Utilization of oaten hay by cattle: effects of milling and urea supplementation

1983 ◽  
Vol 23 (120) ◽  
pp. 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
NG Yates ◽  
RJ Moir
Keyword(s):  
Retention Time ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Cellulose Digestion ◽  
Mean Retention Time ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Cellulose Digestibility

Oaten hay in either long or milled form, with or without a continuous intra-ruminal infusion of urea at the rate of 160 g/d, was offered ad libitum to four rumen fistulated steers in a 4 x 4 Latin square design experiment. Milling increased dry matter intake from 49.2 to 65.4 g/kg LW0 75.d (P< 0.001) and decreased mean retention time from 66.7 to 54.2 h (P< 0.001). Rates of cellulose digestion and dry matter digestibilities were similar for long and milled hay. Urea increased dry matter intake (from 49.0 to 65.6 g/kg LW0 75.d; P< 0.001), dry matter digestibility (from 58.1 to 65.3%; P< 0.01) cellulose digestibility (from 48.5 to 63.1%; P< 0.01) and the rate of cellulose digestion (P< 0.001), and decreased mean retention time from 65.3 to 55.6 h ( P < 0.01). Digestible dry matter intakes increased 29% with milling and 52% with urea and the effects were additive. Urea increased digestible cellulose intake to a greater extent with milled hay (91 %) than with long hay (64%). Digestible dry matter intake was closely related to liveweight change. When urea was given liveweight gain was higher for milled hay than for long hay (0.69 vs 0.11 kg/head.d) and without urea liveweight loss was less for milled hay than for long hay (-0.07 vs -0.45 kg/head.d). Nitrogen digestibility and balance were significantly higher when urea was given. Total volatile fatty acid concentrations were significantly higher and rumen pH significantly lower with urea compared with no urea and with milled hay compared with long hay. Urea increased rumen-ammonia concentration from 1.65 to 19.68 mg1100 ml (P< 0.001) and total free bacterial concentration (P < 0.05). The results demonstrate significant and additive benefits from the administration of urea to hay containing 0.8% nitrogen and from milling through a screen size of 7.6 mm.

scholarly journals PSIX-20 Mechanisms of Programmed Nutrition in finishing cattle

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 424-424
Author(s):  
Amanda P Schiff ◽  
Kyle McLeod ◽  
James L Klotz ◽  
Vaughn Holder ◽  
David L Harmon
Keyword(s):  
Protein Turnover ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Mineral Supplement ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Mean Differences

Abstract Programmed Nutrition Beef Program (Alltech Inc.) is a supplement that could reduce the use of feed additives such as Monensin and Tylosin in feedlots. The objective of this study was to examine changes in rumen fermentation when feeding Monensin/Tylosin and Programmed Nutrition. Eight steers (BW = 363 ± 22 kg) were used in a replicated 4 x 4 Latin square design experiment in a 2 x 2 factorial treatment structure where animals were fed a high-concentrate diet at 2.0 x NEm. Treatments were Control (C; conventional trace mineral supplement), Control + Monensin + Tylosin (MT), Programmed Nutrition (PN; Programmed Nutrition Beef Finisher), or Programmed Nutrition + Monensin + Tylosin (PNMT), incorporated daily to the diet at 75 g/day. Rumen pH was measured continuously for 48 h, rumen fluid was collected every 2 h for 48 h and analyzed for VFA. Dietary digestibility, nitrogen and energy balance were determined by collection of total urine and fecal output for 7 days, and indirect calorimetry for 48 h. Protein turnover was determined via 15N-glycine end-product method. The experiment was analyzed as a replicated Latin square design with mixed models of SAS (SAS Inst. Inc.). Mean differences were analyzed using LSD, rumen VFA and pH data were analyzed using repeated measures. There were no differences between treatments in DMI, ADG, dry matter digestibility and rumen pH. Addition of MT to the diet lowered fecal N output (P = 0.0092), ruminal valerate concentration (P = 0.0125) and molar proportion (P = 0.0235). When PN was fed in combination with MT it decreased ADF digestibility (P = 0.0342), protein turnover (P = 0.0211), protein synthesis (P = 0.0362) and protein degradation (P = 0.0292). Although no differences in ADG and dry matter digestibility were observed, significant metabolic changes occurred when supplementing PN with or without MT.

scholarly journals Self-fed Supplements of Low and Medium Intake for Beef Steers Finished on Pasture

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saimon de Souza Souza ◽  
Régis Luis Missio ◽  
Wagner Paris ◽  
Jefferson Felipe Cavazzana ◽  
Marcelo Machado Severo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Ingestive Behavior ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Randomized Design

Abstract The obstacles of using supplementation are related to the cost and labor. Self-fed supplements of low and medium intake can be an option to overcome these problems. However, the nutritive value and pasture yield are crucial to finding the right composition and amount of supplement. We evaluated productive responses of steers receiving self-fed supplements of low and medium intake on Aruana grass pasture. The animal performance, ingestive behavior, and pasture characteristics were evaluated in a completely randomized design with three treatments and three replicates. Twenty-four Aberdeen Angus steers were used as the tester animals. The dry matter intake and nutrient digestibility were evaluated in a 3 x 3 double Latin square repeated over time. The treatments consisted of mineral salt (control), supplementation for intake of 1.5 g/kg body weight (low-intake), and supplementation for intake of 4.0 g/kg body weight (medium-intake). The supplements did not influence the pasture characteristics and ingestive behavior, except the number of bites/day that was higher for the low-intake. Dry matter digestibility and forage intake were not affected by the supplementation, but the total dry matter intake increased for the medium-intake. The average daily gain, stocking rate, and fat thickness gain were higher for the medium-intake. The self-fed supplements of medium-intake increase the total dry matter intake, maximizing the performance of steers on Aruana grass.

The digestion of lucerne chaff by cape barren geese, Cereopsis novaehollandiae Latham

1970 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 257 ◽  
Author(s):  
RW Marriott ◽  
DK Forbes
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Retention Time ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Rapid Rate ◽  
Mean Retention Time

The digestibility of lucerne chaff by Cape Barren geese was investigated by means of digestibility trials with six birds caged individually. The geese were found to have large intakes (mean daily dry matter intake 113.9 g/kg of metabolic body weight) but had a very rapid rate of passage (mean retention time 1.3 hr) and digested only 25.8% of the dry matter of the lucerne. Crude protein was well digested (76.4%) but fibre was not significantly digested (0.8% digestibility).

Effects of particle size on digestion of hay by sheep

1987 ◽  
Vol 109 (3) ◽  
pp. 551-561 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Fadlalla ◽  
R. N. B. Kay ◽  
E. D. Goodall
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Retention Time ◽  
Terminal Ileum ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Degradation Rate ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Mean Retention Time ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Significant Difference

SummaryThe digestion and retention times of milled hay diets were first studied in three sheep fitted with rumen and abomasal cannulae. The hay was milled through 5, 20 or 40 mm screens. Solubility of dry matter (D.M.) in water and rate of loss of D.M. from hay in nylon bags suspended in the rumen increased with fineness of grinding. Apparent digestibility of D.M. within the gut tended to fall with fineness of grinding, as did mean retention time (MRT) of a particulate marker, [103Ru]phenanthroline ([103Ru]phen), within the gut and of [103Ru]phen and a liquid marker, [51Cr]EDTA, within the rumen. Dry-sieved abomasal particles were much smaller than particles of any of the hay preparations, most passing through a 0·6 mm screen.A second experiment was made on four other sheep, fitted with rumen cannulae and given a similar hay, chopped to 50 mm or milled through 2, 5 or 20 mm screens. Apparent digestibility of D.M. within the gut fell significantly with fineness of grinding, from 55% with the chopped hay to 46% with the 2 mm hay, as did MRT, from 45 to 40 h respectively. Rumen pH at 1 h after feeding decreased with fineness of grinding.In a third experiment, using the four sheep given chopped or 2 mm hay, retention times of particulate matter and of fluid in the reticulo-rumen and in the caecum-colon were measured. [103Ru]phen and [51Cr]EDTA were dosed together into either the rumen or the terminal ileum, and the rates of decline of marker concentration in rumen samples or faeces respectively were used to calculate the appropriate half times(t½). In the rumen particulate and fluid markers showed significantly shorter t½ values with the 2 mm hay (20·8 and 12·4 h, respectively) than with the chopped hay (25·9 and 15·6 h, respectively) without a significant difference in rumen outflow (0·437 and 0·492 l/h, respectively). In the caecum-colon the corresponding t½ values were 6·4 and 6·3 h, and 7·1 and 6·6 h, there being no significant difference either between markers or between diets.Samples of chopped hay and of 20, 5 and 2 mm hays were suspended in bags in the rumen of sheep given either chopped or 2 mm hay to eat. The fine hays lost D.M. more rapidly than the coarse hays but D.M. loss was slower when the sheep's diet was 2 mm hay that when it was chopped hay.It is concluded that three factors accounted for the effect of milling on digestibility: retention time in the reticulo-rumen, D.M. degradation rate in the rumen, and the potential digestibility of the hay preparation (asymptotic D.M. loss as measured in the rumen bag studies). It appeared that fine grinding reduced the digestibility of the hay because the effects of shortened MRT in reducing duration of digestion and of lowered rumen pH in depressing cellulolysis outweighed the effects of grinding in accelerating digestion and increasing potential digestibility within the rumen.

DIGESTIBILITY OF SODIUM HYDROXIDE-TREATED STRAW FED ALONE OR IN COMBINATION WITH ALFALFA SILAGE

1971 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 743-747 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. MAENG ◽  
D. N. MOWAT ◽  
W. K. BILANSKI
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Cellulose Digestibility ◽  
Alfalfa Silage ◽  
Design Cell

Rations were fed at a constant level of dry matter intake to eight wethers in a double 4 × 4 Latin square design. Cell walls and energy of wet barley straw treated with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) at 100 C were more digestible (P < 0.01) than with alfalfa silage. Mixing treated straw with alfalfa silage resulted in associative effects on digestibility, particularly with the lowest level of straw in the ration. Assuming the digestibility of alfalfa silage to remain constant, treated straw was 11.4 units higher in energy digestibility when fed at a level of 22% compared with 80% of dry matter intake. Increased cellulose digestibility accounted for only part of this improvement. Sheep fed mainly NaOH straw consumed the least nitrogen but had the highest nitrogen retention (P < 0.01). Marked increases in water intake and urine output occurred with sheep fed high levels of treated straw. With all rations, the majority of ingested sodium was excreted in the urine.

The effect of diet supplements and gamma irradiation on dissimilation of low-quality roughages by ruminants: III. Effects of feeding gamma-irradiated base diets of wheaten straw and rice straw to sheep

1972 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. R. McManus ◽  
L. Manta ◽  
J. D. McFarlane ◽  
A. C. Gray
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Irradiation ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Rice Straw ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Retention Time ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Mean Retention Time ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Voluntary Feed Intake ◽  
Gamma Irradiated

SUMMARYResults of two experiments in which gamma-irradiated low-quality cereal straws were fed ad libitum to sheep, with and without supplements, are reported.In Exp. I 12 adult Merino wethers were fed chopped wheaten straw irradiated at 50 Mrad or non-irradiated wheat straw, each roughage was fed with and without a supplement of urea, minerals and vitamins. In Exp. II 16 adult Merino wethers were fed diets of chopped rice straw or chopped rice straw irradiated at 25, 50 or 75 Mrad; each of these roughages was fed with and without a supplement of casein, minerals and vitamins.Gamma-irradiated diets were invariably associated with reduced mean retention times of undigested feed particles in the digestive tract, and a depressed apparent digestibility of dietary dry matter. Voluntary feed intake of sheep given unsupplemented wheat straw irradiated at 50 Mrad was not significantly affected; nor was the voluntary feed intake of sheep fed unsupplemented irradiated rice straw. Irradiation depressed apparent dry-matter digestibility of unsupplemented wheat straw by 5·2 percentage units; irradiated rice straw diets were depressed by 20·2 (25 Mrad); 9·0 (50 Mrad) and 27·2 (75 Mrad) percentage units compared to non-irradiated diets.Supplementation of irradiated wheat-straw diets tended to restore them to a nutrient worth approximating their original levels in terms of digestibility and intake. Supplementation of rice-straw diets increased voluntary feed intake, because mean retention time was reduced, but diet dry-matter digestibility remained depressed. Supplementation always increased the animals’ state of nitrogen balance; irradiation per se had little effect.Distribution of gastro-intestinal-tract dry-matter content showed a strong tendency for a greater proportion of the ingesta to be located in the hind gut of animals fed irradiated rice-straw diets, thus confirming the enhanced rate of passage of these diets through the tract as determined by the use of dual stained feed-particles. For sheep fed wheat straw the average mean retention time for non-irradiated particles was 50·9 % greater than for irradiated particles. For rice straw diets non-irradiated feedparticles had mean retention time (pooled across supplementation and irradiation treatments) 30·8% greater than for irradiated particles.Distinct changes occurred in the ratio of acetic to propionic acid in the rumen liquor of sheep fed irradiated diets which are suggestive of an alteration in species composition of the foregut microbial population.Evidence is presented for the presence in irradiated diets of a factor or factors toxic to the ruminal microbiota.Irradiation at the levels used decreased feed particle size, but any advantage so obtained was offset by an enhanced rate of passage of feedstuff through the tract with consequent depression in digestibility. It is concluded that further work is required to elucidate the effects reported and to further establish optimum conditions for use of gamma irradiation as a technique in the treatment of low-quality roughages for use by ruminants.

scholarly journals 239 Effect of carbohydrate source on dry matter intake and digestibility, and nutritional status of ewes milked year-round on an accelerated lambing system

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 174-174
Author(s):  
Nikola Kochendoerfer ◽  
Michael L Thonney ◽  
Dan L Brown
Keyword(s):  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Carbohydrate Source ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Management Group ◽  
Management Groups

Abstract The effect of level of soyhull inclusion on dry matter intake, feed efficiency, apparent dry matter digestibility, in-vitro NDF appearance and body weight changes was investigated in this triply replicated, 3′3 Latin square design. Finnsheep ′ Dorset ewes (n = 53) were managed in 3 management groups. Ewes in each management group were housed in 3 pens, lactated 3 times in the 22-month experiment, and were fed a different experimental diet in each lactation. Diets L-SH, M-SH, and H-SH contained 34.4, 42.4, and 50.9% soyhulls and measured 31.9, 36.5, and 40.0 ± 0.60% NDF (P &lt; 0.001), and 41.1, 37.1, and 32.8 ± 0.58% NFC (P &lt; 0.001), respectively. Individual equations were fitted to each of the 27 pens, and the resulting data were analyzed with a model including Square Number, Pen and Lactation within Square Number, and Diet, with 3 to 6 ewes in each cell of each Latin Square. Dry matter intake was 2.54, 2.70, and 2.67 ± 0.05 kg per day, feed efficiency was 0.56, 0.60, and 0.54 ± 0.02 kg milk/kg DM per day and weight gains were 131.0, 144.0, and 138.0 ± 0.04 g per day for ewes consuming the L-SH, M-SH, and H-SH diets, respectively, with no significant differences among diets. Fermentable NDF in the diets increased linearly with soyhull inclusion (17.6, 21.1, and 24.3 ± 1.28%, P &lt; 0.001). Apparent DM digestibility, measured with acid insoluble ash as marker, decreased nonsignificantly with soyhull inclusion (66.3, 64.5, and 63.9 ± 1.57%). The rate of in vitro NDF digestion decreased linearly with soyhull inclusion (166, 150, and 125 ± 5.7 g per hour, P &lt; 0.01) for the L-SH, M-SH, and H-SH diet, respectively. In this experiment the M-SH diet resulted in the most favorable results of highest dry matter intake, milk yields, and feed efficiencies.

ACCEPTABILITY AND UTILIZATION OF GRADED LEVELS OF GMELINA ARBOREA AND CASSAVA PEELS CONCENTRATES IN WEST AFRICAN DWARF SHEEP

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 415-422
Author(s):  
Amoka Pius ◽  
Tawose O M
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Gmelina Arborea ◽  
Leaf Meal ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Inclusion Level ◽  
Cassava Peels

The nutritive value ,voluntary dry matter intake, and the nutrient digestibility of graded levels of Gmelina arborea and cassava peels concentrates in WAD sheep was investigated. Twelve WAD sheep aged 1-2 years old and weighting 14.00± 0.45 kg were used in a complete randomized design. Diets were formulated such that cassava peels was replaced with Gmelina arborea leaf meal at 0, 33.33, 66.67, 100% levels, designated as diets A, B, C, and D respectively. Diet without Gmelina arborea leaf meal was tagged the control diet. The concentrate feed was compounded to contain 16% CP. Diets with 33.33% inclusion level of Gmelina arborea had significantly (P<0.05) higher dry matter intake (DMI) 598.80g day-1, while the lowest DMI 425.00g day-1 was obtained in animals fed 100% inclusion level of Gmelina arborea. Crude protein intake (CPI) of animals fed diets with 33.33% inclusion levels of Gmelina arborea were significantly (P<0.05) highest, followed by 66.67% inclusion level and the least was observed in 0% inclusion level of Gmelina arborea. Dry matter digestibility (DMD) was significantly (P<0.05) different across the dietary treatments, animals placed on diets with 33.33% inclusion level had the highest DMD, followed by animals on diets with 66.67, 100 and 0% inclusion levels. CP digestibility (P<0.05) increased from 33.33% to 100% inclusion levels of Gmelina arborea leaf meal, the lowest CP digestibility was observed at 0% inclusion level. CF digestibility (P<0.05) increased from 33.33% to 100% inclusion levels of Gmelina arborea leaf meal, while the lowest CF digestibility was observed at 0% inclusion level. N intake increased significantly (P<0.05) with increase in the level of Gmelina arborea inclusion from 33.33% to 100%. N retention was significantly (P<0.05) different, diets with 33.33% Gmelina arborea inclusion had the highest value (64.36g day-1) followed by 66.67%, 100% and the least (52.64g day-1) was at 0% inclusion level of Gmelina arborea.  N balance values also followed the same trend. From the results of this study, it can be concluded that the inclusion of Gmelina arborea leaf meal in WAD rams diet was well tolerated without adverse effect on acceptability, intake and nutrient digestibility, and inclusion level of 33.33% is hereby recommended in ruminants diet for optimum performance and productivity.

EVALUATION OF TIMOTHY CULTIVARS FOR VOLUNTARY INTAKE AND NUTRIENT COMPONENTS

1988 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 1121-1129 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. N. MASON ◽  
P. M. FLIPOT
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Flower Stage ◽  
Voluntary Intake ◽  
Phleum Pratense L

Five timothy (Phleum pratense L.) cultivars, Clair, Champ, Milton, Climax and Bounty, were harvested at first flower stage during 2 consecutive years and in the regrowth for 1 yr. The forages were each offered as hay to 15 young rams to evaluate voluntary intake. Five animals were used to determine initial harvest dry matter digestibility. The cultivars varied significantly in voluntary intake at first flower stage. The highest intake (g kg−0.75 d−1) averaged for the years was obtained in the early cultivar Champ (65.9), which was 10% more than that of the medium-late cultivar Climax. The cultivars did not differ significantly in dry matter digestibility. In the regrowth, the relative intakes of the cultivars were essentially reversed from that of the initial harvest. The voluntary intake was substantially higher but the differences among forages were less marked. Climax regrowth voluntary intake was higher (P < 0.05) than all cultivars, except Bounty. A 15% range in digestible dry matter intake was present among cultivars. The ranking of the culivars for digestible dry matter was different than for dry matter yield. Key words: Timothy, Phleum pratense L., voluntary intake, dry matter digestibility

scholarly journals PSIV-22 The effects of altering ruminal fermentable carbohydrate supply in finishing diets containing distillers grains on rumen fermentation characteristics and nitrogen utilization

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 220-220
Author(s):  
Cody Ream ◽  
Allison V Stevens ◽  
Gwinyai Chibisa
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Distillers Grains ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Carbohydrate Source ◽  
Finishing Cattle ◽  
Finishing Diets ◽  
Ruminal Ph ◽  
Total Urine

Abstract This study examined the effects of altering ruminal fermentable carbohydrate (RFC) supply by feeding different amounts of corn and wheat in finishing cattle diets containing 15% corn dried distillers grains [DDGS; dry matter (DM) basis] on ruminal fermentation characteristics and nitrogen (N) utilization. Six ruminally-cannulated crossbred heifers were used in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design with 28 d periods. Dietary treatments were either corn (73% of diet DM; CON), 53:20 corn:wheat blend (20W) or 33:40 corn:wheat blend (40W) as the major fermentable carbohydrate source. Diets were isonitrogenous (12% CP; DM basis). Feed intake was measured daily. Indwelling pH logger were used to measure ruminal pH (d 22 to 28) and ruminal fluid was collected from d 26 to 28 to determine fermentation characteristics, as were feces and urine to measure N excretion. Data was analyzed using PROC MIXED in SAS. Dry matter and N intake tended to be lower (P ≤ 0.07) for heifers fed the 40W compared to the CON and 20W diets. There was no diet effect (P = 0.15) on total VFA concentration; however, the duration and area for pH &lt; 5.5 tended to be longer (P = 0.07) and greater (P = 0.096), respectively, for heifers fed the 20W and 40W compared to the CON diet. There was no diet effect (P ≥ 0.44) on ruminal ammonia concentration and total urine N excretion (g and % of N intake). However, urine urea N (UUN) excretion as a percentage of total urine N tended to be lower (P = 0.05) in heifers fed the 20W and 40W compared to the CON diet. In summary, although altering RFC supply by feeding increasing amounts of wheat resulted in a decrease in UUN excretion, it also caused a decrease in ruminal pH that possibly compromised DM intake.

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