scholarly journals Aerosol optical properties in the southeastern United States in summer – Part 2: Sensitivity of aerosol optical depth to relative humidity and aerosol parameters

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. 5009-5019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles A. Brock ◽  
Nicholas L. Wagner ◽  
Bruce E. Anderson ◽  
Andreas Beyersdorf ◽  
Pedro Campuzano-Jost ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Refractive Index ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Aerosol Optical Depth ◽  
Optical Depth ◽  
Mixed Boundary ◽  
Southeastern United States ◽  
Geometric Standard Deviation ◽  
Aerosol Mass ◽  
Southeastern Us

Abstract. Aircraft observations of meteorological, trace gas, and aerosol properties were made between May and September 2013 in the southeastern United States (US). Regionally representative aggregate vertical profiles of median and interdecile ranges of the measured parameters were constructed from 37 individual aircraft profiles made in the afternoon when a well-mixed boundary layer with typical fair-weather cumulus was present (Wagner et al., 2015). We use these 0–4 km aggregate profiles and a simple model to calculate the sensitivity of aerosol optical depth (AOD) to changes in dry aerosol mass, relative humidity, mixed-layer height, the central diameter and width of the particle size distribution, hygroscopicity, and dry and wet refractive index, while holding the other parameters constant. The calculated sensitivity is a result of both the intrinsic sensitivity and the observed range of variation in these parameters. These observationally based sensitivity studies indicate that the relationship between AOD and dry aerosol mass in these conditions in the southeastern US can be highly variable and is especially sensitive to relative humidity (RH). For example, calculated AOD ranged from 0.137 to 0.305 as the RH was varied between the 10th and 90th percentile profiles with dry aerosol mass held constant. Calculated AOD was somewhat less sensitive to aerosol hygroscopicity, mean size, and geometric standard deviation, σg. However, some chemistry–climate models prescribe values of σg substantially larger than we or others observe, leading to potential high biases in model-calculated AOD of  ∼  25 %. Finally, AOD was least sensitive to observed variations in dry and wet aerosol refractive index and to changes in the height of the well-mixed surface layer. We expect these findings to be applicable to other moderately polluted and background continental air masses in which an accumulation mode between 0.1–0.5 µm diameter dominates aerosol extinction.

scholarly journals Aerosol optical properties in the southeastern United States in summer – Part 2: Sensitivity of aerosol optical depth to relative humidity and aerosol parameters

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (21) ◽  
pp. 31471-31499 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. Brock ◽  
N. L. Wagner ◽  
B. E. Anderson ◽  
A. Beyersdorf ◽  
P. Campuzano-Jost ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Refractive Index ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Aerosol Optical Depth ◽  
Optical Depth ◽  
Climate Models ◽  
Mixed Boundary ◽  
Geometric Standard Deviation ◽  
Aerosol Mass ◽  
Southeastern Us ◽  
Aerosol Parameters

Abstract. Aircraft observations of meteorological, trace gas, and aerosol properties were made between May and September 2013. Regionally representative aggregate vertical profiles of median and interdecile ranges of the measured parameters were constructed from 37 individual aircraft profiles made in the afternoon when a well-mixed boundary layer with typical fair-weather cumulus was present (Wagner et al., 2015). We use these 0–4 km aggregate profiles and a simple model to calculate the sensitivity of aerosol optical depth (AOD) to changes in dry aerosol mass, relative humidity, mixed layer height, the central diameter and width of the particle size distribution, hygroscopicity, and dry and wet refractive index, while holding the other parameters constant. The calculated sensitivity is a result of both the intrinsic sensitivity and the observed range of variation of these parameters. These observationally based sensitivity studies indicate that the relationship between AOD and dry aerosol mass in these conditions in the southeastern US can be highly variable and is especially sensitive to relative humidity (RH). For example, calculated AOD ranged from 0.137 to 0.305 as the RH was varied between the 10th and 90th percentile profiles with dry aerosol mass held constant. Calculated AOD was somewhat less sensitive to aerosol hygroscopicity, mean size, and geometric standard deviation, σg. However, some chemistry-climate models prescribe values of σg substantially larger than we or others observe, leading to potential high biases in model-calculated AOD of ~ 25 %. Finally, AOD was least sensitive to observed variations in dry and wet aerosol refractive index and to changes in the height of the well-mixed surface layer. We expect these findings to be applicable to other moderately polluted and background continental airmasses in which an accumulation mode between 0.1–0.5 μm diameter dominates aerosol extinction.

scholarly journals Public entrepreneurs and the adoption of broad-based merit aid beyond the Southeastern United States

2013 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
pp. 58
Author(s):  
William Kyle Ingle ◽  
Ruth Ann Petroff
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Diffusion Theory ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Southeastern United States ◽  
Merit Aid ◽  
Theoretical Frameworks ◽  
Southeastern Us ◽  
Public Colleges And Universities ◽  
Aid Programs ◽  
K 12

The concentration of broad-based merit aid adoption in the southeastern United States has been well noted in the literature. However, there are states that have adopted broad-based merit aid programs outside of the Southeast.  Guided by multiple theoretical frameworks, including innovation diffusion theory (e.g., Gray, 1973, 1994; Rogers, 2003), Roberts and King’s (1991) typology of public entrepreneurs, and Anderson’s (2003) stages of the policymaking process, this qualitative study sought to answer the following questions. First, in the absence of regional diffusion pressures, what internal determinants are reported as accounting for the diffusion of broad-based merit aid programs outside of the Southeastern US?  What types of public entrepreneurs were identified as playing key roles in establishing merit aid in states outside the southeastern US?  During which stages of the policymaking process were they active? We found that merit aid was a means of addressing an array of public problems, including low college going rates at in-state public colleges and universities, and weak K-12 accountability. Consistent factors reported as facilitating merit aid creation included a strong, vocal public advocate (governors and a university system president) and a desire to strengthen state economies and diversify workforces.  A full range of public entrepreneurs played key roles in developing merit aid in the sampled states. Political and executive entrepreneurs were in the forefront of merit aid efforts, but our data suggest that a cast of supporting public entrepreneurs were integral to the eventual adoption of broad-based merit aid in the sampled states.

scholarly journals An Evaluation of MODIS-Retrieved Aerosol Optical Depth over a Mountainous AERONET Site in the Southeastern US

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. 3243-3255 ◽  
Author(s):  
James P. Sherman ◽  
Pawan Gupta ◽  
Robert C. Levy ◽  
Peter J. Sherman
Keyword(s):  
Aerosol Optical Depth ◽  
Optical Depth ◽  
Southeastern Us

Trends in sulfate and organic aerosol mass in the Southeast U.S.: Impact on aerosol optical depth and radiative forcing

2014 ◽  
Vol 41 (21) ◽  
pp. 7701-7709 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Attwood ◽  
R. A. Washenfelder ◽  
C. A. Brock ◽  
W. Hu ◽  
K. Baumann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aerosol Optical Depth ◽  
Optical Depth ◽  
Radiative Forcing ◽  
Organic Aerosol ◽  
Aerosol Mass

Correlation of aerosol mass near the ground with aerosol optical depth during two seasons in Munich

2008 ◽  
Vol 42 (18) ◽  
pp. 4036-4046 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klaus Schäfer ◽  
Andreas Harbusch ◽  
Stefan Emeis ◽  
Peter Koepke ◽  
Matthias Wiegner
Keyword(s):  
Aerosol Optical Depth ◽  
Optical Depth ◽  
Aerosol Mass

scholarly journals Description and evaluation of aerosol in UKESM1 and HadGEM3-GC3.1 CMIP6 historical simulations

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 6383-6423
Author(s):  
Jane P. Mulcahy ◽  
Colin Johnson ◽  
Colin G. Jones ◽  
Adam C. Povey ◽  
Catherine E. Scott ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aerosol Optical Depth ◽  
Optical Depth ◽  
Dimethyl Sulfide ◽  
Cloud Droplet ◽  
Organic Aerosol ◽  
Tropospheric Chemistry ◽  
Earth System ◽  
Aerosol Mass ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Aerosol Source

Abstract. We document and evaluate the aerosol schemes as implemented in the physical and Earth system models, the Global Coupled 3.1 configuration of the Hadley Centre Global Environment Model version 3 (HadGEM3-GC3.1) and the United Kingdom Earth System Model (UKESM1), which are contributing to the sixth Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6). The simulation of aerosols in the present-day period of the historical ensemble of these models is evaluated against a range of observations. Updates to the aerosol microphysics scheme are documented as well as differences in the aerosol representation between the physical and Earth system configurations. The additional Earth system interactions included in UKESM1 lead to differences in the emissions of natural aerosol sources such as dimethyl sulfide, mineral dust and organic aerosol and subsequent evolution of these species in the model. UKESM1 also includes a stratospheric–tropospheric chemistry scheme which is fully coupled to the aerosol scheme, while GC3.1 employs a simplified aerosol chemistry mechanism driven by prescribed monthly climatologies of the relevant oxidants. Overall, the simulated speciated aerosol mass concentrations compare reasonably well with observations. Both models capture the negative trend in sulfate aerosol concentrations over Europe and the eastern United States of America (US) although the models tend to underestimate sulfate concentrations in both regions. Interactive emissions of biogenic volatile organic compounds in UKESM1 lead to an improved agreement of organic aerosol over the US. Simulated dust burdens are similar in both models despite a 2-fold difference in dust emissions. Aerosol optical depth is biased low in dust source and outflow regions but performs well in other regions compared to a number of satellite and ground-based retrievals of aerosol optical depth. Simulated aerosol number concentrations are generally within a factor of 2 of the observations, with both models tending to overestimate number concentrations over remote ocean regions, apart from at high latitudes, and underestimate over Northern Hemisphere continents. Finally, a new primary marine organic aerosol source is implemented in UKESM1 for the first time. The impact of this new aerosol source is evaluated. Over the pristine Southern Ocean, it is found to improve the seasonal cycle of organic aerosol mass and cloud droplet number concentrations relative to GC3.1 although underestimations in cloud droplet number concentrations remain. This paper provides a useful characterisation of the aerosol climatology in both models and will facilitate understanding in the numerous aerosol–climate interaction studies that will be conducted as part of CMIP6 and beyond.

scholarly journals Modelling the High Mercury Wet deposition in the Southeastern US by WRF-GC

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaotian Xu ◽  
Xu Feng ◽  
Haipeng Lin ◽  
Peng Zhang ◽  
Shaojian Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Wet Deposition ◽  
Deep Convection ◽  
Southeastern United States ◽  
Convective Precipitation ◽  
Mercury Deposition ◽  
Southeastern Us ◽  
Different Types ◽  
High Mercury ◽  
Simulation Results

Abstract. High mercury wet deposition in southeastern United States has been noticed for many years. Previous studies came up with a theory that it was associated with high-altitude divalent mercury scavenged by convective precipitation. Given the coarse resolution of previous models (e.g. GEOS-Chem), this theory is still not fully tested. Here we employed a newly developed WRF-GEOS-Chem (WRF-GC) model implemented with mercury simulation. We conduct extensive model benchmarking by comparing WRF-GC with different resolutions (from 50 km to 25 km) to GEOS-Chem output (4° × 5°) and data from Mercury Deposition Network (MDN) in July–September 2013. The comparison of mercury wet deposition from two models both present high mercury wet deposition in southeastern United States. We divided simulation results by heights, different types of precipitation and combination of these two variations together and find most of mercury wet deposition concentrates on higher space and caused by convective precipitation. Therefore, we conclude that it is the deep convection caused enhanced mercury wet deposition in the southeastern United States.

scholarly journals A low-cost monitor for simultaneous measurement of fine particulate matter and aerosol optical depth – Part 1: Specifications and testing

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 5431-5441 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric A. Wendt ◽  
Casey W. Quinn ◽  
Daniel D. Miller-Lionberg ◽  
Jessica Tryner ◽  
Christian L'Orange ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Aerosol Optical Depth ◽  
Optical Depth ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Fine Particulate Matter ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Aerosol Mass ◽  
Fine Particulate ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Equivalent Method

Abstract. Globally, fine particulate matter (PM2.5) air pollution is a leading contributor to death, disease, and environmental degradation. Satellite-based measurements of aerosol optical depth (AOD) are used to estimate PM2.5 concentrations across the world, but the relationship between satellite-estimated AOD and ground-level PM2.5 is uncertain. Sun photometers measure AOD from the Earth's surface and are often used to improve satellite data; however, reference-grade photometers and PM2.5 monitors are expensive and rarely co-located. This work presents the development and validation of the aerosol mass and optical depth (AMOD) sampler, an inexpensive and compact device that simultaneously measures PM2.5 mass and AOD. The AMOD utilizes a low-cost light-scattering sensor in combination with a gravimetric filter measurement to quantify ground-level PM2.5. Aerosol optical depth is measured using optically filtered photodiodes at four discrete wavelengths. Field validation studies revealed agreement within 10 % for AOD values measured between co-located AMOD and AErosol RObotics NETwork (AERONET) monitors and for PM2.5 mass measured between co-located AMOD and EPA Federal Equivalent Method (FEM) monitors. These results demonstrate that the AMOD can quantify AOD and PM2.5 accurately at a fraction of the cost of existing reference monitors.

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