Feeding increasing concentrate to Tifton 85 hay ratios modulated rumen fermentation and microbiota in Nellore feedlot steers

2015 ◽  
Vol 153 (6) ◽  
pp. 1116-1127 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. S. RIBEIRO ◽  
Y. T. GRANJA-SALCEDO ◽  
J. D. MESSANA ◽  
A. J. NETO ◽  
R. C. CANESIN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Cellulolytic Bacteria ◽  
Ruminal Ph ◽  
Selenomonas Ruminantium ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Feedlot Steers ◽  
Microbial Nitrogen

SUMMARYThe use of diets with increasing proportions of concentrate to fibre can ensure appropriate energy levels and result in greater efficiency in Nellore feedlot steers. It was hypothesized that higher proportions of concentrate in the diet of these Nellore steers may affect ruminal fermentation and microbiota as a consequence of ruminal pH reduction. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of diets with four different roughage (hay Tifton 85) : concentrate ratios on intake, digestibility, rumen fermentation and rumen microbiota of Nellore feedlot steers. Higher proportions of concentrate in the diet did not affect intake and digestibility of dry and organic matter. The concentration of N-NH3, total rumen volatile fatty acid, acetic (C2), butyric (C4), isobutyric, valeric and isovaleric acids, and microbial nitrogen did not differ among diets. However, increasing proportions of concentrate in the diet resulted in a linear reduction in average rumen pH and increased propionic acid (C3) concentration, resulting in lower relative C2 : C3. Bacterial population ofFibrobacter succinogenes, Ruminococus flavefaciensandRuminococcus albusdecreased in the rumen. However, bacteria that are consumers of lactic acid (Selenomonas ruminantiumandMegasphaera elsdenii) and producers of lactic acid (Lactobacillussp. andStreptococcus bovis) increased when animals were fed with high-concentrate diets. The total number of protozoa was similar for the different roughage : concentrate ratios. Protozoan counts were only influenced by diet for the genusDasytricha. The findings point to diets with increasing concentrate to Tifton 85 hay ratios as inhibiting the growth of some cellulolytic bacteria and reducing fibre digestibility, and indicate Tifton 85 hay as a possible modulated rumen fermentation in the Nellore steer feedlot.

scholarly journals PSXII-26 Withdrawing monensin by the end of finishing period increases intake and changes ruminal fermentation patterns of cannulated Nellore cattle

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 415-416
Author(s):  
João Victor T Dellaqua ◽  
André Luiz N Rigueiro ◽  
Antonio M Silvestre ◽  
Leandro Aparecido F Silva ◽  
Katia Lirian R Souza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Content ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
State University ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Ruminal Ph ◽  
Paulo State ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Nellore Cattle ◽  
Fermentation Pattern

Abstract This study, conducted at São Paulo State University feedlot, Dracena, Brazil, was designed to evaluate the effects of increasing diet energy content and withdrawing monensin (MON) by the end of the finishing period, while combined with virginiamycin (VM), on rumen fermentation patterns and DMI of Nellore cattle. The experiment was designed as a 5 x 5 Latin square, in which five 32-mo-old Nellore steers (531 ± 22 kg) cannulated in the rumen were utilized. Each period lasted 28-d, which was divided into phases as follows: 14-d adaptation (66% to 78% concentrate), 7-d finishing 1 (84% concentrate) and 7-d finishing 2 (88% concentrate). The treatments were: MON throughout phases, VM throughout phases, MON+VM throughout phases, MON+VM during adaptation and only VM during finishing 1 and 2, and MON+VM during adaptation and finishing 1 and only VM during finishing 2. Monensin and VM were added into diets at 30 and 25 ppm, respectively (DM basis). Rumen fermentation pattern was assessed by measuring ruminal pH and by collecting samples for SCFA determination on the last day of each phase. No treatment effect was observed (P > 0.05) for any of the SCFA variables measured, except for acetate:propionate, where cattle fed MON+VM throughout phases had greater ratio than those fed MON throughout phases on finishing 1 (P = 0.02; Table 1). Cattle consuming only VM in the study presented greater DMI throughout phases (P < 0.01), which did not negatively impact rumen pH (Table 2). Feeding MON+VM and withdrawing MON on finishing 2 did not affect SCFA concentrations, but decreased DMI, when compared to cattle fed VM either throughout phases or just during finishing, without affecting rumen pH. Thus, increasing diet energy content and withdrawing MON by the end of finishing period negatively impacted DMI without altering ruminal fermentation pattern.

scholarly journals Concentrate containing calcium salts of fatty acids rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids can change rumen fermentation in grazing goats

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 2621
Author(s):  
Ludmila Couto Gomes ◽  
Claudete Regina Alcalde ◽  
Julio Cesar Damasceno ◽  
Luiz Paulo Rigolon ◽  
Ana Paula Silva Possamai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Calcium Salts ◽  
Linear Effect ◽  
Concentrate Supplementation ◽  
Ruminal Ph

Feeding goats with calcium salts of fatty acids (CSFA) can supply ruminants with lipids, with minimal effects on ruminal fermentation and fiber digestibility. However, there is a shortage of information on the effect of CSFA on characteristics of rumen fermentation in grassland goats. Thus, the present study aimed to assess the addition of CSFA to concentrate on the parameters of rumen fermentation of grazing goats. Five rumen cannulated goats were distributed in a Latin square 5x5 design (treatments: 0%, 1.5%, 3.0%, 4.5% and 6.0% CSFA. The pH, ammonia N and volatile fatty acids (VFA) content were analyzed in the ruminal fluid at 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 hours after concentrate supplementation. The pH and ammonia N concentration showed a linear effect with the addition of CSFA. There was no effect observed for the VFA molar concentration after grazing goats were fed with the experimental diet. In conclusion, further research is needed to investigate the addition of CSFA to goat diets because there is evidence that CSFA increases ruminal pH and decreases excess ruminal ammonia without changing the VFA concentration in the rumen fluid.

scholarly journals Rumen Fermentation and Fatty Acid Composition of Milk of Mid Lactating Dairy Cows Grazing Chicory and Ryegrass

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mancoba Mangwe ◽  
Racheal Bryant ◽  
Pablo Gregorini
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Elevated Concentration ◽  
Ruminal Ph ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Feeding Regimes ◽  
Trifolium Repens L

The goals of the current study were to investigate the effects of including chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) into the traditional feeding regime of ryegrass/white clover (Lolium perenne L./Trifolium repens L.), and time of its allocation on milk production, rumen fermentation, and FA composition of milk and rumen digesta of dairy cows. Nine groups of four cows were allocated one of three replicated feeding regimes: (1) ryegrass/white clover only (RGWC), (2) ryegrass/white clover + morning allocation of chicory (CHAM), and (3) ryegrass/white clover + afternoon allocation of chicory (CHPM). One cow per group had a rumen cannulae fitted. Treatment did not affect total grazing time or estimated dry matter intake, but cows ruminated more when fed RGWC than chicory. Allocating chicory in the afternoon elevated milk production compared with RGWC and CHAM. Milk from cows grazing chicory contained greater concentrations of polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) such as C18:3 c9, 12, 15 and C18:2 c9, 12 than those on RGWC. As with milk, rumen digesta concentration of PUFA increased when cows grazed on chicory rather than RGWC, which corresponded with lower concentrations of intermediate vaccenic and biohydrogenation end-product stearic acid for cows grazing on chicory. Mean ruminal pH was lower for cows offered chicory than those on RGWC, reflecting greater rumen concentrations of volatile fatty acids (VFA) for cows fed chicory. Allocating chicory during the afternoon is a useful strategy that can translate to improved milk production. The lower rumen pH, lower concentration of vaccenic and stearic acids, and elevated concentration of PUFA in the rumen of cows fed chicory suggest reduced biohydrogenation and may explain the elevated concentration of PUFA in the milk of cows fed chicory compared with those fed RGWC.

scholarly journals Implication and challenges of direct-fed microbial supplementation to improve ruminant production and health

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yajing Ban ◽  
Le Luo Guan
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Production Performance ◽  
Gut Health ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Fecal Shedding ◽  
Ruminal Ph ◽  
Production Stages ◽  
Acid Producing Bacteria ◽  
Barriers And Challenges

AbstractDirect-fed microbials (DFMs) are feed additives containing live naturally existing microbes that can benefit animals’ health and production performance. Due to the banned or strictly limited prophylactic and growth promoting usage of antibiotics, DFMs have been considered as one of antimicrobial alternatives in livestock industry. Microorganisms used as DFMs for ruminants usually consist of bacteria including lactic acid producing bacteria, lactic acid utilizing bacteria and other bacterial groups, and fungi containing Saccharomyces and Aspergillus. To date, the available DFMs for ruminants have been largely based on their effects on improving the feed efficiency and ruminant productivity through enhancing the rumen function such as stabilizing ruminal pH, promoting ruminal fermentation and feed digestion. Recent research has shown emerging evidence that the DFMs may improve performance and health in young ruminants, however, these positive outcomes were not consistent among studies and the modes of action have not been clearly defined. This review summarizes the DFM studies conducted in ruminants in the last decade, aiming to provide the new knowledge on DFM supplementation strategies for various ruminant production stages, and to identify what are the potential barriers and challenges for current ruminant industry to adopt the DFMs. Overall literature research indicates that DFMs have the potential to mitigate ruminal acidosis, improve immune response and gut health, increase productivity (growth and milk production), and reduce methane emissions or fecal shedding of pathogens. More research is needed to explore the mode of action of specific DFMs in the gut of ruminants, and the optimal supplementation strategies to promote the development and efficiency of DFM products for ruminants.

Probiotic control of lactate accumulation in acutely grain-fed sheep

1995 ◽  
Vol 46 (8) ◽  
pp. 1555 ◽  
Author(s):  
KG Wiryawan ◽  
JD Brooker
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Continuous Culture ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Lactate Accumulation ◽  
Ruminal Ph ◽  
Selenomonas Ruminantium ◽  
Culture Model ◽  
Probiotic Treatment ◽  
Megasphaera Elsdenii

When sheep were acutely fed a grain diet, ruminal pH rapidly dropped to less than 5.0, lactic acid exceeded 100 mM and clinical symptoms of acidosis were evident within 24 h. When acute grain feeding was preceeded by inoculation of the rumen with 108 cfu of Selenomonas ruminantium subsp. lactilytica strain JDB201, ruminal lactate was undetectable and ruminal pH was stabilized at 6.3-6.5 for up to 24 h. Inoculation of the rumen with a mixture of 108 cfu each of Selenomonas ruminantium subsp. lactilytica strain JDB201 and Megasphaera elsdenii strain JDB301 was shown to be more effective than Selenomonas ruminantium subsp. lactilytica alone and maintained ruminal stability following acute grain feeding for up to 4 days. A continuous culture model of acidosis was also developed to test the effect of probiotic inoculation in combination with 0.75 8g/mL of Virginiamycin in preventing lactate accumulation and establishing a stable fermentation in vitro. The data suggest that although probiotic treatment is effective, a combination of probiotic and antibiotic may be the best approach to achieve rapid ruminal adaptation during acute grain feeding of sheep.

Impact of rumen emptying on rumen fermentation and animal welfare in cannulated sheep

2015 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 213 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Silberberg ◽  
A. Boissy ◽  
M. Rira ◽  
E. Delval ◽  
H. Chandèze ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Animal Welfare ◽  
Experimental Technique ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acid ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Microbial Ecosystem ◽  
Ruminal Ph ◽  
Cardiac Responses ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Ad Libitum

Emptying the rumen of animals fitted with rumen cannulas is a regularly used experimental technique. This study in sheep aimed to evaluate whether total rumen emptying (TRE) results in disturbances in digestive parameters such as rumen pH, fermentation and microbial ecosystem, and whether it affects animal welfare. Eight adult wethers from two breeds offered hay and water ad libitum were rumen-emptied manually. Ruminal parameters were assessed 2 days before and 7 days after TRE. Welfare was assessed by measuring behavioural and cardiac responses to TRE involving human handling. Behavioural and cardiac measurements were performed (i) 2 h before, (ii) during and (iii) 2 h after the rumen emptying–filling session on wethers exposed to the same TRE operator. Results showed that TRE did not affect most of the digestive parameters analysed (ruminal pH, bacteria, methanogens) but did modify Dasytricha population and volatile fatty acid concentrations. Likewise, rumen emptying did not alter most behavioural and cardiac parameters, and we found no TRE-related change in fear reactions to the operator.

Effects of acarbose on ruminal fermentation, blood metabolites and microbial profile involved in ruminal acidosis in lactating cows fed a high-carbohydrate ration

2010 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Blanch ◽  
Sergio Calsamiglia ◽  
Maria Devant ◽  
Alex Bach
Keyword(s):  
Blood Metabolites ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Ruminal Ph ◽  
Ruminal Acidosis ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Microbial Profile ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
High Production

The objective was to evaluate the effects of an inhibitor of α-amylase and glucosidase (acarbose, Pfizer Limited, Corby, UK) on ruminal fermentation, blood metabolism and microbial profile in dairy cows in a 2×2 cross-overexperiment. Eight Holstein cows fitted with rumen cannulas (milk yield, 24·3±2·35 kg/d, body weight, 622±54 kg, days in milk, 183±67, 5 multiparous and 3 primiparous) were used. Treatments were: control (no additive, CTR) and α-amylase and glucosidase inhibitor (0·75 g acarbose-premix/cow per d, AMI). Animals were given ad-libitum access to a high non-fibre carbohydrate (NFC) partial mixed ration (PMR) containing 17·6% crude protein, 28·3% neutral detergent fibre, and 46·5% NFC in the dry matter and supplementary concentrate during milking. Blood samples were taken to determine blood glucose, insulin and urea within the first hour after the morning feeding on two separate days in each period. Samples of ruminal contents were collected during 3 d in each period at 0, 4 and 8 h after feeding to determine volatile fatty acid and ammonia-N concentrations and to quantify protozoa,Streptococcus bovisandMegasphaera elsdenii. Rumen pH was recorded electronically at 22-min intervals during 6 d in each period. Results were analysed using a mixed-effects model. Cows on AMI treatment spent less time with ruminal pH <5·6 compared with cows in the CTR group (3·74 and 6·52±0·704 h/d, respectively). Cows in the AMI group had greater daily average pH compared with those in the CTR group (6·05 and 5·92±0·042, respectively). AMI animals tended (P=0·09) to have lowerStr. bovistoMeg. elsdeniiratio than CTR (4·09 and 26·8±12·0, respectively). These results indicate that dietary supplementation with acarbose in dairy cattle fed high-production rations may be effective in reducing the time for which rumen pH is suboptimal, with no negative effects on ruminal fermentation and blood metabolites.

scholarly journals 194 Effects of feeding increased roughage to feedlot steers the last 56 days of finishing

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 166-166
Author(s):  
Kaitlyn N Pierce ◽  
Andrew P Foote ◽  
Paul A Beck ◽  
Colton A Robison ◽  
Andrea L Warner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Beef Steers ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Finishing Cattle ◽  
Ruminal Ph ◽  
Feedlot Steers ◽  
Inclusion Rate ◽  
Fecal Ph ◽  
Ruminal Digestion

Abstract Finishing cattle are fed high concentrate diets to increase deposition of both muscle and adipose tissue and decrease cost of gain. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of increased roughage inclusion late in the finishing period on growth performance, carcass traits, and ruminal and fecal characteristics of feedlot steers. Treatments included a control (CON; 6% roughage DM), intermediate (INT; 12% roughage DM), and high (HGH; 18% roughage DM) roughage diets. Crossbred beef steers (n = 54; BW = 289 ± 35.6 kg) were assigned to treatments for the late finishing period in a randomized complete block design (4 pens of INT and HGH, 5 pens of CON; 4 steers per pen). Experimental diets contained prairie hay, Sweet Bran, rolled corn, dry supplement, urea, and a corn steep and molasses-based liquid supplement. The inclusion rate of roughage and rolled corn were adjusted for each treatment diet. Steers in HGH tended to have increased overall DMI (P = 0.07). No differences in final BW, overall ADG, or gain:feed were observed among treatments (P ≥ 0.72). Steers fed HGH had the greatest REA (P = 0.03) and a tendency for a lower yield grade (P = 0.08). Fat thickness, HCW, marbling, liver scores, and KPH did not differ (P ≥ 0.29) among treatments. Steers fed the HGH diet had a lower fecal pH at the end of finishing (P = 0.05) compared to CON and INT steers. Ruminal lactate was increased on d 14 for CON steers compared to other treatments (P &lt; 0.001). No differences were observed for ruminal pH (P ≥ 0.11). Results of this experiment suggest that increasing roughage late in the finishing period does not negatively impact growth performance or carcass characteristics, but may alter ruminal fermentation and post ruminal digestion.

Effects of fibrolytic enzymes and isobutyrate on ruminal fermentation, microbial enzyme activity and cellulolytic bacteria in pre- and post-weaning dairy calves

2019 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 471 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Wang ◽  
Q. Liu ◽  
G. Guo ◽  
W. J. Huo ◽  
Y. X. Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Dairy Calves ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Cellulolytic Bacteria ◽  
Fibrolytic Enzymes ◽  
Ruminal Ph ◽  
Bull Calves ◽  
Microbial Enzyme ◽  
Microbial Enzyme Activity

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of fibrolytic enzymes (FE, containing 160 units of cellulase and 4000 units of xylanase) or isobutyrate (IB) supplementation on ruminal fermentation, microbial enzyme activity and cellulolytic bacteria in dairy calves. Forty-eight Holstein bull calves of 15 days of age and of 44.9 ± 0.28 kg of BW were randomly assigned to four groups in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. Two levels of FE (0 g (FE–) or 1.83 g per calf per day (FE+)) and IB (0 g (IB–) or 6 g per calf per day (IB+)) were added. Calves were weaned at 60-day-old and four calves were selected from each treatment at random and slaughtered at 45 and 90 days of age. There was no IB × FE interaction effect. Ruminal pH decreased with IB or FE supplementation for post-weaned calves, whereas concentrations of total volatile fatty acids and acetate increased with IB or FE supplementation for pre- and post-weaned calves. Acetate to propionate ratio increased with IB supplementation, but was unaffected by FE supplementation. Ammonia-N concentration decreased with IB or FE supplementation for pre- and post-weaned calves. For post-weaned calves, activities of CMCase increased with IB or FE supplementation, and activities of cellobiase, xylanase, pectinase, β-amylase and protease increased with IB supplementation. Populations of B. fibrisolvens and F. succinogenes for pre- and post-weaned calves and R. flavefaciens for post-weaned calves increased with IB or FE supplementation. It is suggested that ruminal fermentation and growth performance of calves was improved with IB and FE supplementation, and the combination of IB and FE has the potential to stimulate the growth of pre- and post-weaned dairy calves.

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