Body composition of piglets exhibiting different growth rates

Abstract. The growth and composition of the neonatal pig is of interest because of potential impact on subsequent growth and finally, composition at market weight. The purpose of this study was to compare at weaning the growth and body composition of the largest and smallest pigs from each of 38 litters. At weaning (27±1.7 d) the largest (9.3±1.1 kg) and smallest (6.2±1.5 kg) pigs were selected for body composition measurement by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). The body composition of the largest pigs consisted of 38 % more fat, 32 % more lean, and 29 % more bone mineral content (P<0.001). However, when expressed as a percentage of body weight, there was no difference in the fat, lean or bone mineral content content of the two groups of pigs (P>0.05). A second study consisted of 12 pairs of pigs from 8 litters that were selected on the basis of having the same birth weight, but one pig out gaining the other by at least 50 g/day. At 21 days of age the selected pigs were scanned by DXA. For both groups combined, the correlation (r) between body weight and lean mass was 0.99, between body weight and fat mass it was 0.87, and between body weight at birth and body weight at weaning it was 0.56. The results of these studies revealed that, at weaning, the fastest and slowest growing pigs had similar proportions of fat, lean and bone mineral and, consistent with previous results, the rates of both fat and lean deposition were highly correlated (P<0.001) with total body growth rate.

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Assessing total body protein, mineral, and bone mineral content from total body water and body density

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/jappl.1995.79.5.1837 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 79 (5) ◽

pp. 1837-1843 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

S. F. Siconolfi ◽

R. J. Gretebeck ◽

W. W. Wong

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Bone Mineral Content ◽

Bone Mineral ◽

Mineral Content ◽

Body Water ◽

The Body ◽

Composition Analysis ◽

Body Protein ◽

Total Body ◽

3C Model

We hypothesized that investigators could assess bone mineral content (BMC), total body mineral (M), and protein (P) from body water (W) and density (DB) based on the theory of W. E. Siri (Advances in Biological and Medical Physics, 1956, p. 239–280 and Techniques for Measuring Body Composition, 1961, p. 223–224) for body composition analysis. Siri used one or more of the body components and the densities of the body, fat (F), W, M, and P to estimate one of the remaining fractional masses. We compared M, BMC, P. F, and fat-free mass (FFM) in 31 subjects (15 women and 16 men) computed from measurements of W and DB with [4-compartment (4C) model] and without [3-compartment (3C) model] BMC (from dual X-ray absorptiometry). 4C model P was calculated by difference (P = FFM - W - M). Mean difference (P > 0.05) ranged from 0.1 to 0.8%. Correlations [+/- standard error of estimate (%)] between 4C and 3C model values were significant (r = 0.907 +/- 8.8, 0.907 +/- 8.7, 0.969 +/- 6.6, 0.998 +/- 2.0, and 0.999 +/- 0.7% for M, BMC, P, F, and FFM, respectively). We concluded that investigators can assess M, BMC, and P from W and DB.

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EVALUATION OF THE BODY COMPOSITION AND THE BONE MINERAL CONTENT BY DUAL X RAY ABSORPTIOMETRY

Pediatric Research ◽

10.1203/00006450-199402000-00165 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 35 (2) ◽

pp. 282-282 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

A Lapillonne ◽

B L Salle ◽

P Braillon ◽

M Chambon

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Bone Mineral Content ◽

Bone Mineral ◽

Mineral Content ◽

The Body ◽

X Ray

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Total Bone Mineral Content and Body Composition by X-ray Densitometry in Newborns

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.90.5.767 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 90 (5) ◽

pp. 767-770

Author(s):

Pankaja S. Venkataraman ◽

B. Wally Ahluwalia

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Bone Mineral Content ◽

Bone Mineral ◽

Lean Mass ◽

Mineral Content ◽

Single Photon ◽

X Ray ◽

Skin Fold ◽

Total Body ◽

Total Body Bone Mineral

Measurement of total body bone mineral content and body composition has not previously been convenient in the newborn. X-ray densitometry, otherwise known as dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), has been used in adults to assess with accuracy and precision the total body mineral content, lean mass, and fat. Body composition measurements were determined in vivo by DEXA in term newborns, and they were compared with values reported by chemical analysis of the cadaver, with skin-fold thickness measurements, and with bone mineral content measured by single photon absorptiometry. The intermeasurement coefficient of variation was ≤2.5% for bone mineral content, and ≤1% for fat and lean mass. The values for bone mineral content, fat, and lean mass fall within the ranges expected based on the reported values measured by chemical analysis of the infant cadaver. Triceps and quadriceps skin-fold measurements were best correlated with total body fat as measured by DEXA. The bone mineral content of the distal third radius site as measured by single photon absorptiometry in newborns showed significant correlation with total body bone mineral content. DEXA provides a reproducible and convenient method for the determination of body composition in newborns.

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The Positive Relationship between Moderate-to-Vigorous Physical Activity and Bone Mineral Content Is Not Mediated by Free Leptin Index in Prepubertal Children: The PANIC Study

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18105365 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (10) ◽

pp. 5365

Author(s):

Annie M. Constable ◽

Josie E. Porter ◽

Danielle Benger ◽

Dimitris Vlachopoulos ◽

Alan R. Barker ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Bone Mineral Content ◽

Bone Mineral ◽

Mineral Content ◽

Vigorous Physical Activity ◽

Normal Weight ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Prepubertal Children ◽

Total Body ◽

The Relationship

Purpose: Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) positively influences bone mineral content (BMC) in prepubertal children, but it is unknown whether this relationship is partially mediated by free leptin index. The aim of this study was to examine whether the relationship between MVPA and total body less head (TBLH) BMC is mediated or moderated by free leptin index in prepubertal children. Methods: We performed a cross-sectional analysis on 401 children (194 girls) from baseline examinations of the Physical Activity and Nutrition in Childhood Study. We applied the four-way decomposition mediation analysis method to assess whether free leptin index, measured from fasted blood samples, mediated the relationship between accelerometer-measured MVPA and TBLH BMC measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Results: MVPA had a positive controlled direct effect on TBLH BMC in girls and boys (β = 0.010 to 0.011, p < 0.05). There was no mediation or interaction between MVPA, free leptin index and TBLH BMC in girls or boys (β = −0.000 to 0.001, p > 0.05). Conclusion: Our study indicates that MVPA positively influences TBLH BMC through pathways not related to free leptin index in predominantly normal-weight prepubertal children, likely primarily through mechanical loading. The relationships between MVPA, free leptin index and TBLH BMC may be influenced by other factors such as pubertal status and adiposity, so it is unknown whether these observations extend to overweight and obese children at different stages of puberty.

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Effects of DHA-Rich n-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation and/or Resistance Training on Body Composition and Cardiometabolic Biomarkers in Overweight and Obese Post-Menopausal Women

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu13072465 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (7) ◽

pp. 2465

Author(s):

Elisa Félix-Soriano ◽

Alejandro Martínez-Gayo ◽

María José Cobo ◽

Adriana Pérez-Chávez ◽

Javier Ibáñez-Santos ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Body Composition ◽

Resistance Training ◽

Glucose Tolerance ◽

Bone Mineral Content ◽

Postmenopausal Women ◽

Bone Mineral ◽

Mineral Content ◽

Lower Limbs ◽

Pufa Supplementation

Resistance training (RT) and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) supplementation have emerged as strategies to improve muscle function in older adults. Overweight/obese postmenopausal women (55–70 years) were randomly allocated to one of four experimental groups, receiving placebo (olive oil) or docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-rich n-3 PUFA supplementation alone or in combination with a supervised RT-program for 16 weeks. At baseline and at end of the trial, body composition, anthropometrical measures, blood pressure and serum glucose and lipid biomarkers were analyzed. Oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT) and strength tests were also performed. All groups exhibit a similar moderate reduction in body weight and fat mass, but the RT-groups maintained bone mineral content, increased upper limbs lean mass, decreased lower limbs fat mass, and increased muscle strength and quality compared to untrained-groups. The RT-program also improved glucose tolerance (lowering the OGTT incremental area under the curve). The DHA-rich supplementation lowered diastolic blood pressure and circulating triglycerides and increased muscle quality in lower limbs. In conclusion, 16-week RT-program improved segmented body composition, bone mineral content, and glucose tolerance, while the DHA-rich supplement had beneficial effects on cardiovascular health markers in overweight/obese postmenopausal women. No synergistic effects were observed for DHA supplementation and RT-program combination.

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Relationship between body composition and bone mineral content in young and elderly women

Annals of Human Biology ◽

10.1080/03014460210137819 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 29 (5) ◽

pp. 559-565 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

G. Bedogni ◽

C. Mussi ◽

M. Malavolti ◽

A. Borghi ◽

M. Poli ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Bone Mineral Content ◽

Bone Mineral ◽

Mineral Content ◽

Elderly Women

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Sodium loading, treadmill walking, and the acute redistribution of bone mineral content on dual energy X-ray absorptiometry scans

AJP Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpregu.00227.2018 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 316 (1) ◽

pp. R59-R67

Author(s):

Tamara Hew-Butler ◽

Kailyn Angelakos ◽

Joshua Szczepanski

Keyword(s):

Bone Mineral Content ◽

Bone Mineral ◽

Mineral Content ◽

Dual Energy ◽

Treadmill Walking ◽

Primary Study ◽

Intervention Trial ◽

Dxa Scan ◽

X Ray ◽

Total Body

The purpose of this study was to assess relationships between plasma sodium concentration ([Na+]) and bone mineral content (BMC) after an acute sodium load plus treadmill walking and then quantify the amount of sodium the dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scan could detect. The primary study was a single-blind randomized control crossover trial under two conditions: ingestion of six flour tablets (placebo trial) or six 1-g NaCl tablets (salt intervention trial). The tablets were ingested after baseline blood and urine collection followed immediately by the DXA scan. After 60 min of rest, a 45-min treadmill walk was conducted. Immediately postexercise, blood and urine were collected and the DXA scan was repeated. Main outcomes included changes (∆: post minus pre) in plasma [Na+] and BMC. Additionally, six 1-g NaCl tablets were superimposed over a DXA spine phantom for separate quantification of sodium as BMC. Fourteen subjects completed the primary study. Two-way repeated measures ANOVA tests revealed significant interaction ( F = 13.06; P = 0.0007), condition ( F = 21.88; P < 0.001), and time ( F = 6.51; P = 0.014) effects in plasma [Na+]. A significant condition ( F = 6.46; P = 0.014) effect was also noted in urine [Na+]. Total body BMC∆ was negatively correlated with plasma [Na+]∆ ( r = −0.43; P = 0.02) and urine [Na+]∆ ( r = −0.47; P = 0.01). Total body BMC∆ in the salt intervention trial [−5.5 (27) g] closely approximated the amount of NaCl ingested and subsequently absorbed into the bloodstream. The DXA scan quantified 67% of NaCl tablets as BMC in spine phantom analyses. Total body BMC∆ was negatively related to plasma and urine [Na+]∆ after treadmill walking. Reductions in total body BMC closely approximated the amount of NaCl ingested (~6 g). The DXA scan quantified NaCl as BMC.

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