Contributions of Trans-boundary Transport to the Summertime Air Quality in Beijing, China
Abstract. In the present study, the WRF-CHEM model is used to evaluate the contributions of trans-boundary transport to the air quality in Beijing during a persistent air pollution episode from 5 to 14 July 2015 in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH), China. Generally, the predicted temporal variations and spatial distributions of PM2.5 (fine particulate matter), O3 (ozone), and NO2 are in good agreement with observations in BTH. The WRF-CHEM model also reproduces reasonably well the temporal variations of aerosol species compared to measurements in Beijing. The factor separation approach is employed to evaluate the contributions of trans-boundary transport of emissions outside of Beijing to the PM2.5 and O3 levels in Beijing. On average, in the afternoon during the simulation episode, the pure local emissions contribute 22.4 % to the O3 level in Beijing, less than 36.6 % from pure emissions outside of Beijing. The O3 concentrations in Beijing are decreased by 5.1 % in the afternoon due to interactions of local emissions with those outside of Beijing. The pure emissions outside of Beijing play a dominant role in the PM2.5 level in Beijing, with a contribution of 61.5 %, much more than 13.7 % from pure Beijing local emissions. The emissions interactions enhance the PM2.5 concentrations in Beijing, with a contribution of 5.9 %. Therefore, the air quality in Beijing is primarily determined by the trans-boundary transport of emissions outside of Beijing during summertime, showing that the cooperation with neighboring provinces to mitigate pollutant emissions is a key for Beijing to improve air quality. Considering the uncertainties in the emission inventory and the meteorological field simulations, further studies need to be performed to improve the WRF-CHEM model simulations to reasonably evaluate trans-boundary transport contributions to the air quality in Beijing for supporting the design and implementation of emission control strategies.