scholarly journals Rumen fermentation and retention time ofthe digesta in growing cattle ofthe breeds Black-White Dairy Cattle, Galloway, and Highland

2000 ◽  
Vol 43 (6) ◽  
pp. 609-620 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Voigt ◽  
W. Jentsch ◽  
S. Kuhla ◽  
H.-D. Matthes ◽  
M. Derno
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Retention Time ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Digestive Process ◽  
Mean Retention Time ◽  
Ruminal Ph ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Growing Cattle

Abstract. The objectives of this study were to describe ruminal fermentation, mean retention time (MRT) ofthe particulate digesta in the whole gastrointestinal tract and the apparent digestibility of nutrients in growing cattle of the genotypes Black-White Dairy Cattle (B), Galloway (G), and Highland (H). Two experiments were carried out in bulls aged 11–12 months (mean weight 260 kg) or 9–10 months (mean weight 210 kg) at the beginning and fed diets varying in the nutrient composition and nutrition level. B bulls had a higher rumenoreticular volume, a higher MRT when fed a low nutrition level, a higher ruminal pH and a lower acetate/propionate ratio in the rumen than G bulls (P<0.05). In comparison with H bulls, rumen pH and MRT were higher (P<0.05) and the acetate/propionate proportion, NH,sub>3 level, and the protozoa number in the rumen were smaller in B bulls. The differences between genotypes in apparent digestibility of organic matter (OM) and crude cellulose were small. In some cases digestibility was significantly (P<0.05) higher in B bulls as compared to G and H bulls. In B bulls, the digestibility of OM at 30 °C environmental temperature was 2 units lower than at 3 °C or 18 °C (P<0.05). The results show that B bulls implement a more efficient ruminal digestive process than do G or H bulls.

Effects of particle size on digestion of hay by sheep

1987 ◽  
Vol 109 (3) ◽  
pp. 551-561 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Fadlalla ◽  
R. N. B. Kay ◽  
E. D. Goodall
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Retention Time ◽  
Terminal Ileum ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Degradation Rate ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Mean Retention Time ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Significant Difference

SummaryThe digestion and retention times of milled hay diets were first studied in three sheep fitted with rumen and abomasal cannulae. The hay was milled through 5, 20 or 40 mm screens. Solubility of dry matter (D.M.) in water and rate of loss of D.M. from hay in nylon bags suspended in the rumen increased with fineness of grinding. Apparent digestibility of D.M. within the gut tended to fall with fineness of grinding, as did mean retention time (MRT) of a particulate marker, [103Ru]phenanthroline ([103Ru]phen), within the gut and of [103Ru]phen and a liquid marker, [51Cr]EDTA, within the rumen. Dry-sieved abomasal particles were much smaller than particles of any of the hay preparations, most passing through a 0·6 mm screen.A second experiment was made on four other sheep, fitted with rumen cannulae and given a similar hay, chopped to 50 mm or milled through 2, 5 or 20 mm screens. Apparent digestibility of D.M. within the gut fell significantly with fineness of grinding, from 55% with the chopped hay to 46% with the 2 mm hay, as did MRT, from 45 to 40 h respectively. Rumen pH at 1 h after feeding decreased with fineness of grinding.In a third experiment, using the four sheep given chopped or 2 mm hay, retention times of particulate matter and of fluid in the reticulo-rumen and in the caecum-colon were measured. [103Ru]phen and [51Cr]EDTA were dosed together into either the rumen or the terminal ileum, and the rates of decline of marker concentration in rumen samples or faeces respectively were used to calculate the appropriate half times(t½). In the rumen particulate and fluid markers showed significantly shorter t½ values with the 2 mm hay (20·8 and 12·4 h, respectively) than with the chopped hay (25·9 and 15·6 h, respectively) without a significant difference in rumen outflow (0·437 and 0·492 l/h, respectively). In the caecum-colon the corresponding t½ values were 6·4 and 6·3 h, and 7·1 and 6·6 h, there being no significant difference either between markers or between diets.Samples of chopped hay and of 20, 5 and 2 mm hays were suspended in bags in the rumen of sheep given either chopped or 2 mm hay to eat. The fine hays lost D.M. more rapidly than the coarse hays but D.M. loss was slower when the sheep's diet was 2 mm hay that when it was chopped hay.It is concluded that three factors accounted for the effect of milling on digestibility: retention time in the reticulo-rumen, D.M. degradation rate in the rumen, and the potential digestibility of the hay preparation (asymptotic D.M. loss as measured in the rumen bag studies). It appeared that fine grinding reduced the digestibility of the hay because the effects of shortened MRT in reducing duration of digestion and of lowered rumen pH in depressing cellulolysis outweighed the effects of grinding in accelerating digestion and increasing potential digestibility within the rumen.

Utilization of oaten hay by cattle: effects of milling and urea supplementation

1983 ◽  
Vol 23 (120) ◽  
pp. 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
NG Yates ◽  
RJ Moir
Keyword(s):  
Retention Time ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Cellulose Digestion ◽  
Mean Retention Time ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Cellulose Digestibility

Oaten hay in either long or milled form, with or without a continuous intra-ruminal infusion of urea at the rate of 160 g/d, was offered ad libitum to four rumen fistulated steers in a 4 x 4 Latin square design experiment. Milling increased dry matter intake from 49.2 to 65.4 g/kg LW0 75.d (P< 0.001) and decreased mean retention time from 66.7 to 54.2 h (P< 0.001). Rates of cellulose digestion and dry matter digestibilities were similar for long and milled hay. Urea increased dry matter intake (from 49.0 to 65.6 g/kg LW0 75.d; P< 0.001), dry matter digestibility (from 58.1 to 65.3%; P< 0.01) cellulose digestibility (from 48.5 to 63.1%; P< 0.01) and the rate of cellulose digestion (P< 0.001), and decreased mean retention time from 65.3 to 55.6 h ( P < 0.01). Digestible dry matter intakes increased 29% with milling and 52% with urea and the effects were additive. Urea increased digestible cellulose intake to a greater extent with milled hay (91 %) than with long hay (64%). Digestible dry matter intake was closely related to liveweight change. When urea was given liveweight gain was higher for milled hay than for long hay (0.69 vs 0.11 kg/head.d) and without urea liveweight loss was less for milled hay than for long hay (-0.07 vs -0.45 kg/head.d). Nitrogen digestibility and balance were significantly higher when urea was given. Total volatile fatty acid concentrations were significantly higher and rumen pH significantly lower with urea compared with no urea and with milled hay compared with long hay. Urea increased rumen-ammonia concentration from 1.65 to 19.68 mg1100 ml (P< 0.001) and total free bacterial concentration (P < 0.05). The results demonstrate significant and additive benefits from the administration of urea to hay containing 0.8% nitrogen and from milling through a screen size of 7.6 mm.

scholarly journals Mathematical modelling of digesta passage rate, mean retention time and in vivo apparent digestibility of two different lengths of hay and big-bale grass silage in ponies

2003 ◽  
Vol 90 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. S. Moore-Colyer ◽  
H. J. Morrow ◽  
A. C. Longland
Keyword(s):  
Retention Time ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Passage Rate ◽  
Faecal Excretion ◽  
Mean Retention Time ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Chloride Hexahydrate ◽  
Grass Hay

Welsh-cross pony geldings (about 300kg live weight) were used in a 4×4 Latin square experiment to determine the rate of passage and apparent digestibility of unchopped big-bale grass silage (BBL), chopped big-bale grass silage (BBS), unchopped grass hay (HL) and chopped grass hay (HS) offered at approximately 15g/kg live weight per d. On day 1 of collection weeks, ponies were fed 85g ytterbium chloride hexahydrate-marked feed 1·5h after the morning meal. Total faecal collections commenced 8h later and continued for 168h. Apparent digestibilities of feed DM, organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP, N×6·25), acid-detergent fibre (ADF) and neutral-detergent fibre (NDF) were also determined. Faecal excretion data were subjected to the models of Pond et al. (1988) and digesta mean retention time (MRT) calculated from these models and using the algebraic method of Thielmans et al. (1978). Silage had significantly (P<0·05) higher digestibilities of DM, OM, CP, ADF and NDF than hay; however, chop length had no effect. All the models of Pond et al. (1988) accurately described (R2>0·8) the pattern of faecal marker excretion. MRT of BBL (29·0h)>BBS(27h)>HS and HL (26h). Compartmental analysis using the G3 model of Pond et al. (1988) showed BBL and HS diets had longer MRT in the time-dependent compartment, whereas BBS and HL had longer MRT in the time-independent compartment. Results from this experiment indicate that BBL and BBS are readily accepted and digested by ponies. While Yb is a successful external marker for determining total tract MRT and for modelling faecal excretion curves in horses, the results did not allow any definite conclusions to be drawn on digesta MRT within the different compartments of the equid gut.

Effects of acarbose on ruminal fermentation, blood metabolites and microbial profile involved in ruminal acidosis in lactating cows fed a high-carbohydrate ration

2010 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Blanch ◽  
Sergio Calsamiglia ◽  
Maria Devant ◽  
Alex Bach
Keyword(s):  
Blood Metabolites ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Ruminal Ph ◽  
Ruminal Acidosis ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Microbial Profile ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
High Production

The objective was to evaluate the effects of an inhibitor of α-amylase and glucosidase (acarbose, Pfizer Limited, Corby, UK) on ruminal fermentation, blood metabolism and microbial profile in dairy cows in a 2×2 cross-overexperiment. Eight Holstein cows fitted with rumen cannulas (milk yield, 24·3±2·35 kg/d, body weight, 622±54 kg, days in milk, 183±67, 5 multiparous and 3 primiparous) were used. Treatments were: control (no additive, CTR) and α-amylase and glucosidase inhibitor (0·75 g acarbose-premix/cow per d, AMI). Animals were given ad-libitum access to a high non-fibre carbohydrate (NFC) partial mixed ration (PMR) containing 17·6% crude protein, 28·3% neutral detergent fibre, and 46·5% NFC in the dry matter and supplementary concentrate during milking. Blood samples were taken to determine blood glucose, insulin and urea within the first hour after the morning feeding on two separate days in each period. Samples of ruminal contents were collected during 3 d in each period at 0, 4 and 8 h after feeding to determine volatile fatty acid and ammonia-N concentrations and to quantify protozoa,Streptococcus bovisandMegasphaera elsdenii. Rumen pH was recorded electronically at 22-min intervals during 6 d in each period. Results were analysed using a mixed-effects model. Cows on AMI treatment spent less time with ruminal pH <5·6 compared with cows in the CTR group (3·74 and 6·52±0·704 h/d, respectively). Cows in the AMI group had greater daily average pH compared with those in the CTR group (6·05 and 5·92±0·042, respectively). AMI animals tended (P=0·09) to have lowerStr. bovistoMeg. elsdeniiratio than CTR (4·09 and 26·8±12·0, respectively). These results indicate that dietary supplementation with acarbose in dairy cattle fed high-production rations may be effective in reducing the time for which rumen pH is suboptimal, with no negative effects on ruminal fermentation and blood metabolites.

Effect of level of feeding a mixed ration of whole wheat grain and hay on the digestion of wheat grain by steers

1978 ◽  
Vol 18 (90) ◽  
pp. 25 ◽  
Author(s):  
PC Toland
Keyword(s):  
Retention Time ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Ingestion Rate ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Whole Grain ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Mean Retention Time ◽  
Whole Wheat ◽  
The Mean

The apparent digestibility of whole grain, proportion of grain voided in the faeces, retention time of whole grain and the rate of ingestion of the ration was measured for a mixed ration of 2/3 $whole wheat and 1/3 hay fed at 1 1/2 per cent and 3 per cent of mean liveweight to eight yearling steers in a cross-over design. Halving the level of intake of 3 per cent of the liveweight was accompanied by an increase in digestibility of grain dry matter from 53.8 to 68.3 per cent, a decrease in the proportion of grain voided from 31.6 to 19.6 per cent, a lengthening of the mean retention time from 31.9 to 52.3 hours and a reduction in the ingestion rate of the ration from 0.24 to 0.21 kg minute-1.

scholarly journals PSXII-26 Withdrawing monensin by the end of finishing period increases intake and changes ruminal fermentation patterns of cannulated Nellore cattle

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 415-416
Author(s):  
João Victor T Dellaqua ◽  
André Luiz N Rigueiro ◽  
Antonio M Silvestre ◽  
Leandro Aparecido F Silva ◽  
Katia Lirian R Souza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Content ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
State University ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Ruminal Ph ◽  
Paulo State ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Nellore Cattle ◽  
Fermentation Pattern

Abstract This study, conducted at São Paulo State University feedlot, Dracena, Brazil, was designed to evaluate the effects of increasing diet energy content and withdrawing monensin (MON) by the end of the finishing period, while combined with virginiamycin (VM), on rumen fermentation patterns and DMI of Nellore cattle. The experiment was designed as a 5 x 5 Latin square, in which five 32-mo-old Nellore steers (531 ± 22 kg) cannulated in the rumen were utilized. Each period lasted 28-d, which was divided into phases as follows: 14-d adaptation (66% to 78% concentrate), 7-d finishing 1 (84% concentrate) and 7-d finishing 2 (88% concentrate). The treatments were: MON throughout phases, VM throughout phases, MON+VM throughout phases, MON+VM during adaptation and only VM during finishing 1 and 2, and MON+VM during adaptation and finishing 1 and only VM during finishing 2. Monensin and VM were added into diets at 30 and 25 ppm, respectively (DM basis). Rumen fermentation pattern was assessed by measuring ruminal pH and by collecting samples for SCFA determination on the last day of each phase. No treatment effect was observed (P &gt; 0.05) for any of the SCFA variables measured, except for acetate:propionate, where cattle fed MON+VM throughout phases had greater ratio than those fed MON throughout phases on finishing 1 (P = 0.02; Table 1). Cattle consuming only VM in the study presented greater DMI throughout phases (P &lt; 0.01), which did not negatively impact rumen pH (Table 2). Feeding MON+VM and withdrawing MON on finishing 2 did not affect SCFA concentrations, but decreased DMI, when compared to cattle fed VM either throughout phases or just during finishing, without affecting rumen pH. Thus, increasing diet energy content and withdrawing MON by the end of finishing period negatively impacted DMI without altering ruminal fermentation pattern.

Apparent digestibility, fecal particle size, and mean retention time of reduced lignin alfalfa hay fed to horses

2019 ◽  
Vol 76 ◽  
pp. 68 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.M. Grev ◽  
M.R. Hathaway ◽  
A.S. Reiter ◽  
C.C. Sheaffer ◽  
M.S. Wells ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Retention Time ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Mean Retention Time ◽  
Alfalfa Hay

scholarly journals Replacement of dicalcium phosphate by rock phosphate in cattle diets: nutrients digestibility, plasma parameters, ruminal fermentation and microbial synthesis efficiency

2010 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 815-823 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabrina Marcantonio Coneglian ◽  
Antonio Ferriani Branco ◽  
Kátia Cylene Guimarães ◽  
Daniel Suzigan Mano ◽  
Julio Cezar Barreto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rock Phosphate ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Dicalcium Phosphate ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Microbial Synthesis ◽  
Mineral Supplement ◽  
Apparent Absorption ◽  
Ruminal Ph

This study was conducted in order to evaluate the effects of replacing dicalcium phosphate by rock phosphate in diets of growing steers. It was determined the following aspects: apparent digestibility of diets; phosphorus (P), calcium and fluorine apparent absorption; ruminal pH; ruminal ammonia concentration; microbial efficiency and plasma P. Five rumen fistulated Holstein steers weighting 275 - 283 kg were used. Experimental design was a 5 × 5 Latin square and diets consisted of 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% of dicalcium phosphate replacement by rock phosphate in the mineral supplement. Addition of rock phosphate in the diets produced a linear increase on intake, rumen outflow and fecal output and total disappearance of fluorine. Diets did not differ to apparent absorption of calcium as well as dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber and non-fiber carbohydrates intake, excretion, digestion and partial and total apparent digestibility. Plasma phosphorus was not influenced by diets and the average was 5.93 mg/dL. There was no difference for ruminal pH and ruminal ammonia concentration. Dicalcium phosphate replacement did not affect apparent and true protein microbial synthesis. Total replacement of dicalcium phosphate by rock phosphate in growing steer mineral supplement did not affect ruminal environment and protein synthesis in rumen. Considering this, dicalcium phosphate replacement in growing steer diets decreases P absorption and depending on its requirements it should be carefully seen.

Feeding increasing concentrate to Tifton 85 hay ratios modulated rumen fermentation and microbiota in Nellore feedlot steers

2015 ◽  
Vol 153 (6) ◽  
pp. 1116-1127 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. S. RIBEIRO ◽  
Y. T. GRANJA-SALCEDO ◽  
J. D. MESSANA ◽  
A. J. NETO ◽  
R. C. CANESIN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Cellulolytic Bacteria ◽  
Ruminal Ph ◽  
Selenomonas Ruminantium ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Feedlot Steers ◽  
Microbial Nitrogen

SUMMARYThe use of diets with increasing proportions of concentrate to fibre can ensure appropriate energy levels and result in greater efficiency in Nellore feedlot steers. It was hypothesized that higher proportions of concentrate in the diet of these Nellore steers may affect ruminal fermentation and microbiota as a consequence of ruminal pH reduction. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of diets with four different roughage (hay Tifton 85) : concentrate ratios on intake, digestibility, rumen fermentation and rumen microbiota of Nellore feedlot steers. Higher proportions of concentrate in the diet did not affect intake and digestibility of dry and organic matter. The concentration of N-NH3, total rumen volatile fatty acid, acetic (C2), butyric (C4), isobutyric, valeric and isovaleric acids, and microbial nitrogen did not differ among diets. However, increasing proportions of concentrate in the diet resulted in a linear reduction in average rumen pH and increased propionic acid (C3) concentration, resulting in lower relative C2 : C3. Bacterial population ofFibrobacter succinogenes, Ruminococus flavefaciensandRuminococcus albusdecreased in the rumen. However, bacteria that are consumers of lactic acid (Selenomonas ruminantiumandMegasphaera elsdenii) and producers of lactic acid (Lactobacillussp. andStreptococcus bovis) increased when animals were fed with high-concentrate diets. The total number of protozoa was similar for the different roughage : concentrate ratios. Protozoan counts were only influenced by diet for the genusDasytricha. The findings point to diets with increasing concentrate to Tifton 85 hay ratios as inhibiting the growth of some cellulolytic bacteria and reducing fibre digestibility, and indicate Tifton 85 hay as a possible modulated rumen fermentation in the Nellore steer feedlot.

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