scholarly journals New particle formation events measured on board the ATR-42 aircraft during the EUCAARI campaign

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (14) ◽  
pp. 6721-6735 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Crumeyrolle ◽  
H. E. Manninen ◽  
K. Sellegri ◽  
G. Roberts ◽  
L. Gomes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Production ◽  
Size Range ◽  
Particle Formation ◽  
New Particle Formation ◽  
The North ◽  
Vertical Extension ◽  
Airborne Measurement ◽  
Ultra Fine Particle ◽  
Research Aircraft ◽  
The North Sea

Abstract. Aerosol properties were studied during an intensive airborne measurement campaign that took place at Rotterdam in Netherlands in May 2008 within the framework of the European Aerosol Cloud Climate and Air Quality Interactions project (EUCAARI). The objective of this study is to illustrate seven events of new particle formation (NPF) observed with two Condensation Particle Counters (CPCs) operated on board the ATR-42 research aircraft in airsectors around Rotterdam, and to provide information on the spatial extent of the new particle formation phenomenon based on 1-s resolution measurements of ultra-fine particle (in the size range 3–10 nm diameter, denoted N3-10 hereafter) concentrations. The results show that particle production occurred under the influence of different air mass origins, at different day times and over the North Sea as well as over the continent. The number concentration of freshly nucleated particles (N3-10) varied between 5000 and 100 000 cm−3 within the boundary layer (BL). Furthermore the vertical extension for all nucleation events observed on the ATR-42 never exceeded the upper limit of the BL. The horizontal extent of N3-10 could not be delimited due to inflexible flight plans which could not be modified to accommodate real-time results. However, the NPF events were observed over geographically large areas; typically the horizontal extension was about 100 km and larger.

scholarly journals New particle formation events measured on board the ATR-42 aircraft during the EUCAARI campaign

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 9329-9367
Author(s):  
S. Crumeyrolle ◽  
H. E. Manninen ◽  
K. Sellegri ◽  
G. Roberts ◽  
L. Gomes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Production ◽  
Size Range ◽  
Particle Formation ◽  
New Particle Formation ◽  
The North ◽  
Vertical Extension ◽  
Airborne Measurement ◽  
Ultra Fine Particle ◽  
Research Aircraft ◽  
The North Sea

Abstract. Aerosol properties were studied during an intensive airborne measurement campaign that took place at Rotterdam in Netherlands in May 2008 within the framework of the European Aerosol Cloud Climate and Air Quality Interactions project (EUCAARI). The objective of this study is to illustrate seven events of new particle formation (NPF) observed with two Condensation Particle Counters (CPCs) operated on board the ATR-42 research aircraft in airsectors around Rotterdam, and to provide information on the spatial extent of the new particle formation phenomenon based on 1-s resolution measurements of ultra-fine particle (in the size range 3–10 nm diameter, denoted N3–10 hereafter) concentrations. The results show that particle production occurred under the influence of different air mass origins, at different day times and over the North Sea as well as over the continent. The number concentration of freshly nucleated particles (N3–10) varied between 5000 and 100 000 cm−3 within the boundary layer (BL). Furthermore the vertical extension for all nucleation events observed on the ATR-42 never exceeded the upper limit of the BL. The horizontal extent of N3–10 could not be delimited due to inflexible flight plans which could not be modified to accommodate real-time results. However, the NPF events were observed over geographically large areas; typically the horizontal extension was about 100 km and larger.

Observation of new particle formation over a mid-latitude forest facing the North Pacific

2013 ◽  
Vol 64 ◽  
pp. 77-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuemei Han ◽  
Yoko Iwamoto ◽  
Tomoki Nakayama ◽  
Kimitaka Kawamura ◽  
Tareq Hussein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North Pacific ◽  
Particle Formation ◽  
New Particle Formation ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Pacific

scholarly journals Cold oceans enhance terrestrial new-particle formation in near-coastal forests

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (22) ◽  
pp. 8639-8650 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Suni ◽  
L. Sogacheva ◽  
J. Lauros ◽  
H. Hakola ◽  
J. Bäck ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Radiative Forcing ◽  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Climate Models ◽  
Particle Formation ◽  
New Particle Formation ◽  
Aerosol Formation ◽  
Coastal Forests ◽  
Organic Precursor ◽  
North East ◽  
The North

Abstract. The world's forests produce atmospheric aerosol by emitting volatile organic compounds (VOC) which, after being oxidized in the atmosphere, readily condense on the omnipresent nanometer-sized nuclei and grow them to climatically relevant sizes. The cooling effect of aerosols is the greatest uncertainty in current climate models and estimates of radiative forcing. Therefore, identifying the environmental factors influencing the biogenic formation of aerosols is crucial. In this paper, we connected biogenic aerosol formation events observed in a Eucalypt forest in South-East Australia during July 2005–December 2006 to air mass history using 96-h back trajectories. Formation of new particles was most frequent in the dry westerly and south-westerly air masses. According to NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) measurements, photosynthesis was not significantly higher in this direction compared to the north-east direction. It is unlikely, therefore, that differences in photosynthesis-derived organic precursor emissions would have been significant enough to lead to the clear difference in NPF frequency between these two directions. Instead, the high evaporation rates above the Pacific Ocean resulted in humid winds from the north-east that effectively suppressed new-particle formation in the forest hundreds of kilometers inland. No other factor varied as significantly in tune with new-particle formation as humidity and we concluded that, in addition to local meteorological factors in the forest, the magnitude of evaporation from oceans hundreds of kilometers upwind can effectively suppress or enhance new-particle formation. Our findings indicate that, unlike warm waters, the cold polar oceans provide excellent clean and dry background air that enhances aerosol formation above near-coastal forests in Fennoscandia and South-East Australia.

scholarly journals Atmospheric new particle formation as source of CCN in the Eastern Mediterranean marine boundary layer

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (7) ◽  
pp. 11143-11178 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Kalivitis ◽  
V.-M. Kerminen ◽  
G. Kouvarakis ◽  
I. Stavroulas ◽  
A. Bougiatioti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Material ◽  
Marine Boundary Layer ◽  
Size Range ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Cloud Condensation Nuclei ◽  
Cloud Droplet ◽  
Particle Formation ◽  
New Particle Formation ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Marine Air

Abstract. While Cloud Condensation Nuclei (CCN) production associated with atmospheric new particle formation (NPF) is thought to be frequent throughout the continental boundary layers, few studies on this phenomenon in marine air exist. Here, based on simultaneous measurement of particle number size distributions, CCN properties and aerosol chemical composition, we present the first direct evidence on CCN production resulting from NPF in the Eastern Mediterranean atmosphere. We show that condensation of both gaseous sulfuric acid and organic compounds from multiple sources leads to the rapid growth of nucleated particles to CCN sizes in this environment during the summertime. Sub-100 nm particles were found to be substantially less hygroscopic than larger particles during the period with active NPF and growth (0.2–0.4 lower κ between the 60 and 120 nm particles), probably due to enrichment of organic material in the sub-100 nm size range. The aerosol hygroscopicity tended to be at minimum just before the noon and at maximum in afternoon, which was very likely due to the higher sulfate to organic ratios and higher degree of oxidation of the organic material during the afternoon. Simultaneously to the formation of new particles during daytime, particles formed in the previous day or even earlier were growing into the size range relevant to cloud droplet activation, and the particles formed in the atmosphere were possibly mixed with long-range transported particles.

scholarly journals Connections between atmospheric sulphuric acid and new particle formation during QUEST III–IV campaigns in Heidelberg and Hyytiälä

2006 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 10837-10882 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Riipinen ◽  
S.-L. Sihto ◽  
M. Kulmala ◽  
F. Arnold ◽  
M. Dal Maso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sulphuric Acid ◽  
Power Law ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Particle Production ◽  
Particle Formation ◽  
Rural Site ◽  
Main Process ◽  
Time Lags ◽  
New Particle Formation ◽  
Particle Formation And Growth

Abstract. This study investigates the connections between atmospheric sulphuric acid and new particle formation during QUEST III and BACCI/QUEST IV campaigns. The campaigns have been conducted in Heidelberg (2004) and Hyytiälä (2005), the first representing a polluted site surrounded by deciduous forest, and the second a rural site in a boreal forest environment. We have studied the role of sulphuric acid in particle formation and growth by determining 1) the power-law dependencies between sulphuric acid ([H2SO4]), and particle concentrations (N3–6) or formation rates at 1 nm and 3 nm (J1 and J3; 2) the time delays between [H2SO4] and N3–6 or J3, and the growth rates for 1–3 nm particles; 3) the empirical nucleation coefficients A and K in relations J1=A[H2SO4] and J1=K[H2SO4]2, respectively; 4) theoretical predictions for J1 and J3 for the days when no significant particle formation is observed, based on the observed sulphuric acid concentrations and condensation sinks. In both environments, N3–6 or J3 and [H2SO4] were linked via a power-law relation with exponents typically ranging from 1 to 2. The result suggests that the cluster activation theory and kinetic nucleation have the potential to explain the observed particle formation. However, some differences between the sites existed: The 1–3 nm growth rates were slightly higher and the nucleation coefficients about an order of magnitude greater in Heidelberg than in Hyytiälä conditions. The time lags between J3 and [H2SO4] were consistently lower than the corresponding delays between N3–6 and [H2SO4]. The exponents in the J3∝[H2SO4]nJ3-connection were consistently higher than or equal to the exponents in the relation N3–6∝[H2SO4]nN36. In the J1 values, no significant differences were found between the observed rates on particle formation event days and the predictions on non-event days. The J3 values predicted by the cluster activation or kinetic nucleation hypotheses, on the other hand, were considerably lower on non-event days than the rates observed on particle formation event days. This study provides clear evidence implying that the main process limiting the observable particle formation is the competition between the growth of the freshly formed particles and their loss by scavenging, rather than the initial particle production by nucleation of sulphuric acid. In general, it can be concluded that the simple models based on sulphuric acid concentrations and particle formation by cluster activation or kinetic nucleation can predict the occurence of atmospheric particle formation and growth well, if the particle scavenging is accurately accounted for.

scholarly journals Atmospheric new particle formation as a source of CCN in the eastern Mediterranean marine boundary layer

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (16) ◽  
pp. 9203-9215 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Kalivitis ◽  
V.-M. Kerminen ◽  
G. Kouvarakis ◽  
I. Stavroulas ◽  
A. Bougiatioti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Material ◽  
Marine Boundary Layer ◽  
Size Range ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Cloud Condensation Nuclei ◽  
Cloud Droplet ◽  
Particle Formation ◽  
New Particle Formation ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Marine Air

Abstract. While cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) production associated with atmospheric new particle formation (NPF) is thought to be frequent throughout the continental boundary layers, few studies on this phenomenon in marine air exist. Here, based on simultaneous measurement of particle number size distributions, CCN properties and aerosol chemical composition, we present the first direct evidence on CCN production resulting from NPF in the eastern Mediterranean atmosphere. We show that condensation of both gaseous sulfuric acid and organic compounds from multiple sources leads to the rapid growth of nucleated particles to CCN sizes in this environment during the summertime. Sub-100 nm particles were found to be substantially less hygroscopic than larger particles during the period with active NPF and growth (the value of κ was lower by 0.2–0.4 for 60 nm particles compared with 120 nm particles), probably due to enrichment of organic material in the sub-100 nm size range. The aerosol hygroscopicity tended to be at minimum just before the noon and at maximum in the afternoon, which was very likely due to the higher sulfate-to-organic ratios and higher degree of oxidation of the organic material during the afternoon. Simultaneous with the formation of new particles during daytime, particles formed during the previous day or even earlier were growing into the size range relevant to cloud droplet activation, and the particles formed in the atmosphere were possibly mixed with long-range-transported particles.

scholarly journals Spectral optical layer properties of cirrus from collocated airborne measurements and simulations

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. 7681-7693 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fanny Finger ◽  
Frank Werner ◽  
Marcus Klingebiel ◽  
André Ehrlich ◽  
Evelyn Jäkel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Radiative Transfer ◽  
North Sea ◽  
Radiative Forcing ◽  
Airborne Measurements ◽  
Low Level ◽  
The North ◽  
Research Aircraft ◽  
The North Sea ◽  
Optical Layer ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Spectral upward and downward solar irradiances from vertically collocated measurements above and below a cirrus layer are used to derive cirrus optical layer properties such as spectral transmissivity, absorptivity, reflectivity, and cloud top albedo. The radiation measurements are complemented by in situ cirrus crystal size distribution measurements and radiative transfer simulations based on the microphysical data. The close collocation of the radiative and microphysical measurements, above, beneath, and inside the cirrus, is accomplished by using a research aircraft (Learjet 35A) in tandem with the towed sensor platform AIRTOSS (AIRcraft TOwed Sensor Shuttle). AIRTOSS can be released from and retracted back to the research aircraft by means of a cable up to a distance of 4 km. Data were collected from two field campaigns over the North Sea and the Baltic Sea in spring and late summer 2013. One measurement flight over the North Sea proved to be exemplary, and as such the results are used to illustrate the benefits of collocated sampling. The radiative transfer simulations were applied to quantify the impact of cloud particle properties such as crystal shape, effective radius reff, and optical thickness τ on cirrus spectral optical layer properties. Furthermore, the radiative effects of low-level, liquid water (warm) clouds as frequently observed beneath the cirrus are evaluated. They may cause changes in the radiative forcing of the cirrus by a factor of 2. When low-level clouds below the cirrus are not taken into account, the radiative cooling effect (caused by reflection of solar radiation) due to the cirrus in the solar (shortwave) spectral range is significantly overestimated.

scholarly journals Intercomparison of air ion spectrometers: a basis for data interpretation

2011 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 1139-1180 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Gagné ◽  
K. Lehtipalo ◽  
H. E. Manninen ◽  
T. Nieminen ◽  
S. Schobesberger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Simultaneous Measurement ◽  
Size Range ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Data Interpretation ◽  
Particle Formation ◽  
New Particle Formation ◽  
Neutral Cluster ◽  
One Year ◽  
First Time

Abstract. We evaluated 11 air ion spectrometers from Airel Ltd. after they had spent one year in field measurements as a part of the EUCAARI project: 5 Air Ion Spectrometers (AIS), 5 Neutral cluster and Air Ion Spectrometers (NAIS) and one Airborne NAIS (ANAIS). This is the first time that an ANAIS is evaluated and compared so extensively. The ion spectrometers' mobility and concentration accuracy was evaluated. Their measurements of ambient air were compared between themselves and to reference instruments: a DMPS, a BSMA, and an Ion-DMPS. We report on the simultaneous measurement of a new particle formation (NPF) event by all 11 instruments and the 3 reference instruments. To our knowledge, it is the first time that the size distribution of ions and particles is measured by so many ion spectrometers during a NPF event. The new particle formation rates (~ 0.2 cm−3 s−1 for ions and ~ 2 cm−3 s−1 for particles) and growth rates (~ 25 nm h−1 in the 3–7 nm size range) were calculated for all the instruments. The NAISs and the ANAIS gave higher concentrations and formation rates than the AISs. The latter agreed better with reference instruments. Finally, based on the results presented here, we give guidelines for data interpretation, when data from different ion spectrometers are compared.

scholarly journals Connections between atmospheric sulphuric acid and new particle formation during QUEST III–IV campaigns in Heidelberg and Hyytiälä

2007 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. 1899-1914 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Riipinen ◽  
S.-L. Sihto ◽  
M. Kulmala ◽  
F. Arnold ◽  
M. Dal Maso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sulphuric Acid ◽  
Power Law ◽  
Particle Production ◽  
Deciduous Forest ◽  
Particle Formation ◽  
Rural Site ◽  
Main Process ◽  
Time Lags ◽  
New Particle Formation ◽  
Particle Formation And Growth

Abstract. This study investigates the connections between atmospheric sulphuric acid and new particle formation during QUEST III and BACCI/QUEST IV campaigns. The campaigns have been conducted in Heidelberg (2004) and Hyytiälä (2005), the first representing a polluted site surrounded by deciduous forest, and the second a rural site in a boreal forest environment. We have studied the role of sulphuric acid in particle formation and growth by determining 1) the power-law dependencies between sulphuric acid ([H2SO4]), and particle concentrations (N3–6) or formation rates at 1 nm and 3 nm (J1 and J3); 2) the time delays between [H2SO4] and N3–6 or J3, and the growth rates for 1–3 nm particles; 3) the empirical nucleation coefficients A and K in relations J1=A[H2SO4] and J1=K[H2SO4]2, respectively; 4) theoretical predictions for J1 and J3 for the days when no significant particle formation is observed, based on the observed sulphuric acid concentrations and condensation sinks. In both environments, N3–6 or J3 and [H2SO4] were linked via a power-law relation with exponents typically ranging from 1 to 2. The result suggests that the cluster activation theory and kinetic nucleation have the potential to explain the observed particle formation. However, some differences between the sites existed: The nucleation coefficients were about an order of magnitude greater in Heidelberg than in Hyytiälä conditions. The time lags between J3 and [H2SO4] were consistently lower than the corresponding delays between N3–6 and [H2SO4]. The exponents in the J3∝[H2SO4 ]nJ3-connection were consistently higher than or equal to the exponents in the relation N3–6∝[H2SO4 ]nN36. In the J1 values, no significant differences were found between the observed rates on particle formation event days and the predictions on non-event days. The J3 values predicted by the cluster activation or kinetic nucleation hypotheses, on the other hand, were considerably lower on non-event days than the rates observed on particle formation event days. This study provides clear evidence implying that the main process limiting the observable particle formation is the competition between the growth of the freshly formed particles and their loss by scavenging, rather than the initial particle production by nucleation of sulphuric acid. In general, it can be concluded that the simple models based on sulphuric acid concentrations and particle formation by cluster activation or kinetic nucleation can predict the occurence of atmospheric particle formation and growth well, if the particle scavenging is accurately accounted for.

Quantification of Coastal New Ultra-Fine Particles Formation from In situ and Chamber Measurements during the BIOFLUX Campaign

2005 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 260 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Sellegri ◽  
Y. J. Yoon ◽  
S. G. Jennings ◽  
C. D. O'Dowd ◽  
L. Pirjola ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Model Comparison ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Size Range ◽  
Particle Formation ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Research Station ◽  
New Particle Formation ◽  
Ultra Fine Particles ◽  
New Particles

Environmental Context.Secondary processes leading to the production of ultra-fine particles by nucleation are still poorly understood. A fraction of new particles formed can grow into radiatively active sizes, where they can directly scatter incoming solar radiation and, if partly water soluble, contribute to the cloud condensation nuclei population. New particle formation events have been frequently observed at the Mace Head Atmospheric Research Station (western Ireland), under low tide and sunny conditions, leading to the hypothesis that new particles are formed from iodo-species emitted from macroalgae. Abstract.New particle formation processes were studied during the BIOFLUX campaign in September 2003 and June 2004. The goals were to bring new information on the role of I2 in new particle formation from seaweeds and to quantify the amount of I2 emitted and new particles formed by a given amount of seaweed. These two goals were achieved by using a simulation chamber filled with selected species of seaweeds from the Mace Head area and flushed with particle-free atmospheric air. It was found that total particle concentrations and particles in the 3–3.4 nm size range produced in the chamber are positively correlated with gaseous I2 concentrations emitted by the seaweeds, with a typical source rate of 2800 particles cm−3 ppt(I2)−1 in the 3–3.4 nm size range. In fact, I2 and particle concentrations are also both directly positively correlated with the seaweed mass (64 300 particles cm−3 formed per kg of seaweed, and 24 ppt of I2 per kg of seaweeds) until saturation was reached for a seaweed biomass of 7.5 kg m−2. From the chamber experiments, the flux of 3–3.4 nm particles was calculated to be 2.5 × 1010 m−2 s−1 for a seaweed loading of 2.5 kg m−2 (representative of a typical seaweed field density), decreasing to 1 × 1010 m−2 s−1 for a seaweed loading of 1 kg m−2. At a seaweed loading of 2.5 kg m−2, the growth rate of particles produced in the chamber was calculated to be 1.2 nm min−1. The source rates and growth rates determined from the chamber experiments were used in conjunction with seaweed coverage in and around Mace Head to produce local emission inventories for a meso-scale dispersion model. Comparison of the resulting aerosol size distributions from the model simulations and those observed exhibited good agreement suggesting that the chamber fluxes and growth rates are consistent with those associated with the tidal emission areas in and around Mace Head.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document