scholarly journals Forty Four Years of Debate: The Impact of Race, Community and Conflict

2011 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 194-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Moore

Race, Community and Conflict by John Rex and Robert Moore was published in 1967 and had a considerable public impact through press and TV. Forty four years later it is still widely cited in research on British urban society and ‘race relations’. It is used in teaching research methods, theory, urban sociology and ‘race relations’ to undergraduates. This article describes and explains the immediate impact of the book and its more lasting contribution to sociology. Race, Community and Conflict immediately addressed contemporary public issues around immigration and race relations and was the first book systematically to explore the responses of one city administration to the arrival of new migrants drawn in by the local demand for labour. The longer term impact of the book, it is argued, derives from its attempt to create a theoretical framework deriving from both the work of the Chicago School of Sociology and the adoption of a Weberian approach to social class and urban conflict. The combination of theorised structural analysis with detailed local ethnographic approaches to research probably accounts for the book's continued contribution to the teaching of sociology.

2000 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Michel Chapoulie

The article examines the different uses made of the concept of social class by researchers of the Chicago School between the turn of the century and the 1940s. The concept of social class is found in Small and Cooley, rarely referred to by Park, and not found at all in the urban sociology work he inspired in the 1920s (Shaw and McKay, etc.) However it reappears in the work on race relations at the end of the 1930s (Frazier, Hughes). Substitutes were introduced in the 1920s to explain internal differentiation within American cities. The spread of new methods of documentation favoured its reappearance in social-political and scientific contexts at the end of the 1930s. This example suggests that an order of phenomena which aims to explain a concept like social class—which is both a scientific and a lay person's concept—can only be ignored for a short time by a program of empirical research. The conclusion stresses the heterogeneity of factors which take into account the transmission and non-transmission of this type of idea from one generation of sociological researchers to another.


Urban History ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 253-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARK CLAPSON

From the influence of the Chicago School of sociology upon studies of black and white relations in England and Wales during and since the early 1940s, to the role of the Ford Foundation in funding research into inter-ethnic problems in Britain's cities during the 1950s and 1960s, the framework for British studies of urban race relations was primarily based upon American points of reference. This American contribution was benign, as was further evidenced in the relationship of urban research to race relations policy in Britain after 1965.


Author(s):  
Anthony M. Orum

Cities, as well as urban places, are a fascinating focus of study. Sociology comes into its own when studying not only physical urban spaces, but also processes that happen in urban spaces. Various schools of study of sociology have highlighted various aspects. For several decades the Chicago School of Sociology shaped urban sociology as a whole. For example, urban sociologists, whether at Chicago or elsewhere, see the city as a place consisting of different concentric zones—a zone of manufacturing, for example, as well as a red light district, and particular ethnic settlements. Each of these zones carries with it various issues related to mental health, well-being, and mental illness. Some of the earliest studies in urban mental health originated from Chicago. The concept of public space and its functioning creates a number of issues that need exploration. There appears to be a genuine intellectual division and tension between those who insist that public space permits people to gather and express themselves freely and those who insist that the reality of the world today has eliminated the notion of public space. This chapter explores these issues within the broader context of globalization.


Kriminologia ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-84
Author(s):  
Vilma Niskanen ◽  
Petteri Pietikäinen

Artikkeli tarkastelee sosiaalisen disorganisaation käsitteen ja teorian alkuperää ja kehitystä aatehistoriallisesta näkökulmasta. Lähdeaineistona ovat keskeiset Chicagon sosiologisen koulukunnan julkaisut vuosien 1918 ja 1948 välillä. Kirjoittajien erityishuomio on kohdistunut ensinnäkin sosiaalisen disorganisaation käsitteen esille tuloon ja varhaiseen soveltamiseen William I. Thomasin, Robert E. Parkin ja muiden Chicagon sosiologien kirjoituksissa, ja toiseksi käsitteen ja teorian hyödyntämiseen Clifford R. Shaw’n ja Henry D. McKayn merkittävässä kriminologisessa tutkimuksessa Juvenile Delinquency and Urban Areas (1942). Artikkelissa esitetään, että sosiaalisen disorganisaation teorialla oli keskeinen osa Chicagon sosiologien tutkimuksissa, joissa yhteiskunnallista muutosta ja sosiaalista kontrollia käsitteellistettiin nopeasti kasvavan Chicagon kaupunkielämään keskittyvän empiirisen havainnoinnin pohjalta. Teoria oli laajassa käytössä yhdysvaltalaisessa kriminologiassa ja muissa yhteiskuntatieteissä siksi, että sen avulla kyettiin antamaan uskottavia sosiologisia selityksiä (suur)kaupunkien kasvun ja muutoksen tuomista ongelmista. Teoria joutui suurelta osin marginaaliin 1960-luvulla, mutta 1980-luvulla kriminologinen kiinnostus sosiaaliseen disorganisaatioon alkoi jälleen kasvaa, ja nykyisin teoriaa käytetään kriminologian lisäksi aluetutkimuksessa, kaupunkisosiologiassa ja psykiatriassa.   Vilma Niskanen and Petteri Pietikäinen: Crime and the theory of social disorganization in the studies of the Chicago School of Sociology between 1918 and 1948. This article examines the origin and development of the concept and theory of social disorganization from the methodological perspective of intellectual history. Based on the study of publications of the main representatives of the Chicago School of Sociology between the years 1918 and 1948, the article analyses the ways in which social disorganization was first discussed by William I. Thomas, Robert E. Park and other Chicago sociologists, and how the concept and theory was later used in Shaw’s and McKay’s influential criminological study Juvenile Delinquency and Urban Areas (1942). At the outset, the notion of social disorganization was central to the Chicago sociologists’ conceptualization of social change and social control that they observed first-hand in the streets of the rapidly growing City of Chicago. The authors argue that theory was widely used in American social science, including criminology, between the 1920s and 1950s, because it had strong explanatory force in the study of social problems in urban areas undergoing changes and re-organization. After becoming marginalized as a theory in the 1960s, a criminological interest in social disorganization increased through the 1980s, and at present it is used not only in criminology but also in area studies, urban sociology and psychiatry. Keywords: social disorganisation – Chicago school of sociology – history of sociology and criminology – urban sociology


2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-44
Author(s):  
El Mehdi Echebba ◽  
Hasnae Boubel ◽  
Oumnia Elmrabet ◽  
Mohamed Rougui

Abstract In this paper, an evaluation was tried for the impact of structural design on structural response. Several situations are foreseen as the possibilities of changing the distribution of the structural elements (sails, columns, etc.), the width of the structure and the number of floors indicates the adapted type of bracing for a given structure by referring only to its Geometric dimensions. This was done by studying the effect of the technical design of the building on the natural frequency of the structure with the study of the influence of the distribution of the structural elements on the seismic response of the building, taking into account of the requirements of the Moroccan earthquake regulations 2000/2011 and using the ANSYS APDL and Robot Structural Analysis software.


2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 19-24
Author(s):  
MARAT R. BIKTIMIROV ◽  
◽  
OLGA V. PILIPENKO ◽  
MAXIM S. SAFONOV ◽  
◽  
...  

Taking practical responsible decisions in the field of social and industrial management in the context of rapid development of digital technologies in the era of the knowledge economy is impossible without reliance on expertise. A kind of organization of activities for the production of ‘predictions’ is required, when not only an accurate assessment of the impact of certain factors and their possible interactions with each other is given, but also as a result of creative construction of scenarios for the development of processes and events, an understanding comes which factors need to be taken into account. At the same time, the expertise constantly faces criticism, calling the conclusions of experts arbitrary, unreliable and subjective. Often, expertise is confused with monitoring, evaluation, diagnosis, inspection or counseling. The authors of the article carried out a structural analysis of the content of the expertise processes in the project management vector in the digitalization era and came to the conclusion that the effectiveness of the expertise is significantly increased in case of clear regulation of this type of activity, providing the necessary status.


Author(s):  
Michael Gallagher

Ireland has become one of the world’s biggest users of referendums, which are an important part of the system of governance. The use of the referendum is tightly related to constitutional change, and partly as a result, referendums have not been held on classic left–right tax and spend issues. Rather, the main issues that have generated referendums have been moral (particularly divorce and abortion) and the ratification of EU treaties. The chapter analyses the factors influencing referendum voting behaviour: the impact of party allegiance has been weakening, while social class and age are both strongly related to referendum voting behaviour, though the pattern varies depending on the issue. Referendums are sometimes accused of facilitating the suppression of minority rights, but that has not been the Irish experience. On the whole, the referendum experience in Ireland can be seen as an enhancement of, rather than a threat to, representative government.


1998 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-114
Author(s):  
Pauline Roberts ◽  
Lucy Vickers

In 1996–97 there were a number of significant decisions which extended the scope of employers' liability for sexual and racial harassment at work, based upon the provisions of the Sex Discrimination Act 1975 and the Race Relations Act 1976. This article seeks to analyse the impact of these recent cases. It began by considering the relationship between the concepts of ‘harassment’ and ‘discrimination’ and the problems inherent in using the anti-discrimination legislation to deal with harassment and bullying at work; we then focus on the recently demonstrated ‘purposive’ approach of the Employment Appeal Tribunal and Court of Appeal in interpreting the statutes and consider how this combats the weaknesses identified. Alternative forms of relief will be briefly considered, in particular the recently enacted Protection from Harassment Act 1997. The authors, while welcoming the recent decisions, argue that there are some victims of bullying who remain outside the protection of the existing anti-discrimination legislation (as they do not fall within any of the groups identified for protection), notwithstanding the robust advances of the EAT. We suggest that the Protection from Harassment Act may not completely fill this gap.


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