scholarly journals Evidence for preferential protein depolymerization in wetland soils in response to external nitrogen availability provided by a novel FTIR routine

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 499-514 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hendrik Reuter ◽  
Julia Gensel ◽  
Marcus Elvert ◽  
Dominik Zak
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Nitrogen Availability ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
Wetland Soils ◽  
N Content ◽  
Sphagnum Peat ◽  
Microbial Carbon ◽  
C And N ◽  
Microbial C ◽  
Microbial N

Abstract. Phragmites australis litters were incubated in three waterlogged anoxic wetland soils of different nutrient status for 75 d, and litter nitrogen (N) dynamics were analyzed by elemental analyses and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). At the end of the incubation time, the N content in the remaining litter tissue had increased in most samples. Yet, the increase in N content was less pronounced when litters had been decomposed in a more-N-poor environment. FTIR was used to quantify the relative content of proteins in litter tissue and revealed a highly linear relationship between bulk N content and protein content. Changes in bulk N content thus paralleled and probably were governed by changes in litter protein content. Such changes are the result of two competing processes within decomposing litter: enzymatic protein depolymerization as a part of the litter breakdown process and microbial protein synthesis as a part of microbial biomass growth within the litter. Assuming microbial homeostasis, DNA signals in FTIR spectra were used to calculate the amount of microbial N in decomposed litter which ranged from 14 % to 42 % of the total litter N for all leaf samples. Microbial carbon (C) content and resultant calculated carbon use efficiencies (CUEs) indicate that microbial N in litter accumulated according to predictions of the stoichiometric decomposition theory. Subtracting microbial C and N contributions from litter, however, revealed site-dependent variations in the percentual amount of the remaining still-unprocessed plant N in litter compared to remaining plant C, an indicator for preferential protein depolymerization. For all leaf litters, the coefficient of preferential protein depolymerization (α), which relates N-compound depolymerization to C-compound depolymerization, ranged from 0.74–0.88 in a nutrient-rich detritus mud to 1.38–1.82 in Sphagnum peat, the most nutrient-poor substrate in this experiment. Preferential protein depolymerization from litter decomposing in Sphagnum peat leads to a gradual N depletion in the early phase of litter decomposition, which we propose as a preservation mechanism for vascular litter in Sphagnum peatlands.

scholarly journals Preferential protein depolymerization as a preservation mechanism for vascular litter decomposing in <i>Sphagnum</i> peat

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hendrik Reuter ◽  
Julia Gensel ◽  
Marcus Elvert ◽  
Dominik Zak
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Litter Breakdown ◽  
N Dynamics ◽  
N Content ◽  
Sphagnum Peat ◽  
Elemental Analyses ◽  
Microbial Carbon ◽  
C And N ◽  
Microbial C ◽  
Microbial N

Abstract. Nitrogen (N) dynamics in Phragmites australis litter due to anaerobic decomposition in three anoxic wetland substrates were analyzed by elemental analyses and infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). After 75 days of decomposition, a relative accumulation of bulk N was detected in most litters, but N accumulated less when decomposition took place in a more N-poor environment. FTIR was used to quantify the relative content of proteins in litter tissue and revealed a highly linear relationship between bulk N content and protein content. Changes in bulk N content thus paralleled and probably were governed by changes in litter protein content. Such changes are the result of two competing processes within decomposing litter: enzymatic protein depolymerization as a part of the litter breakdown process and microbial protein synthesis as a part of microbial biomass growth within the litter. Assuming microbial homeostasis, DNA signals in FTIR spectra were used to calculate the amount of microbial N in decomposed litter which ranged from 14 to 42 % of the total litter N for all leaf samples. Microbial carbon (C) content and resultant calculated carbon-use efficiencies (CUEs) indicate that microbial N in litter accumulated according to predictions of the stoichiometric decomposition theory. Subtracting microbial C- and N-contributions from litter, however, revealed decomposition site dependent variations in the percentual amount of remaining, still unprocessed plant N compared to remaining plant C, an indicator for preferential protein depolymerization. For all leaf litters, the coefficient of preferential protein depolymerization (α), which relates N-compound depolymerization to C-compound depolymerization, ranged from 0.74–0.88 in a nutrient-rich detritus mud to 1.38–1.82 in Sphagnum peat, the most nutrient-poor substrate in this experiment. Preferential protein depolymerization leads to a gradual N depletion of decomposing litter which we propose as a preservation mechanism for vascular litter decomposing in Sphagnum peat.

scholarly journals Bud Necrosis of Green Ash Nursery Trees Is Influenced by Nitrogen Availability and Fertilizer Type

2010 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 206-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolyn F. Scagel ◽  
Richard P. Regan ◽  
Guihong Bi
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Availability ◽  
Urea Formaldehyde ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Similar Amount ◽  
Green Ash ◽  
N Content ◽  
Ash Trees ◽  
Nursery Trees ◽  
C And N ◽  
N Status

A study was conducted to determine whether the nitrogen (N) status of nursery-grown green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica ‘Summit’) trees in the autumn is related to bud necrosis during the following spring. In 2005, different rates of N from urea formaldehyde (UF) or a controlled-release fertilizer (CRF) containing ammonium nitrate were applied during the growing season to green ash trees and leaves were sprayed or not with urea in the autumn. Biomass and N content was determined in Autumn 2005 and Spring 2006, and stem biomass and bud necrosis were evaluated for necrosis in Spring 2006. Trees with low N content in Autumn 2005 grew less in Spring 2006 but bud necrosis was more prevalent on trees grown at the highest N rate. Compared with trees grown with a similar amount of N from UF, growing trees with CRF altered N allocation in 2005 and the relationship between carbon (C) and N dynamics (import, export, and metabolism) in stems in 2006. Additionally, trees grown with CRF had less total shoot biomass in Spring 2006 and more bud failure than trees grown with a similar N rate from UF. Significant relationships between bud failure and N status and C/N ratios in different tissues suggest that a combination of tree N status and the balance between N and C in certain tissues plays a role in the occurrence of bud failure of green ash trees in the spring.

Dynamics of microbial-C, N-flush and ATP, and enzyme activities of gradually dried soils from a climosequence

Soil Research ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 519 ◽  
Author(s):  
AW West ◽  
GP Sparling ◽  
TW Speir ◽  
JM Wood
Keyword(s):  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Total Change ◽  
Moisture Regimes ◽  
Substrate Induced Respiration ◽  
C And N ◽  
Microbial C ◽  
Soil Phosphatase ◽  
Microbial N

Three silt loam soils from a climosequence (1000-2700 mm annual rainfall) were gradually dried from field moisture content to air-dryness at 25�C in the laboratory. Microbial C measured by substrate-induced respiration (SIR), fumigation-incubation (FI) or fumigation-extraction (FE), microbial N-flush measured by FI and FE, microbial ATP content and soil phosphatase and sulfatase activities were monitored throughout the drying period (approx. 60 h). All indices declined as the gravimetric soil water content (W) decreased until reaching air-dryness. Significant declines in the biomass sometimes occurred only following a large decrease in W, dependent on the soil. In general, when microbial C and N-flush declined, the rates of decline were linearly correlated with W. However, ATP and soil phosphatase were exponentially related to W. When expressed as a ratio of the total change in microbial indices against the total change in W for the whole drying period, the ratios were consistent between the soils. Agreement between the SIR and FE estimates of microbial C, whilst significant (r = 0 58***), was poor, especially for the low rainfall soil, although the FE C- and N-flushes correlated well (r = 0-76***). In contrast, the FI C- and N-flushes correlated very poorly (r = 0.30**) and were not significantly correlated with W or the other indices. ATP and soil phosphatase activity were strongly correlated (r = 0.89***). The reliability of the methods and the influence of soil moisture regimes on microbial survival are discussed.

Comparison of microbial C, N-flush and ATP, and certain enzyme activities of different textured soils subject to gradual drying

Soil Research ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 217 ◽  
Author(s):  
AW West ◽  
GP Sparling ◽  
TW Speir ◽  
JM Wood
Keyword(s):  
Soil Texture ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Fe Method ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Substrate Induced Respiration ◽  
C And N ◽  
Microbial C ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Microbial N

A clay loam, a silt loam and a sand soil were gradually dried from field moisture content to air-dryness at 25�C in the laboratory. Microbial C measured by substrate-induced respiration (SIR), fumigation-incubation (FI) and fumigation-extraction (FE), microbial N-flush measured by FI and FE, microbial ATP content, and soil phosphatase and sulfatase activities were monitored throughout a drying period of approx. 60 h achieved over 16 days. All the microbial and enzyme variables declined as the gravimetric soil water content ( W) decreased to air-dryness. In general, the relationship between microbial C or N-flush and W was linear, but was exponential between ATP or phosphatase and W. Soil texture appeared to affect the rates of decline and also the amounts of the microbial and enzyme variables remaining in air-dry soil; e.g., the lowest rate of microbial C decline and the largest amount remaining at air-dryness occurred in the clay loam soil. Sulfatase activity was not significantly affected by soil drying. Agreement between the SIR and FE estimates of microbial C was good (r = 0.92***). These two methods were applicable over a wide range of water contents. Microbial N-flush, estimated by the FE method, also showed a consistent trend and correlated highly with microbial C estimated by SIR or FE. In contrast, microbial C and N-flush estimated by the FI method were not significantly correlated with W or any of the other variables. ATP and phosphatase activity appeared to relate more closely to microbial activity (CO2 respiration/microbial C) than microbial mass. The reliability of the methods to measure the biomass and the influence of soil texture, water and carbon contents on microbial survival are discussed.

scholarly journals Deadwood-Inhabiting Bacteria Show Adaptations to Changing Carbon and Nitrogen Availability During Decomposition

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vojtěch Tláskal ◽  
Petr Baldrian
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Biomass ◽  
Nitrogen Availability ◽  
Nitrite Reduction ◽  
Content Increase ◽  
Natural Forests ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Fungal Cell ◽  
N Content ◽  
Gene Sets ◽  
C And N

Deadwood decomposition is responsible for a significant amount of carbon (C) turnover in natural forests. While fresh deadwood contains mainly plant compounds and is extremely low in nitrogen (N), fungal biomass and N content increase during decomposition. Here, we examined 18 genome-sequenced bacterial strains representing the dominant deadwood taxa to assess their adaptations to C and N utilization in deadwood. Diverse gene sets for the efficient decomposition of plant and fungal cell wall biopolymers were found in Acidobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria. In contrast to these groups, Alphaproteobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria contained fewer carbohydrate-active enzymes and depended either on low-molecular-mass C sources or on mycophagy. This group, however, showed rich gene complements for N2 fixation and nitrate/nitrite reduction—key assimilatory and dissimilatory steps in the deadwood N cycle. We show that N2 fixers can obtain C independently from either plant biopolymers or fungal biomass. The succession of bacteria on decomposing deadwood reflects their ability to cope with the changing quality of C-containing compounds and increasing N content.

Soil microbial biomass and microbial and mineralizable N in a clear-cut chronosequence on northern Vancouver Island, British Columbia

1995 ◽  
Vol 25 (10) ◽  
pp. 1595-1607 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott X. Chang ◽  
Gordon F. Weetman ◽  
Caroline M. Preston
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Biomass ◽  
Vancouver Island ◽  
Old Growth ◽  
Clear Cutting ◽  
Old Growth Forest ◽  
Mineralizable N ◽  
Old Growth Forests ◽  
C And N ◽  
Microbial C ◽  
Microbial N

We studied the dynamics of microbial biomass and nitrogen in old-growth forests and in 3- and 10-year-old plantations established after clear-cutting and slash burning of old-growth western red cedar (Thujaplicata Donn ex D. Don)–western hemlock (Tsugaheterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) stands on northern Vancouver Island. Ten-year-old plantations, after initially growing well, were experiencing declining growth rates. Three forest floor layers: F (fermentation), woody F (Fw), and H (humus) were sampled four times in May, July, August, and October of 1992. Moisture content was significantly greater in the old-growth forests than in the plantations for F on July 16 (p < 0.05) and Fw (p < 0.10), but was not significantly different for H. Microbial biomass C and N were relatively constant throughout the sampling period, resulting in nonsignificant date effects. Microbial C content was in the order: old-growth forests > 10-year-old plantations > 3-year-old plantations. Microbial N content was significantly greater in the old-growth forest than in the young plantations for both F (p < 0.001) and H (p < 0.05) but was not different between the plantations. Therefore, the hypothesis that the microbial biomass acted as a net sink in the 10-year-old plantations by immobilizing N into the microbial N pool is rejected. Microbial C/N ratios were greater (p < 0.05) in the 10-year-old plantations than in the old-growth forests and in the 3-year-old plantations in H and on July 16 in F, indicating that microbial competition for N was probably a factor in the growth declining in the 10-year-old plantations. Extractable C and N and mineralizable N were generally higher in the old-growth forests than in the 3-year-old plantations and higher in the 3-year-old than in the 10-year-old plantations. As a result of better nutritional conditions, tree and understory foliage in the 3-year-old plantations had higher N concentrations and lower C/N ratios than in the 10-year-old plantations. Trees in the 10-year-old plantations displayed chlorotic symptoms and slow growth which were not observed in the 3-year-old plantations.

scholarly journals Perennial herbaceous legumes as live soil mulches and their effects on C, N and P of the microbial biomass

2003 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 139-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gustavo Pereira Duda ◽  
José Guilherme Marinho Guerra ◽  
Marcela Teixeira Monteiro ◽  
Helvécio De-Polli ◽  
Marcelo Grandi Teixeira
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Biomass ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Vegetation Management ◽  
Pueraria Phaseoloides ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Arachis Pintoi ◽  
Factorial Combination ◽  
C And N ◽  
Microbial C ◽  
Macroptilium Atropurpureum

The use of living mulch with legumes is increasing but the impact of this management technique on the soil microbial pool is not well known. In this work, the effect of different live mulches was evaluated in relation to the C, N and P pools of the microbial biomass, in a Typic Alfisol of Seropédica, RJ, Brazil. The field experiment was divided in two parts: the first, consisted of treatments set in a 2 x 2 x 4 factorial combination of the following factors: live mulch species (Arachis pintoi and Macroptilium atropurpureum), vegetation management after cutting (leaving residue as a mulch or residue remotion from the plots) and four soil depths. The second part had treatments set in a 4 x 2 x 2 factorial combination of the following factors: absence of live mulch, A. pintoi, Pueraria phaseoloides, and M. atropurpureum, P levels (0 and 88 kg ha-1) and vegetation management after cutting. Variation of microbial C was not observed in relation to soil depth. However, the amount of microbial P and N, water soluble C, available C, and mineralizable C decreased with soil depth. Among the tested legumes, Arachis pintoi promoted an increase of microbial C and available C content of the soil, when compared to the other legume species (Pueraria phaseoloides and Macroptilium atropurpureum). Keeping the shoot as a mulch promoted an increase on soil content of microbial C and N, total organic C and N, and organic C fractions, indicating the importance of this practice to improve soil fertility.

scholarly journals Effects of Life-form and Plants Functional Traits on Carbon, Nitrogen and Sulfur Distributed in Different Parts in Dry Region of Western India

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Genda Singh ◽  
Bilas Singh
Keyword(s):  
Functional Traits ◽  
Life Form ◽  
Life Forms ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Western India ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
N Content ◽  
Medicinal Uses ◽  
Leguminous Species ◽  
C And N

Abstract Background: Plants adapt to adverse environmental conditions accumulate varying concentrations of carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) compounds to cope up with adverse climatic conditions. Carbon, N and S concentrations were determined in roots, stem and leaves of 33 species of trees/shrubs with objectives to observe the effects of life-form and plants functional traits, and select species with high concentration of these elements for their utilization in afforestation and medicinal uses. Results: Concentrations of C, N, and S and C: N and N: S ratio varied (P<0.05) between species, organs, life-forms and functional traits (legume vs non-legume). These variables were higher (except C in roots and stem) in trees than shrubs, and in leguminous than non-leguminous species. Non-leguminous species showed high S content and low N: S ratio. Antagonistic and synergistic relations were observed between C and N, and N and S concentration respectively. Species showed varying potential in assimilating carbon by regulating uptake and accumulation of these elements in different organs making them adapt to the habitats affected by drought and salinity. We observed strong plant size/life-form effects on C and N content and C: N and N: S ratios and of function on S content. Conclusions: Life-form/size and varying functions of the species determined C: nutrient ratio and elemental composition and helped adapting varying environmental stresses. This study assist in selecting species of high carbon, nitrogen and S content to utilize them in afforesting the areas affected by water and salt stresses, increased carbon storage and species with high S/N content in medicinal uses.

Release of ninhydrin-reactive compounds during fumigation of soil to estimate microbial C and N

1993 ◽  
Vol 25 (12) ◽  
pp. 1803-1805 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.P. Sparlig ◽  
V.V.S.R. Gupta ◽  
Chunya Zhu
Keyword(s):  
C And N ◽  
Microbial C

scholarly journals The Unexploited Potential of Nutrient Analysis in Potato Tissues at the Onset of Tuberization for Tuber Yield Prediction

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 103
Author(s):  
Witold Grzebisz ◽  
Karolina Frąckowiak ◽  
Jarosław Potarzycki ◽  
Jean Diatta ◽  
Witold Szczepaniak
Keyword(s):  
Opposite Effect ◽  
Tuber Yield ◽  
Seasonal Pattern ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
Reliable Prediction ◽  
N Content ◽  
Nutrient Analysis ◽  
Potato Tuberization ◽  
N Rates ◽  
Yield Decrease

Nutrient analysis of potato leaves in early growth is not sufficient for a reliable prediction of tuber yield. This hypothesis was verified based on a field experiment conducted during 2006–2008. The experimental factors were: nitrogen (N) rates (60, 120 kg ha−1), fertilizers (Urea, Urea + inhibitor—NBPT ([N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide]), and sulfur rates (0, 50 kg ha−1). Plant material for nutrient determination (N, P, K, Mg, Ca, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu), which included leaves, stems, and stolons + roots (R+S), was sampled at BBCH 39/40. The marketable tuber yield (MTY) was in the ranges of 43–75, 44–70, and 24–38 t ha−1, in 2006, 2007, and 2008, respectively. The MTY and contents of N, Zn, and Cu, irrespective of the potato tissue, showed the same seasonal pattern, reaching the lowest values in the dry 2008. The N content in stems was the best tuber yield predictor. A shortage of K in stems and Mg and Cu in R+S, due to the opposite effect of Ca, reduced the N content. An N:Ca ratio in stems greater than 10:1 resulted in yield decrease. A reliable indication of nutrients limiting the tuber yield at the onset of potato tuberization requires data on the nutrient status in both leaves and stems.

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