scholarly journals Survey of cattle tick infestation on farm herds in Ogun state, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 23-30
Author(s):  
F. A. Akande ◽  
I. K. Oyewusi ◽  
M. G. Ajisafe ◽  
O. A. Idowu ◽  
I. O Anifowose
Keyword(s):  
Tick Control ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Cattle Tick ◽  
Disease Vector ◽  
Ogun State ◽  
Boophilus Decoloratus ◽  
Tick Distribution ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
On Farm

Cattle in the tropics are exposed to varying levels of challenges r from endo and ectoparasites as well as environmental stressors. Ticks have been recognized as the most notorious threat to cattle because of their hide damaging and disease vector. As a result of these, continuous study of tick distribution on cattle is necessary. Two hundred and five cattle of determined breed, sex and age, were randomly sampled from eight different locations across four local Government areas of Ogun state in 2015. Harvested ticks were identified to species level. Variation in tick distribution across age, sex and locations were subjected to statistical analysis. Among the 205 cattle sampled, 125 (61%) had ticks while 80 (39%) had no ticks, 84 (67%) female have ticks, 27 (33%) do not have, 41 (44%) males have ticks and 53 (56%) do not have. The mean age of the cattle sampled was 3.0±0.1 years, with a mean Packed Cell Volume (PCV) of 30.8±0.4%. Amblyommavariegatum was the most prevalent tick (76%), followed by Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) decoloratus (20%), Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (2%) while Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus. and Hyalommam arginatum were 1% respectively. Age and sex of cattle were discovered to be statistically significant in this study. Considering the economic importance of ticks in regards to morbidity and mortality; appropriate tick control strategy and technique need to be applied and constant tick surveillance should be encouraged in the study area

scholarly journals Chemical Composition and Acaricidal Activity of Nemuaron vieillardii Essential Oil against the Cattle Tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1934578X1601101
Author(s):  
Nicolas Lebouvier ◽  
Thomas Hue ◽  
Joseph Brophy ◽  
Edouard Hnawia ◽  
Mohammed Nour
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
Tick Control ◽  
Acaricidal Activity ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Cattle Tick ◽  
Caryophyllene Oxide ◽  
Human Carcinogen

Essential oil from leaves of Nemuaron vieillardii (Baill.) Baill., a shrub used in the kanak pharmacopeia, was analyzed by gas chromatography and combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The main compounds identified were safrole (49.7%), linalool (8.0%), δ-cadinene (5.1%), caryophyllene oxide (4%) and α-copaene (2.4%). This chemical composition is consistent with leaf oils of the Atherospermataceae family and demonstrates the proximity of the two genera Nemuaron and Atherosperma as regards to their essential oil compositions. The modified Larval Packet Test (LPT) was used to assess acaricidal effect of N. vieillardii essential oil on larvae of the cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus and LC50 was then calculated to 14.67%. High content of safrole in this oil which is suspected of being a human carcinogen, poses the problem of the use of this oil in a perspective of development of alternative tick control strategy and in the traditional medicinal consumption of Nemuaron vieillardii.

Host resistance to cattle tick (Boophilus microplus) in Brahman (Bos indicus) cattle. I. Responses of previously unexposed cattle to four infestations with 20,000 larvae

1975 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 1073 ◽  
Author(s):  
BM Wagland
Keyword(s):  
Host Resistance ◽  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Cattle Tick ◽  
Brahman Cattle ◽  
The Mean

Four purebred Brahman and four beef Shorthorn cattle which had not previously been exposed to Boophilus microplus were infested four times with 20,000 B. microplus larvae. On first infestation, the yield of engorged female ticks on all animals was about 25% of the larvae applied. Aftcr three further infestations, the mean yield of engorged females on the Brahmans decreased to 7.5% whereas there was no decrease in the yield of ticks on the Shorthorns. On the Brahman cattle. development of larvae to engorged females took 1–2 days longer and the engorged females weighed less. However, there was no difference in the reproductive index of female ticks engorged on either Brahmans or Shorthorns. Increases in rectal temperatures occurred in all cattle 15–17 days after the first infestation and in some cattle on days 6–7 as well as on days 15–17 after reinfestation. It was concluded that resistance to B. microplus is an acquired phenomenon in Brahman cattle.

A ten-year review of commercial vaccine performance for control of tick infestations on cattle

2007 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
José de la Fuente ◽  
Consuelo Almazán ◽  
Mario Canales ◽  
José Manuel Pérez de la Lastra ◽  
Katherine M. Kocan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Control Method ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Tick Control ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Cattle Tick ◽  
Antigen Discovery ◽  
Tick Vaccine ◽  
Latin American Countries ◽  
Selection Of

AbstractTicks are important ectoparasites of domestic and wild animals, and tick infestations economically impact cattle production worldwide. Control of cattle tick infestations has been primarily by application of acaricides which has resulted in selection of resistant ticks and environmental pollution. Herein we discuss data from tick vaccine application in Australia, Cuba, Mexico and other Latin American countries. Commercial tick vaccines for cattle based on the Boophilus microplus Bm86 gut antigen have proven to be a feasible tick control method that offers a cost-effective, environmentally friendly alternative to the use of acaricides. Commercial tick vaccines reduced tick infestations on cattle and the intensity of acaricide usage, as well as increasing animal production and reducing transmission of some tick-borne pathogens. Although commercialization of tick vaccines has been difficult owing to previous constraints of antigen discovery, the expense of testing vaccines in cattle, and company restructuring, the success of these vaccines over the past decade has clearly demonstrated their potential as an improved method of tick control for cattle. Development of improved vaccines in the future will be greatly enhanced by new and efficient molecular technologies for antigen discovery and the urgent need for a tick control method to reduce or replace the use of acaricides, especially in regions where extensive tick resistance has occurred.

Resistance to the cattle tick, Boophilus microplus in a herd of Australian Illawarra Shorthorn cattle: Its assessment and heritability

1970 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 163 ◽  
Author(s):  
RH Wharton ◽  
KBW Utech ◽  
HG Turner
Keyword(s):  
Reference Value ◽  
Mature Female ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Supplementary Information ◽  
Cattle Tick ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Tick Counts ◽  
The Right ◽  
High Level ◽  
Tick Resistance

An Australian Illawarra Shorthorn herd of 24 cows was mated in three consecutive years with an AIS bull. The cows and their progeny were rated for tick resistance at frequent intervals from August 1959 to December 1965 by counting the numbers of semiengorged female ticks on the right side. The mean of log counts for all counts on a particular animal was adopted as the reference value for its degree of susceptibility. The ranking of cattle generally showed a high level of consistency with mean repeatability of counts (r = 0.47, P < 0.01). Discrimination between animals was more reliable (P < 0.01) in summer (r = 0.52) than in winter (r = 0.27). The repeatability of tick counts increased with mean count, from r = 0.27 when the mean count was 3 to r = 0.67 when it was 100. The reliability of counts on the cows decreased with age and with lactation. Supplementary information on a larger herd showed no effect of pregnancy on mean count or on discrimination between susceptible and resistant animals, but showed that there was a partial breakdown of resistance during lactation. In calves infested naturally, no effects of age or sex on tick counts or their repeatability were detected, though male calves yielded significantly larger numbers of ticks than females when infested artificially. The mean yield of mature female ticks on the cows following two artificial infestations with known numbers of larvae ranged from 0.2 to 27.4% of the potential. Natural and artificial assessments of susceptibility were closely correlated. The rank of the bull was similar to that of the more resistant cows. Mean estimates of the heritability of tick resistance based on single counts were 39 % from dam-calf correlations and 49 % from full-sib correlations. Estimates based on summer counts only were 42 and 64% respectively. These results provide strong encouragement for selecting for tick resistance.

The spelling of pasture in cattle tick control

1957 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 414 ◽  
Author(s):  
PR Wilkinson
Keyword(s):  
Field Trial ◽  
Tick Infestation ◽  
Tick Control ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Cattle Tick ◽  
Frequent Use ◽  
Cattle Tick Control

When two comparable herds of cattle were kept continuously in adjoining paddocks, frequent acaricidal treatment was necessary to control ticks (Boophilus microplus (Canestrini) ). Thereafter, one of the two herds was grazed alternately in its own and an adjacent paddock, the intervals between each transfer being sufficient to ensure that most of the ticks in the unoccupied paddock had died. Tick infestations on this herd were greatly reduced, and less frequent use of acaricides was necessary. The herd remaining in the continuously stocked pasture continued to need acaricidal treatment for recurring tick infestation. In a field trial with 350–400 cattle moved a t intervals to each of three formerly heavily infested paddocks, tick infestations remained very light, although the herd was dipped only In January, September, and the following January. A control herd on continuously stocked pasture, treated at the owner's discretion, required eight dippings in this period. This procedure of "pasture spelling" seems likely to be widely applicable in central Queensland.

The rate of loss of DDT on cattle in relation to protection from reinfestation by the cattle tick Boophilus microplus

1972 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 735 ◽  
Author(s):  
HJ Schnitzerling ◽  
WJ Roulston ◽  
BF Stone ◽  
JT Wilson ◽  
PG Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cattle Tick ◽  
Cyclic Change ◽  
Minimum Period ◽  
The Mean

Australian Illawarra Shorthorn cattle were sprayed with 0.5% w/v DDT on 31 consecutive occasions at intervals of 4 weeks. Spraying was rotated amongst three groups of cattle. The rate of loss of DDT was determined on the barrel for all occasions and concurrently on the flank and escutcheon for the last 16 occasions. A protective period, defined as the minimum period cattle were protected against reinfestation by the cattle tick, was determined concurrently from observations made on the flank and escutcheon. A cyclic change in the rate of loss of DDT occurred on all sites. The rate was highest in summer and lowest in winter, and was in antiphase with corresponding changes in the protective period. The magnitude of the change of rate of loss of DDT was greater on the flank than on either the barrel or the escutcheon. The rate of loss from the three sites was always in the sequence flank > escutcheon > barrel. The mean deposits of DDT present on the flank and escutcheon when protection had just ceased were respectively 0.29 mg/g hair and 0.054 mg/sq. in., and the protective periods did not differ significantly. The protective period on the barrel was not measured, but it was calculated from data on the DDT deposits to be longer than on either of the other sites, even allowing for the fact that laboratory tests showed that DDT on barrel hair was relatively less effective against larvae than similar weights of DDT on flank hair.

Trapping of larvae of the cattle tick Boophilus microplus by Stylosanthes scabra under grazing conditions

1989 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
pp. 1301 ◽  
Author(s):  
LJ Wilson ◽  
RW Sutherst ◽  
JD Kerr
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Seasonal Pattern ◽  
Tick Control ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Cattle Tick ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Morphological Attributes ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Stylosanthes Scabra

Several varieties of the leguminous genus Stylosanthes have the capacity to trap larvae of the tick Boophilus microplus. This capacity was assessed for S. scabra plants collected from grazed fields at two locations, Brian Pastures Research Station and 'The Springs' in central Queensland. Morphological attributes which may affect the capacity of plants to trap tick larvae were recorded. In laboratory tests, plants collected from Brian Pastures trapped 27% of larvae in summer and 12% in winter, whilst plants from 'The Springs' trapped an average of 12%, with no seasonal pattern discernible. The percentage of branches which were sticky was the major determinant of a plant's capacity to trap ticks. Variation in stickiness per se was less important. Frost and burning temporarily reduced tick-trapping capacity, but after four months, burnt plants trapped a higher percentage of larvae than unburnt plants due to the production of sticky regrowth. The implication of the results for the use of S. scabra in tick control programs is discussed.

Studies on the survival of the non-parasitic stages of the cattle tick Boophilus microplus in three climatically dissimilar districts of North Queensland

1966 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 387 ◽  
Author(s):  
KLS Harley
Keyword(s):  
Larval Survival ◽  
Tick Control ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Cattle Tick ◽  
Seasonal Temperature ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
The Times ◽  
Field Plots

Survival of the non-parasitic stages of the cattle tick, Boophilus microplus (Canestrini), has been investigated over a period of 5 years in 25, 40, and 80 in. rainfall districts of north Queensland. Engorged ticks were exposed regularly in field plots and in Stevenson screens, and the times of egg hatchmg (prehatch period) and periods of survival of the larvae were observed. The prehatch period in the three districts followed the same pattern and was related to seasonal temperature changes, varying from less than 4 weeks in midsummer to over 13 weeks in midwinter. A relationship between minimum prehatch period and mean air temperature for ticks exposed in screens was established, but the data from ticks exposed in the field were too variable to establish a relationship between prehatch periods and soil temperatures. Hatching was recorded in every month of the year from all districts, but during the driest months in the 25 in. rainfall areas many ticks in exposed situations failed to reproduce. Larval survival and total longevity also followed a similar pattern in all districts. The longest survival periods were recorded for the progeny of ticks exposed late in the wet season from March to April, and the shortest survival periods for the progeny of ticks exposed during the dry season from August to September. Mean maximum total longevity for ticks exposed in field plots in the 25 in. rainfall district varied from 10 to 22 weeks, in the 40 in. rainfall district from 14 to 22 weeks, and in the 80 in. rainfall district from 15 to 26 weeks. The data on prehatch and survival periods are a suitable basis for formulating recommendations for tick control by pasture spelling and planned dipping.

scholarly journals Comparative Hemolymph Proteomic and Enzymatic Analyses of Two Strains of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus Ticks Resistant and Susceptible to Ixodicides

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Aguilar-Díaz ◽  
M. Esquivel-Velázquez ◽  
R. E. Quiroz-Castañeda ◽  
E. Miranda-Miranda ◽  
R. J. P. Conde-Baeye ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tick Control ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Cattle Tick ◽  
2D Electrophoresis ◽  
Major Threat ◽  
Hemolymph Protein ◽  
Boophilus Microplus Ticks ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
New Strategies

The cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus is one of the most harmful ectoparasites affecting bovines worldwide. It represents a major threat to livestock industry due to the economic losses caused and diseases associated with these ticks. The most important tick control strategy has been the use of ixodicides, resulting in chemically resistant tick populations. It is necessary to understand the mechanisms that result in resistance so as to create new strategies increasing the lifespan of ixodicides or finding alternative targets to produce new acaricides. In this paper, in order to obtain an insight into the mechanisms that govern ixodicides resistance, we will compare the hemolymph proteome of two tick R. microplus strains, one susceptible (MJ) and one resistant (SA) to ixodicides, using HPLC and 2D electrophoresis. Significant differences were found in protein content between strains using HPLC. 2D electrophoresis revealed that 68 hemolymph protein spots were common between strains; however, 26 spots were unique to the susceptible strain MJ and 5 to the resistant strain SA. The most distinctive protein spots on the preparative gels were selected for further analyses. Nine protein spots were identified by mass fingerprinting, 
revealing proteins that may have a role in the ixodicides resistance or susceptibility. In this paper, we present the tick hemolymph proteome revealing a set of proteins which suggest a possible role in tick detoxification.

Resistance to BHC in the cattle tick Boophillus microplus (Can.) in India

1964 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 405-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. P. Chaudhuri ◽  
R. C. Naithani
Keyword(s):  
First Record ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Cattle Tick ◽  
Indian Veterinary Research Institute ◽  
Veterinary Research ◽  
Wettable Powder ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Village ◽  
Village Population

Cattle kept at the Latoli kraal of the Indian Veterinary Research Institute at Mukteswar in the Kumaon foothills of the Himalayas were heavily infested with the tick Boophilus microplus (Can.). In order to reduce the infestation, the animals were treated with BHC dusts every season for a number of years. In 1960, it was noticed that the treatment was not as effective as in the previous years. A series of concentration/response tests was therefore carried out in 1961–62 to see whether or not the tick had developed any resistance to BHC. Ticks collected from cattle in a village about five miles distant, where no acaricide had ever been applied, were used as the standard for comparison. BHC as a wettable powder was used to provide six different concentrations of γ BHC for engorged females and unfed larvae, respectively. Treatment was by appropriate dipping techniques. Analysis of the results showed that the population of B. microplus infesting cattle at the Latoli kraal had developed resistance to BHC. The LC50's of γ BHC for engorged females and unfed larvae, respectively, of the Latoli population were 0.5164 and 0.0182 per cent., and of the village population 0.0834 and 0.00069 per cent. This seems to be the first record of any species of tick developing resistance to an acaricide in India.It was found that the mean number of eggs laid per tick in the control batches was higher in the village population than in the Latoli population and that the difference was highly significant.

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