scholarly journals Yearly changes in surface solar radiation in New Caledonia

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Blanc ◽  
C. Coulaud ◽  
L. Wald
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
New Caledonia ◽  
Solar Irradiation ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Climate Data ◽  
Surface Solar Radiation ◽  
Data Set ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Energy Plants

Abstract. New Caledonia experiences a decrease in surface solar irradiation since 2004. It is of order of 4% of the mean yearly irradiation over the 10 years period: 2004–2013, and amounts to −9 W m−2. The preeminent roles of the changes in cloud cover and to a lesser extent, those in aerosol optical depth on the decrease in yearly irradiation are evidenced. The study highlights the role of data sets offering a worldwide coverage in understanding changes in solar radiation and planning large solar energy plants such as the ICOADS (International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set) of the NOAA and MACC (Monitoring Atmosphere Composition and Climate) data sets combined with the McClear model.

scholarly journals How long do satellites need to overlap? Evaluation of climate data stability from overlapping satellite records

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (24) ◽  
pp. 15069-15093 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth C. Weatherhead ◽  
Jerald Harder ◽  
Eduardo A. Araujo-Pradere ◽  
Greg Bodeker ◽  
Jason M. English ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Spectral Irradiance ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Climate Data ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Long Term Stability ◽  
Earth Observations ◽  
Earth’S Climate ◽  
The Stability

Abstract. Sensors on satellites provide unprecedented understanding of the Earth's climate system by measuring incoming solar radiation, as well as both passive and active observations of the entire Earth with outstanding spatial and temporal coverage. A common challenge with satellite observations is to quantify their ability to provide well-calibrated, long-term, stable records of the parameters they measure. Ground-based intercomparisons offer some insight, while reference observations and internal calibrations give further assistance for understanding long-term stability. A valuable tool for evaluating and developing long-term records from satellites is the examination of data from overlapping satellite missions. This paper addresses how the length of overlap affects the ability to identify an offset or a drift in the overlap of data between two sensors. Ozone and temperature data sets are used as examples showing that overlap data can differ by latitude and can change over time. New results are presented for the general case of sensor overlap by using Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment (SORCE) Spectral Irradiance Monitor (SIM) and Solar Stellar Irradiance Comparison Experiment (SOLSTICE) solar irradiance data as an example. To achieve a 1 % uncertainty in estimating the offset for these two instruments' measurement of the Mg II core (280 nm) requires approximately 5 months of overlap. For relative drift to be identified within 0.1 % yr−1 uncertainty (0.00008 W m−2 nm−1 yr−1), the overlap for these two satellites would need to be 2.5 years. Additional overlap of satellite measurements is needed if, as is the case for solar monitoring, unexpected jumps occur adding uncertainty to both offsets and drifts; the additional length of time needed to account for a single jump in the overlap data may be as large as 50 % of the original overlap period in order to achieve the same desired confidence in the stability of the merged data set. Results presented here are directly applicable to satellite Earth observations. Approaches for Earth observations offer additional challenges due to the complexity of the observations, but Earth observations may also benefit from ancillary observations taken from ground-based and in situ sources. Difficult choices need to be made when monitoring approaches are considered; we outline some attempts at optimizing networks based on economic principles. The careful evaluation of monitoring overlap is important to the appropriate application of observational resources and to the usefulness of current and future observations.

SARAH-3 – a new satellite-based Climate Data Record of Surface Solar Radiation parameters

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Uwe Pfeifroth ◽  
Jaqueline Drücke ◽  
Jörg Trentmann ◽  
Rainer Hollmann
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Sunshine Duration ◽  
Global Radiation ◽  
Surface Radiation ◽  
Climate Data ◽  
Regional Variability ◽  
Surface Solar Radiation ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Data Record ◽  
Climate Data Record

<p class="western"><span lang="en-US">The EUMETSAT Satellite Application Facility on Climate Monitoring (CM SAF) generates and distributes high quality long-term climate data records (CDR) of energy and water cycle parameters, which are freely available.</span></p> <p class="western"><span lang="en-US">In 2022, a new version of the “Surface Solar Radiation data set – Heliosat” will be released: SARAH-3. As the previous editions, the SARAH-3 climate data record is based on satellite observations from the first and second METEOSAT generations and provides various surface radiation parameters, including global radiation, direct radiation, sunshine duration, photosynthetic active radiation and others. SARAH-3 covers the time period 1983 to 2020 and offers 30-minute instantaneous data as well as daily and monthly means on a regular 0.05° x 0.05° lon/lat grid.</span></p> <p class="western" align="left"><span lang="en-US">In this presentation, an overview of the SARAH climate data record and their applications will be given. A focus will be on the SARAH-3 developments and validation with surface reference observations. Further, SARAH-3 will be used for a first analysis of the climate variability and potential trends of global radiation in Europe during the last decades. </span><span lang="en-US">The data record reveals that there is an increasing trend of surface solar radiation in Europe during the last decades, which is superimposed by decadal and regional variability.</span></p>

Global and Regional Satellite-based Surface Solar Radiation data sets provided by the CM SAF

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jörg Trentmann ◽  
Uwe Pfeifroth ◽  
Jaqueline Drücke ◽  
Roswitha Cremer
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Surface Radiation ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Climate Data ◽  
Surface Solar Radiation ◽  
Climate Monitoring ◽  
Data Record ◽  
Irradiance Data ◽  
Climate Data Record

<p>The incoming surface solar radiation has been defined as an essential climate variable by GCOS. Long term monitoring of this part of the earth’s energy budget is required to gain insights on the state and variability of the climate system. In addition, climate data sets of surface solar radiation have received increased attention over the recent years as an important source of information for solar energy assessments, for crop modeling, and for the validation of climate and weather models.</p><p>The EUMETSAT Satellite Application Facility on Climate Monitoring (CM SAF) is deriving climate data records (CDRs) from geostationary and polar-orbiting satellite instruments. Within the CM SAF these CDRs are accompanied by operational data at a short time latency to be used for climate monitoring. All data from the CM SAF are freely available via www.cmsaf.eu.</p><p>Here we present the regional and global climate data records of surface solar radiation from the CM SAF. The regional SARAH-2.1 climate data record (Surface Solar Radiation Dataset – Heliosat, doi: 10.5676/EUM_SAF_CM/SARAH/V002_01) is based on observations from the series of Meteosat satellites. SARAH-2.1 provides high resolution data (temporal and spatial) of the surface solar radiation (global and direct) and the sunshine duration from 1983 to 2017 for the full view of the Meteosat satellite (i.e, Europe, Africa, parts of South America, and the Atlantic ocean). The global climate data record CLARA (CM SAF Clouds, Albedo and Radiation dataset from AVHRR data, doi: 10.5676/EUM_SAF_CM/CLARA_AVHRR/V002_01) is based on observations from the series of AVHRR instruments onboard polar-orbiting satellites. CLARA provides daily- and monthly-averaged global data of the solar irradiance (SIS) from January 1982 to June 2019 with a spatial resolution of 0.25°. In addition to the solar surface radiation, also the longwave surface radiation as well as surface albedo and numerous cloud properties are provided in CLARA. The high accuracy and stability of these data record allows the assessment of the spatial and temporal variability and trends as well as a number of other applications that require high-resolution surface irradiance data.</p><p>Both Thematic Climate Data Records (TCDR) are accompanied and temporally-extended by consistent data records, so-called Interim Climate Data Records (ICDR), which are provided with a latency of 5 days to support applications that require more recent surface irradiance data, e.g., operational climate monitoring.</p><p>In late 2021 / early 2022 new versions of both data records, SARAH and CLARA, will be provided by the CM SAF. The quality of these data records will be improved, e.g, by a better treatment of snow-covered surfaces, and temporally extended to cover the WMO climate reference period 1991 to 2020. Here, first results of the updated data records and their improvements will be presented.</p>

scholarly journals Development of a Seamless Forecast for Solar Radiation Using ANAKLIM++

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (21) ◽  
pp. 3672
Author(s):  
Isabel Urbich ◽  
Jörg Bendix ◽  
Richard Müller
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Weather Prediction ◽  
Software Tool ◽  
Absolute Error ◽  
Shortwave Radiation ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Climate Data ◽  
Forecast Horizon ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Forecasting System

A novel approach for a blending between nowcasting and numerical weather prediction (NWP) for the surface incoming shortwave radiation (SIS) for a forecast horizon of 1–5 h is presented in this study. The blending is performed with a software tool called ANAKLIM++ (Adjustment of Assimilation Software for the Reanalysis of Climate Data) which was originally designed for the efficient assimilation of two-dimensional data sets using a variational approach. A nowcasting for SIS was already presented and validated in earlier publications as seamless solar radiation forecast (SESORA). For our blending, two NWP models, namely the ICON (Icosahedral Non-hydrostatic model) from the German weather Service (DWD) and the IFS (Integrated Forecasting System) from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), were used. The weights for the input data for ANAKLIM++ vary for every single forecast time and pixel, depending on the error growth of the nowcasting. The results look promising, since the root mean square error (RMSE) and mean absolute error (MAE) of the blending are smaller than the error measures of the nowcasting or NWP models, respectively.

scholarly journals A method for merging nadir-sounding climate records, with an application to the global-mean stratospheric temperature data sets from SSU and AMSU

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (16) ◽  
pp. 9271-9284 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. McLandress ◽  
T. G. Shepherd ◽  
A. I. Jonsson ◽  
T. von Clarmann ◽  
B. Funke
Keyword(s):  
Michelson Interferometer ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Climate Data ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Linear Temperature ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Stratospheric Temperature ◽  
Temperature Trends ◽  
Microwave Sounding ◽  
Global Mean

Abstract. A method is proposed for merging different nadir-sounding climate data records using measurements from high-resolution limb sounders to provide a transfer function between the different nadir measurements. The two nadir-sounding records need not be overlapping so long as the limb-sounding record bridges between them. The method is applied to global-mean stratospheric temperatures from the NOAA Climate Data Records based on the Stratospheric Sounding Unit (SSU) and the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit-A (AMSU), extending the SSU record forward in time to yield a continuous data set from 1979 to present, and providing a simple framework for extending the SSU record into the future using AMSU. SSU and AMSU are bridged using temperature measurements from the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS), which is of high enough vertical resolution to accurately represent the weighting functions of both SSU and AMSU. For this application, a purely statistical approach is not viable since the different nadir channels are not sufficiently linearly independent, statistically speaking. The near-global-mean linear temperature trends for extended SSU for 1980–2012 are −0.63 ± 0.13, −0.71 ± 0.15 and −0.80 ± 0.17 K decade−1 (95 % confidence) for channels 1, 2 and 3, respectively. The extended SSU temperature changes are in good agreement with those from the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) on the Aura satellite, with both exhibiting a cooling trend of ~ 0.6 ± 0.3 K decade−1 in the upper stratosphere from 2004 to 2012. The extended SSU record is found to be in agreement with high-top coupled atmosphere–ocean models over the 1980–2012 period, including the continued cooling over the first decade of the 21st century.

Crystal and Molecular Structure of Thiocarbonyl-ethoxo(tetraphenylporphyrinato)ruthenium(II), [Ru(TPP)(CS)(HOC2H5)]. A Case of Centrosymmetric–Noncentrosymmetric Ambiguity

1997 ◽  
Vol 53 (5) ◽  
pp. 767-772 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. J. Bartczak ◽  
K. Rachlewicz ◽  
L. Latos-Grażynski
Keyword(s):  
Crystal And Molecular Structure ◽  
Bond Angle ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Alpha Radiation ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Fourier Methods ◽  
Space Group ◽  
Space Groups ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Difference Fourier

[Ru(TPP)(CS)(EtOH)] crystallizes in the triclinic system. Crystal data: C47H34N4ORuS, M r = 803.91, a = 10.607 (3), b = 11.308 (5), c = 17.699 (2) Å, \alpha = 77.53 (2), \beta = 73.17 (1), \gamma = 69.85 (3)°, V = 1891.6 (10) Å3, P\overline 1 (C^{1}_{i}, no. 2), Z = 2, F(000) = 824, D x = 1.410, D m = 1.39 Mg m−3 (by flotation in aqueous KI), \mu(Mo K\alpha) = 0.512 mm−1, R = 0.094, wR = 0.098, S = 2.28 for 4610 independent reflections with F o > 5\sigma(F o ). A second data set was collected using Cu K\alpha radiation. The structure was refined by standard least-squares and difference-Fourier methods in space groups P1 and P\overline 1 using both the Mo K\alpha and Cu K\alpha data sets. Both data sets favor space group P\overline 1, the Mo data giving a slightly better result than the Cu data. The two independent Ru atoms lie on the inversion centers ½,0,0 and ½,½,½ of space group P\overline 1. Consequently, the two independent molecules have crystallographically imposed \overline 1 symmetry, the CS and EtOH axial groups are disordered and the RuN4 portions of the molecules are planar. The deviations from planarity of the porphyrinato core are very small. The Ru—C—S groups are essentially linear with an average Ru—C—S bond angle of 174 (1)°. The mean Ru—C(CS) and Ru—O (Et) bond lengths are 1.92 (4) and 2.15 (3) Å, respectively.

What branches grow out of this stony rubbish? Christian Origins and the Study of Religion

2010 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 549-572 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Arnal
Keyword(s):  
American Academy ◽  
Human Behavior ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Biblical Literature ◽  
Religious Interventions ◽  
Christian Origins ◽  
Historical Developments ◽  
Ancient Christianity

The following paper argues for the potential relevance of scholarship on New Testament/Christian origins to the study of religion generally, in response to recent institutional developments that have driven the Society of Biblical Literature and American Academy of Religion to hold separate meetings. The paper claims that Christian Origins scholarship suggests a series of cautions — about originary stories, the boundaries of traditions, and the predictability of historical developments — as well as some substantive contributions — regarding the desultory character of ‘‘religious’’ interventions, the role of narrative, and the input of intellectuals — to our views of religion that should be of interest to students of other data-sets. At the same time, and in some ways more to the point, it is incumbent upon those scholars of Christian Origins who aim to situate their scholarship within the larger field of the study of religion to be willing to generalize and not only to draw broad conclusions about the development and origins of ancient Christianity, but also to ensure that their own analyses and conclusions are, at least potentially, formulatable in terms of expansive generalizations about human behavior. Thus not only does the incorporation of Christian origins into the study of religion potentially add at least to the relevant data-set of the latter, but it may also be a way to enhance the responsibility and intelligibility of the former.

scholarly journals Satellite-derived sunshine duration data in the CM SAF SARAH-3 climate data record 

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaqueline Drücke ◽  
Uwe Pfeifroth ◽  
Jörg Trentmann ◽  
Rainer Hollmann
Keyword(s):  
Sunshine Duration ◽  
Climate Data ◽  
Surface Solar Radiation ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Climate Assessment ◽  
Climate Monitoring ◽  
Direct Normal Irradiance ◽  
Data Record ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Climate Data Record

<p>Sunshine Duration (SDU) is an important parameter in climate monitoring (e.g., due to the availability of long term measurements) and weather application. The exceptional sunny years in Europe since 2018 have raised also the attention of the general public towards this parameter.</p><p>The definition of SDU by WMO via the threshold of 120 W/m<sup>2</sup> for the Direct Normal Irradiance (DNI) allows the estimation of sunshine duration from satellite-derived surface irradiance data. Sunshine duration is part of the climate data record (CDR) “Surface Solar Radiation data set – Heliosat” (SARAH-2.1, doi: 10.5676/EUM_SAF_CM/SARAH/V002_01) by EUMETSAT Satellite Application Facility on Climate Monitoring (CM SAF), which is based on observations from the series of Meteosat satellites. The provided temporal resolutions are daily and monthly sums with a grid space of 0.05°; the data are available from 1983 to 2017 at www.cmsaf.eu. This climate data record is temporally extended by the so-called SARAH-ICDR (Interim Climate Data record) with an average timeliness of 3 days to allow climate monitoring. An updated, improved, and extended version of the SARAH-2.1 CDR is currently being developed and will be made available in early 2022. The SARAH-3 CDR of sunshine duration, covering 1983 to 2020, will be improved compared to the current version, in particular during situations with snow-covered surfaces.</p><p>Here, the algorithm, improvements compared to SARAH-2.1 and a first validation will be presented for sunshine duration, especially for Germany and Europe. The validation is based on station data from Climate Data Center (CDC) for Germany and European Climate Assessment & Dataset (ECA&D) for Europe.</p>

scholarly journals Effects of environmental factors on multiple ovulation of zebu donors

2006 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 567-574 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.G.C.D. Peixoto ◽  
J.A.G. Bergmann ◽  
C.G. Fonseca ◽  
V.M. Penna ◽  
C.S. Pereira
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Least Squares ◽  
Inbreeding Coefficient ◽  
Corpora Lutea ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Data Set ◽  
The Third ◽  
Multiple Ovulation ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Best Responses

Data on 1,294 superovulations of Brahman, Gyr, Guzerat and Nellore females were used to evaluate the effects of: breed; herd; year of birth; inbreeding coefficient and age at superovulation of the donor; month, season and year of superovulation; hormone source and dose; and the number of previous treatments on the superovulation results. Four data sets were considered to study the influence of donors’ elimination effect after each consecutive superovulation. Each one contained only records of the first, or of the two firsts, or three firsts or all superovulations. The average number of palpated corpora lutea per superovulation varied from 8.6 to 12.6. The total number of recovered structures and viable embryos ranged from 4.1 to 7.3 and from 7.3 to 13.8, respectively. Least squares means of the number of viable embryos at first superovulation were 7.8 ± 6.6 (Brahman), 3.7 ± 4.5 (Gyr), 6.1 ± 5.9 (Guzerat) and 5.2 ± 5.9 (Nellore). The numbers of viable embryos of the second and the third superovulations were not different from those of the first superovulation. The mean intervals between first and second superovulations were 91.8 days for Brahman, 101.8 days for Gyr, 93.1 days for Guzerat and 111.3 days for Nellore donors. Intervals between the second and the third superovulations were 134.3, 110.3, 116.4 and 108.5 days for Brahman, Gyr, Guzerat and Nellore donors, respectively. Effects of herd nested within breed and dose nested within hormone affected all traits. For some data sets, the effects of month and order of superovulation on three traits were importants. The maximum number of viable embryos was observed for 7-8 year-old donors. The best responses for corpora lutea and recovered structures were observed for 4-5 year-old donors. Inbreeding coefficient was positively associated to the number of recovered structures when data set on all superovulations was considered.

scholarly journals A method for merging nadir-sounding climate records, with an application to the global-mean stratospheric temperature data sets from SSU and AMSU

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (7) ◽  
pp. 10085-10122 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. McLandress ◽  
T. G. Shepherd ◽  
A. I. Jonsson ◽  
T. von Clarmann ◽  
B. Funke
Keyword(s):  
Climate Model ◽  
Michelson Interferometer ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Climate Data ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Stratospheric Temperature ◽  
Microwave Sounding Unit ◽  
Microwave Sounding ◽  
Climate Model Simulations ◽  
Global Mean

Abstract. A method is proposed for merging different nadir-sounding climate data records using measurements from high resolution limb sounders to provide a transfer function between the different nadir measurements. The nadir-sounding records need not be overlapping so long as the limb-sounding record bridges between them. The method is applied to global mean stratospheric temperatures from the NOAA Climate Data Records based on the Stratospheric Sounding Unit (SSU) and the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit-A (AMSU), extending the SSU record forward in time to yield a continuous data set from 1979 to present. SSU and AMSU are bridged using temperature measurements from the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS), which is of high enough vertical resolution to accurately represent the weighting functions of both SSU and AMSU. For this application, a purely statistical approach is not viable since the different nadir channels are not sufficiently linearly independent, statistically speaking. The extended SSU global-mean data set is in good agreement with temperatures from the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) on the Aura satellite, with both exhibiting a cooling trend of ~ 0.6 ± 0.3 K decade−1 in the upper stratosphere from 2004–2012. The extended SSU data set also compares well with chemistry-climate model simulations over its entire record, including the contrast between the weak cooling seen over 1995–2004 compared with the large cooling seen in the period 1986–1995 of strong ozone depletion.

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