, blood lead level decrease was significantly associated with every intervention: housing counselling, rehabilitation and relocation (respectively p < 0.005; p < 0.05 and p < 0.005). For children living in slums, blood lead level decrease was only associated with relocation in a stable housing (p < 0.005). Conclusions Several interventions are effective to decrease blood lead levels in unhealthy housing. In slums, access to a stable housing first is a prerequisite for any intervention against child lead poisoning, even when related to family practices. Key messages In stable unhealthy housing, several interventions against lead exposure can be effective to raise a strategy. But, environmental health and access to housing first needs to be addressed for their implementation.

Download Full-text

Examining the relationship between blood lead level and stunting, wasting and underweight- A cross-sectional study of children under 2 years-of-age in a Bangladeshi slum

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0197856 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 13 (5) ◽

pp. e0197856 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Mohammad Jyoti Raihan ◽

Emily Briskin ◽

Mustafa Mahfuz ◽

M. Munirul Islam ◽

Dinesh Mondal ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Lead Level ◽

Lead Level ◽

Blood Lead ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

The Relationship

Download Full-text

Environmental Lead Exposure, Catalase Gene, and Markers of Antioxidant and Oxidative Stress Relation to Hypertension: An Analysis Based on the EGAT Study

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2015/856319 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2015 ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Jintana Sirivarasai ◽

Sukhumpun Kaojarern ◽

Suwannee Chanprasertyothin ◽

Pachara Panpunuan ◽

Krittaya Petchpoung ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Lead Exposure ◽

Blood Lead Level ◽

Lead Level ◽

Blood Lead ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Oxidative Stress Marker ◽

Blood Levels ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Cat Gene

Lead has been linked to the development of hypertension via oxidative stress. Catalase plays an important role in the disposal of hydrogen peroxide in erythrocyte and its activity was determined by CAT gene. The aims of this study were to investigate (1) the association between blood levels of antioxidant markers such as catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, oxidative stress-marker (malondialdehyde), and blood lead level and (2) the influence of genetic polymorphism of CAT gene (rs769217) on change in blood pressure in general population of EGAT study project. This is a cross-sectional study of 332 normotensive, 432 prehypertensive, and 222 hypertensive male subjects. Hypertensive subjects had significantly higher blood lead level (5.28 μg/dL) compared to normotensive (4.41 μg/dL) and prehypertensive (4.55 μg/dL) subjects (P<0.05). These significant findings are also found in MDA levels. Moreover, individuals with TT genotype in hypertensive group had significantly higher blood lead and MDA levels (6.06 μg/dL and 9.67 μmol/L) than those with CC genotype (5.32 μg/dL and 8.31 μmol/L,P<0.05). Our findings suggested that decreased blood catalase activity in this polymorphism together with low level lead exposure induced lipid peroxidation may be responsible for hypertension.

Download Full-text

Blood-Lead Monitoring Exposure to Leaded-Gasoline among School Children in Jakarta, Indonesia 2005

Kesmas National Public Health Journal ◽

10.21109/kesmas.v1i5.293 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 1 (5) ◽

pp. 214

Author(s):

Budi Haryanto

Keyword(s):

Elementary School ◽

School Children ◽

Lead Exposure ◽

Elementary School Children ◽

Blood Lead Level ◽

Lead Level ◽

Blood Lead ◽

Blood Lead Levels ◽

Leaded Gasoline ◽

Lead Levels

Leaded-gasoline has been used as major octane booster of motor vehicles’ gasoline in Indonesia since decades ago, except in Jakarta, Batam and Bali where it had not been used from 2001, 2003 and 2004, respectively. Negative effects of lead, such as decreasing of IQ, hearing, growth, and hemoglobin level, then will still be threatening and may continue in the future. Meanwhile, the prolonged lead exposure occurs in the may have more dangerous human health effects to children. The Jakarta blood-lead study in 2001 showed that 35% elementary school children have blood lead levels (BLLs) more than 10 µg/dl, and 2.4% had BLL more than 20 µg/dl (CDC-USAEP 2001). The objective of this study is to assess the blood lead level of elementary school children in Jakarta urban area in 2005 by evaluating the mean blood lead level of 3rd and 4th grade elementary school children in Jakarta urban area. A cross-sectional survey was implemented to achieve the above objective. The study was conducted in January-February 2005. Portable LeadCare and Hemocue were used to analyze blood-lead and blood hemoglobin (Hb) respectively from children finger blood on site. All of the 20 selected elementary schools agreed to participate in the test. A total of 203 students were allowed by their parents to participate in the test. The overall average for Hb-blood level is 12.6 g/dl and for Pb-blood level is 4.2 µg/dl. Percentage of those children with Pb-blood equal and more than 10 µg/dl is 1.3%. The declining Pb-blood prevalence from 2001 study obviously reflects the success of Leaded-gasoline phase-out program in Jakarta. It means that the program is successful in preventing people exposed to leadedgasoline in Jakarta, especially children, from the risk of lead toxicity and its impacts. Thus, the program of phasing-out of leaded-gasoline should be expanded and implemented to all Indonesian provinces and cities in order to avoid lead exposure to people.Keywords : Air quality, blood-lead levels, children health effectsAbstrakBensin dengan kandungan logam berat timbal digunakan sebagai bahan bakar utama kendaraan bermotor di Indonesia sejak beberapa dekade. Jakarta, Batam dan Bali yang secara berurutan sudah tidak menggunakannya sejak 2001, 2003 dan 2004. Pengaruh negatif logam berat timbal meliputi penurunan tingkat IQ, gangguan pendengaran, gangguan pertumbuhan, dan menurunkan kadar hemoglobin, masih akan terus berlangsung dan mengancam anak-anak. Studi kadar logam berat timbal dalam darah di Jakarta, tahun 2001, menemukan 5% anak sekolah dasar dengan kadar timbal darah (BLLs) ³10 µg/dl, dan 2,4% mempunyai BLL > 20 µg/dl (CDC-USAEP 2001). Penelitian ini bertujuan menilai kadar timbal darah anak sekolah dasar di Jakarta, tahun 2005. Studi dilakukan pada anak-anak sekolah dasar kelas 3 dan 4 di Jakarta pada periode Januari-Februari 2005. Sebanyak 20 sekolah dasar yang terpilih dan 203 pelajar berartisipasi pada penelitian. Rata-rata kadar hemoglobin darah adalah 12,6 g/dl dan kadar Pb darah adalah 4,2 µg/dl. Proporsi anak-anak dengan kadar Pb-darah ³ 10 µg/dl adalah 1,3%. Penurunan prevalensi Pb-darah dari studi tahun 2001 secara meyakinkan merefleksikan keberhasilan program penghapusan bensin bertimbal di Jakarta. Itu berarti bahwa program tersebut berhasil mencegah pajanan risiko toksik dan dampak kesehatannya pada penduduk Jakarta, khususnya anak-anak. Program penghentian bahan bakar bertimbal disarankan untuk diperluas pada seluruh provinsi dan kota di Indonesia. Kata kunci : Kualitas udara, kadar timbal (Pb) darah, dampak kesehatan pada anak-anak

Download Full-text

Positive and inverse correlation of blood lead level with erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase and intelligence quotient in children: implications for neurotoxicity

Interdisciplinary Toxicology ◽

10.2478/intox-2019-0016 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (3) ◽

pp. 136-142

Author(s):

Nnenna Linda Nwobi ◽

Solomon Kayode Adedapo ◽

Olugbemi Olukolade ◽

Opebiyi Alexander Oyinlade ◽

Ikeoluwa Abiola Lagunju ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Early Detection ◽

Lead Exposure ◽

Primary Schools ◽

Blood Lead Level ◽

Ache Activity ◽

Lead Level ◽

Cranial Nerves ◽

Inverse Correlation ◽

Blood Lead ◽

Erythrocyte Ache

Abstract Blood lead level (BLL) is insufficiently sensitive for early detection of Lead-induced neurotoxicity (LIN). This study determined the possible role of the combination of BLL, intelligent quotient (IQ) and erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in the early detection of LIN in Children. Apparently healthy children (n=309) from eight public primary schools in Ibadan, Nigeria were recruited and classified into: children with Elevated BLL (EBLL) and children with Acceptable BLL (control) based on CDC cut-off for childhood lead exposure. Neurological indices (speech, memory, cranial nerves and cerebellar functions), IQ, BLL and erythrocyte AChE activity were assessed using standard methods, Standard Progressive Matrices, AAS and HPLC respectively. Statistical analysis involved Student’s t-test, Pearson’s correlation and multivariate regression. p<0.05 was considered significant. There were 169 (54.7%) children with EBLL while there were 140 (45.3%) control children. Both groups exhibited normal speech, memory, cranial nerves and cerebellar functions. However, IQ was lower in EBLL children (85.9±11.6) compared with control (91.5±14.0) while BLL and AChE activity were higher in EBLL children (0.4±0.1 µmol/l; 117.5±25.5 µkat/l) compared with control (0.2±0.0 µmol/l; 59.4±10.2 µkat/l). BLL showed inverse correlation with IQ (r=–0.134, p=0.019) but positive correlation with AChE (r=0.978, p≤0.001). 16.2% of the observed variation in BLL could be accounted for by AChE using the equation; [BLL=–0.007+0.003 AChE] p<0.05. Elevated blood lead level is prevalent among the school children and appears to have adverse effect on their IQ. Erythrocyte AChE could be a promising marker for early recognition of significant environmental lead exposure and lead-induced neurotoxicity in children.

Download Full-text

Utilizing Citizen Science to Reverse the Current Lead Testing Paradigm: Development of a Scalable, Low-cost Home Lead Test Kit

Proceedings of IMPRS ◽

10.18060/22754 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Katlyn Sawyer ◽

Chris Knaub ◽

Meghanne Tighe ◽

Danielle Forbes ◽

Claire Marks ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lead Exposure ◽

Blood Lead Level ◽

Low Cost ◽

Lead Level ◽

Blood Lead ◽

Average Completion Time ◽

Test Kit ◽

Lead Hazards ◽

Paradigm Development ◽

Lead Testing

Background: The Center for Disease Control recommends case management begin at a blood lead level of 5 μg/dL, yet Indiana does not take action until a blood lead level of 10 μg/dL. Low levels of lead can cause irreversible neurological damage in children. The goal of this study was to design a scalable, low-cost Home Lead Test Kit to proactively find lead in homes. Methods: Individuals were recruited through community partnerships, community lead testing events, and flyers. Qualitative data was recorded during home visits as participants used the kit. An x-ray fluorescence analyzer was used in the field and laboratory to analyze lead levels of samples. Results were blinded during the analysis. Results: To date, 40 homes have been recruited, and 20 have been completed. The average completion time of the kit was 23.45 minutes. Of the 8 pre-1950 homes 100% had elevated lead results, of the 7 1950-1978 homes 43% had elevated lead results, and of the 5 post 1978 homes 0% had elevated lead results. Conclusion and Potential Impact: The study is ongoing. Preliminary results support the hypothesis that pre-1950 homes have a high risk of lead exposure, and post 1978 homes have minimal to no levels of lead. Feedback from study participants regarding kit usability has been positive. Future plans are to produce a kit to be scaled up in St. Joseph County with the goal of a statewide model. This kit may allow citizens to identify lead hazards to prevent children from lead exposure.

Download Full-text