scholarly journals Sources and atmospheric dynamics of organic aerosol in New Delhi, India: Insights from receptor modeling

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sahil Bhandari ◽  
Shahzad Gani ◽  
Kanan Patel ◽  
Dongyu S. Wang ◽  
Prashant Soni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Source Apportionment ◽  
Chemical Characterization ◽  
Organic Aerosol ◽  
Receptor Modeling ◽  
World Health ◽  
Aerosol Composition ◽  
Time Resolved ◽  
Online Measurements ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract. Delhi, India, is the second most populated city in the world and routinely experiences some of the highest particulate matter concentrations of any megacity on the planet, posing acute challenges to public health (World Health Organization, 2018). However, the current understanding of the sources and dynamics of PM pollution in Delhi is limited. Measurements at the Delhi Aerosol Supersite (DAS) provide a long-term chemical characterization of ambient submicron aerosol in Delhi, with near-continuous online measurements of aerosol composition. Here we report on source apportionment based on positive matrix factorization (PMF), conducted on 15 months of highly time-resolved speciated submicron non-refractory PM1 (NRPM1) between January 2017 and March 2018. We report on seasonal variability across four seasons of 2017 and interannual variability using data from the two winters and springs of 2017 and 2018. We show that a modified tracer-based organic component analysis provides an opportunity for a real-time source apportionment approach for organics in Delhi. Thermodynamic modeling allows estimation of the importance of ventilation coefficient (VC) and temperature in controlling primary and secondary organic aerosol. We also find that primary aerosol dominates severe air pollution episodes.

scholarly journals Sources and atmospheric dynamics of organic aerosol in New Delhi, India: insights from receptor modeling

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 735-752 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sahil Bhandari ◽  
Shahzad Gani ◽  
Kanan Patel ◽  
Dongyu S. Wang ◽  
Prashant Soni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Source Apportionment ◽  
Chemical Characterization ◽  
Organic Aerosol ◽  
Receptor Modeling ◽  
World Health ◽  
Aerosol Composition ◽  
Time Resolved ◽  
Online Measurements ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract. Delhi, India, is the second most populated city in the world and routinely experiences some of the highest particulate matter concentrations of any megacity on the planet, posing acute challenges to public health (World Health Organization, 2018). However, the current understanding of the sources and dynamics of PM pollution in Delhi is limited. Measurements at the Delhi Aerosol Supersite (DAS) provide long-term chemical characterization of ambient submicron aerosol in Delhi, with near-continuous online measurements of aerosol composition. Here we report on source apportionment based on positive matrix factorization (PMF), conducted on 15 months of highly time-resolved speciated submicron non-refractory PM1 (NR-PM1) between January 2017 and March 2018. We report on seasonal variability across four seasons of 2017 and interannual variability using data from the two winters and springs of 2017 and 2018. We show that a modified tracer-based organic component analysis provides an opportunity for a real-time source apportionment approach for organics in Delhi. Phase equilibrium modeling of aerosols using the extended aerosol inorganics model (E-AIM) predicts equilibrium gas-phase concentrations and allows evaluation of the importance of the ventilation coefficient (VC) and temperature in controlling primary and secondary organic aerosol. We also find that primary aerosol dominates severe air pollution episodes, and secondary aerosol dominates seasonal averages.

scholarly journals Disability, Frailty and Depression in the community-dwelling older adults with Osteosarcopenia

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ki-Soo Park ◽  
Gyeong-Ye Lee ◽  
Young-Mi Seo ◽  
Sung-Hyo Seo ◽  
Jun-Il Yoo
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Short Form ◽  
Geriatric Depression Scale ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Normal Group ◽  
World Health ◽  
Common Disease ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract Background The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of osteosarcopenia in the over 60-year-old community and to evaluate whether osteosarcopenia is associated with disability, frailty and depression. Methods This study was performed using the baseline data of Namgaram-2, among the 1010 surveyed subjects, 885 study subjects who were 60 years or older and had all necessary tests performed were selected. The Kaigo-Yobo checklist (frailty), World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule (WHODAS) and Geriatric Depression Scale-Short Form-Korean (GDSSF-K) were used. The Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia (AWGS 2019) were applied in this study. Osteopenia was measured using data from dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) and osteopenia was diagnosed when the T-score was less than − 1.0. The study subjects were divided into four groups: the normal group, in which both sarcopenia and osteopenia were undiagnosed, osteopenia only, sarcopenia only and the osteosarcopenia group, which was diagnosed with both sarcopenia and osteopenia. Results Of the 885 subjects over 60 years old evaluated, the normal group comprised 34.0%, the only osteopenia group 33.7%, the only sarcopenia group 13.1%, and the osteosarcopenia group 19.2%. WHODAS (17.5, 95% CI: 14.8-20.1), Kaigo-Yobo (3.0, 95% CI: 2.6-3.4), and GDSSF mean score (4.6, 95% CI: 3.9-5.4) were statistically significantly higher in the osteosarcopenia group compared the other groups. Partial eta squared (ηp2) of WHODAS (0.199) and Kaigo-Yobo (0.148) values ​​according to Osteosarcopenia were large, and GDSSF (0.096) was medium Conclusions Osteosarcopenia is a relatively common disease group in the older adults community that may cause deterioration of health outcomes. Therefore, when evaluating osteopenia or sarcopenia in the older adults, management of those in both disease groups should occur together.

scholarly journals The impact of biomass burning and aqueous-phase processing on air quality: a multi-year source apportionment study in the Po Valley, Italy

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Paglione ◽  
Stefania Gilardoni ◽  
Matteo Rinaldi ◽  
Stefano Decesari ◽  
Nicola Zanca ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Source Apportionment ◽  
Biomass Burning ◽  
Organic Aerosol ◽  
Cold Season ◽  
World Health ◽  
Rural Site ◽  
Urban Site ◽  
Urban Background ◽  
Po Valley

Abstract. The Po Valley (Italy) is a well-known air quality hotspot characterized by Particulate Matter (PM) levels well above the limit set by the European Air Quality Directive and by the World Health Organization, especially during the colder season. In the framework of the Emilia-Romagna regional project SUPERSITO, the southern Po Valley submicron aerosol chemical composition was characterized by means of High-Resolution Aerosol Mass Spectroscopy (HR-AMS) with the specific aim of organic aerosol (OA) characterization and source apportionment. Eight intensive observation periods (IOPs) were carried out over four years (from 2011 to 2014) at two different sites (Bologna, BO, urban background and San Pietro Capofiume, SPC, rural background), to characterize the spatial variability and seasonality of the OA sources, with a special focus on the cold season. On the multi-year basis of the study, the AMS observations show that OA accounts for an average 45 ± 8 % (ranging 33–58 %) and 46 ± 7 % (ranging 36–50 %) of the total non-refractory submicron particle mass (PM1-NR) at the urban and at the rural site, respectively. Primary organic aerosol (POA) comprises biomass burning (23 ± 13 % of OA) and fossil fuel (12 ± 7 %) contributions with a marked seasonality in concentration. As expected, the biomass burning contribution to POA is more significant at the rural site (urban/rural concentrations ratio of 0.67), but it is also an important source of POA at the urban site during the cold season, with contributions ranging from 14 to 38 % of the total OA mass. Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) contribute to OA mass to a much larger extent than POA at both sites throughout the year (69 ± 16 % and 83 ± 16 % at urban and rural, respectively), with important implications for public health. Within the secondary fraction of OA, the measurements highlight the importance of biomass burning ageing products during the cold season, even at the urban background site. This biomass burning SOA fraction represents 14–44 % of the total OA mass in the cold season, indicating that in this region a major contribution of combustion sources to PM mass is mediated by environmental conditions and atmospheric reactivity. Among the environmental factors controlling the formation of SOA in the Po Valley, the availability of liquid water in the aerosol was shown to play a key role in the cold season. We estimate that organic fraction originating from aqueous reactions of biomass burning products (bb-aqSOA) represents 21 % (14–28 %) and 25 % (14–35 %) of the total OA mass and 44 % (32–56 %) and 61 % (21–100 %) of the SOA mass at the urban and rural sites, respectively.

Alcohol-Related Mortality in the WHO European Region: Sex-Specific Trends and Predictions

2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (6) ◽  
pp. 593-598 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathalie Pruckner ◽  
Barbara Hinterbuchinger ◽  
Matthäus Fellinger ◽  
Daniel König ◽  
Thomas Waldhoer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Regional Differences ◽  
World Health ◽  
European Region ◽  
Drinking Patterns ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Per Capita Consumption ◽  
Related Mortality

Abstract Aims Alcohol is an important risk factor for morbidity and mortality, especially within the European region. Differences in per capita consumption and drinking patterns are possible reasons for regional differences and diverging trends in alcohol-related health outcomes. Methods Twenty-nine countries within the World Health Organization (WHO) European region were evaluated for trends and predictions in alcohol-related deaths within the last four decades using data available from the WHO Health for All database. Results Between 1979 and 2015, age-standardised death rates due to selected alcohol-related causes decreased significantly for both sexes in all assessed countries of the WHO European region, but regional differences are still pronounced. Assuming a similar trend in the future, the model predicted a further decrease until the year 2030. Conclusion Even though alcohol-related mortality may have decreased within the last decades, the detrimental effects of alcohol consumption and alcohol dependence remain a considerable burden of disease within Europe.

Organic aerosol source apportionment from highly time-resolved molecular composition measurements

2009 ◽  
Vol 43 (18) ◽  
pp. 2901-2910 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew A. Dreyfus ◽  
Kouame Adou ◽  
Steven M. Zucker ◽  
Murray V. Johnston
Keyword(s):  
Source Apportionment ◽  
Organic Aerosol ◽  
Molecular Composition ◽  
Time Resolved ◽  
Aerosol Source ◽  
Composition Measurements

Quality of Life: Policy Concept and Reality

2014 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-182
Author(s):  
TAKU YAMAMOTO
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Current Trend ◽  
Subjective Quality ◽  
World Health ◽  
Subjective Quality Of Life ◽  
Self Assessment ◽  
World Health Organization Quality ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Health Organization

AbstractThis study examines the process by which the concept of quality of life has been increasing in importance as the key to ASEAN's socio-cultural integration. This study also focuses on the current trend that emphasizes subjective quality of life and clarifies that ASEAN has been moving toward including this perspective. Then, it analyzes the subjective quality of life of people in ASEAN in terms of self-assessment and the multidimensional World Health Organization Quality of Life metric by using data from the ASEAN Barometer 2009.

scholarly journals Healthcare Expenditure Efficiency Analysis Regarding to Healthcare Access in 34 Provinces in Indonesia

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey Aron
Keyword(s):  
Technical Efficiency ◽  
Health Personnel ◽  
Healthcare Expenditure ◽  
Healthcare Access ◽  
Government Expenditure ◽  
Efficiency Score ◽  
World Health ◽  
General Government ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Health Organization

According to World Health Organization (WHO) office for Indonesia, in 2015, Indonesia’s general government expenditure on health as % of GDP became one of the lowest in the world with 1,5% (Rp21,1T). This number depicts the fact that Indonesia’s HDI is only 0.689, positioning it at 113 out of 188 countries and territories. Nevertheless low HDI score in Indonesia is caused by inefficiency in healthcare expenditure. This is the main focus of this paper.This paper has two main objectives, primarily comparison between all provinces in Indonesia, we estimate technical efficiency of expenditure on healthcare. Second, is to analyze the factors that create inequality of healthcare access in Indonesia. We calculated technical efficiency in healthcare expenditure by using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) among 34 provinces in Indonesia in 2015. The DEA method uses 2 inputs, the realization of health deconcentration funds and realization of healthcare assistance, and the outputs are medication of malnutrition case, childbirth assisted by health personnel, treated diarrhea by health personnel, coverage of cured pulmonary tuberculosis, and measles vaccination.The results from DEA shows us that North Sumatera, DKI Jakarta, West Java, East java, and South Sulawesi have the highest efficiency score. Those cities have 1 efficiency score of expenditure on healthcare. In the other hand Bangka Belitung Island has the lowest efficiency score among 34 provinces in Indonesia. Notwithstanding we infer, currently there are several provinces still cannot provide adequate healthcare because of inefficiency in budget spending such as Bangka Belitung Island, Gorontalo, and Maluku (3 lowest efficiency score).

scholarly journals The great convergence? Mortality in Ireland and Europe, 1956–2014

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 1090-1097
Author(s):  
James Eighan ◽  
Brendan Walsh ◽  
Sheelah Connolly ◽  
Maev-Ann Wren ◽  
Conor Keegan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory System ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Circulatory System ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
World Health ◽  
Sharp Reduction ◽  
Accelerated Convergence ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Eu

Abstract Background Until recently, Irish age-standardized mortality rates (ASMRs) were amongst the highest in the EU-15. This study examines changes in ASMRs in Ireland from 1956 to 2014. Methods Using data from the World Health Organization Mortality Database, we compare ASMRs in Ireland to other EU-15 countries from 1956 to 2014. ASMRS are used to plot the relative ranking of Ireland within the EU-15, and illustrate trends in which Ireland diverged with, and converged to, the EU-15 average. ASMRS are estimated across sex, age groups (15–64 and 65+ years) and cause of death. Results Between 1956 and 1999, ASMRs in Ireland were amongst the highest in the EU-15. ASMRs in Ireland saw slower improvements during this period as compared to other EU-15 countries. However, post-2000, a sharp reduction in Irish ASMRs resulted in an accelerated convergence to the EU-15 average. As a consequence of improvements in ASMRs between 2000 and 2014, there were an estimated 15 300 fewer deaths in 2014. The majority of these averted deaths were due to lower mortality rates for diseases of the circulatory system and respiratory system. Conclusions Rather than converging to the EU-15 average during the latter half of the 20th century, there was a divergence in ASMRs between Ireland and the EU-15. However, in recent years, Ireland experienced accelerated improvements in mortality rates with large reductions in mortality observed for diseases of the circulatory system and respiratory system, especially amongst older people.

Determinants of intrauterine growth retardation: evidence against maternal depletion

1989 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 235-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane E. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Growth Retardation ◽  
Birth Interval ◽  
Intrauterine Growth Retardation ◽  
World Health ◽  
Gestation Length ◽  
Logit Analysis ◽  
Birth Intervals ◽  
Intrauterine Growth ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Health Organization

SummaryThis analysis examines the relationship between length of preceding birth interval and risk of intrauterine growth retardation using data on Swedish infants from the 1973 World Health Organization study of perinatal mortality. Results of a multivariate logit analysis demonstrate that the lower than average mean birth weight of infants born after short birth intervals cannot be completely attributed to their shorter mean gestation length. Infants born after birth intervals of 12 months or less are 30% more likely to be small for gestational age (SGA) than infants born 18–59 months after the previous birth, even when the effects of maternal age and parity are controlled. The results obtained here do not support maternal depletion as an explanation for the association between short birth intervals and elevated risk of SGA, since there is no evidence of an attenuation of the risk of SGA with increasing length of interval in the under 18 month birth interval range.

scholarly journals Characterization and source apportionment of organic aerosol using offline aerosol mass spectrometry

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. R. Daellenbach ◽  
C. Bozzetti ◽  
A. Křepelová ◽  
F. Canonaco ◽  
R. Wolf ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Source Apportionment ◽  
Organic Aerosol ◽  
Transmission Efficiency ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Spatially Resolved ◽  
Aerosol Mass ◽  
Online Measurements ◽  
Rural Sites ◽  
Pm2.5 And Pm10

Abstract. Field deployments of the Aerodyne Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (AMS) have significantly advanced real-time measurements and source apportionment of non-refractory particulate matter. However, the cost and complex maintenance requirements of the AMS make its deployment at sufficient sites to determine regional characteristics impractical. Furthermore, the negligible transmission efficiency of the AMS inlet for supermicron particles significantly limits the characterization of their chemical nature and contributing sources. In this study, we utilize the AMS to characterize the water-soluble organic fingerprint of ambient particles collected onto conventional quartz filters, which are routinely sampled at many air quality sites. The method was applied to 256 particulate matter (PM) filter samples (PM1, PM2.5, and PM10, i.e., PM with aerodynamic diameters smaller than 1, 2.5, and 10 µm, respectively), collected at 16 urban and rural sites during summer and winter. We show that the results obtained by the present technique compare well with those from co-located online measurements, e.g., AMS or Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor (ACSM). The bulk recoveries of organic aerosol (60–91 %) achieved using this technique, together with low detection limits (0.8 µg of organic aerosol on the analyzed filter fraction) allow its application to environmental samples. We will discuss the recovery variability of individual hydrocarbon ions, ions containing oxygen, and other ions. The performance of such data in source apportionment is assessed in comparison to ACSM data. Recoveries of organic components related to different sources as traffic, wood burning, and secondary organic aerosol are presented. This technique, while subjected to the limitations inherent to filter-based measurements (e.g., filter artifacts and limited time resolution) may be used to enhance the AMS capabilities in measuring size-fractionated, spatially resolved long-term data sets.

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