scholarly journals Latitudinal patterns in the concentrations of biologically utilised elements in the surface ocean

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daisy Pickup ◽  
Toby Tyrrell
Keyword(s):  
Surface Waters ◽  
Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Dissolved Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
High Latitudes ◽  
Surface Ocean ◽  
Deep Waters ◽  
Latitudinal Patterns ◽  
Western Arctic

Abstract. Understanding of controls on the spatial distributions of chemical elements in the surface ocean has improved over time. Macronutrients were understood first, followed by dissolved inorganic carbon and alkalinity. Utilising data collected in the Atlantic by the ongoing GEOTRACES programme, controls can now start to be investigated for other elements. Here we investigate the generality of the rule that, in surface waters, higher concentrations occur at higher latitudes. Our analyses of Atlantic GEOTRACES data show that, after salinity normalisation, all biologically utilised elements except iron follow this rule (ρ ≥ 0.45). Most elements (nitrate, phosphate, cadmium, barium, and nickel) are even more strongly correlated (ρ > 0.6) with latitude. We attribute this pattern to upwelling and/or entrainment of deep water at high latitudes. Although only Atlantic data was analysed here, we predict that this rule will be found to hold true for all oceans in which surface and deep waters exchange more readily at high latitudes. The rule does not hold in the central western Arctic Ocean, where a year-round strong halocline prevents exchange of surface and deep waters.

scholarly journals Radiocarbon in Annual Coral Rings of Belize and Florida

Radiocarbon ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 363-371 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen M Druffel
Keyword(s):  
Surface Waters ◽  
Gulf Stream ◽  
Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Dissolved Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Coral Growth ◽  
Surface Ocean ◽  
Montastrea Annularis ◽  
History Of ◽  
Florida Straits

Radiocarbon measurements on a 109-year-old (1868-1977) core of Montastrea annularis coral from Glover Reef, Belize, in the Gulf of Honduras, reveal uptake of fossil fuel CO2 and bomb 14C by surface ocean waters. The history of Δ14C values revealed by this Belize growth agree remarkably well with results for coral growth from the Florida Straits. It is concluded that these corals are reliable recorders of 14C concentrations of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIOC) in surface waters representative of the Gulf Stream.

scholarly journals Biocalcification by Emiliania huxleyi in batch culture experiments

2008 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 251-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. de Bodt ◽  
J. Harlay ◽  
L. Chou
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
General Feature ◽  
Emiliania Huxleyi ◽  
Particle Aggregation ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Batch Experiments ◽  
Saturation State ◽  
Widespread Species ◽  
Surface Ocean ◽  
Deep Waters

AbstractCoccolithophores, among which Emiliania huxleyi is the most abundant and widespread species, are considered the most productive calcifying organism on earth. The export of organic carbon and calcification are the main drivers of the biological CO2 pump and are expected to change with oceanic acidification. Coccolithophores are further known to produce transparent exopolymer particles (TEP) that promote particle aggregation. As a result, the TEP and biogenic calcium carbonate (CaCO3) contribute to the export of carbon from the surface ocean to deep waters. In this context, we followed the development and the decline of E. huxleyi using batch experiments with monospecific cultures. We studied the link between different processes such as photosynthesis, calcification and the production of TEP. The onset of calcification was delayed in relation to photosynthesis. The timing and the general feature of the dynamics of calcification were closely related to the saturation state of seawater with respect to calcite, Ωcal. The production of TEP was enhanced after the decline of phytoplankton growth. After nutrient exhaustion, particulate organic carbon (POC) concentration increased linearly with increasing TEP concentration, suggesting that TEP contributes to the POC increase. The production of CaCO3 is also strongly correlated with that of TEP, suggesting that calcification may be considered as a source of TEP precursors.

The dependence on temperature and salinity of dissolved inorganic carbon in East Atlantic surface waters

1999 ◽  
Vol 65 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 263-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dorothee C.E Bakker ◽  
Hein J.W de Baar ◽  
Edwin de Jong
Keyword(s):  
Surface Waters ◽  
Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Dissolved Inorganic Carbon ◽  
East Atlantic

Long-term variation in dissolved inorganic carbon and ocean acidification indices in the Northwest Pacific from 1993 to 2018: A study of a biogeochemical model with an operational ocean model product and observational evidence

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miho Ishizu ◽  
Yasumasa Miyazawa ◽  
Xinyu Guo
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Dissolved Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Kuroshio Extension ◽  
Vertical Mixing ◽  
Ocean Model ◽  
Biogeochemical Model ◽  
Northwest Pacific ◽  
Subarctic Region ◽  
Surface Ocean

Abstract The multi-decadal variation in ocean acidification indices in the Northwest Pacific was examined using a biogeochemical model with an operational ocean model product for the period 1993–2018. We found that ocean acidification varied regionally in the Northwest Pacific. The surface ocean (above 100 m depth) underwent acidification that progressed more quickly in the subtropical region and the Kuroshio extension than in the subarctic region due to vertical mixing of the dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) supply exceeding DIC release by air–sea exchange. Below 100 m depth, acidification and alkalinization occurred in the subtropical and subarctic regions, respectively. We attribute these regional differences in acidification and alkalinization to spatially variable biological processes in the upper layer and physical redistribution of DIC, both horizontally and vertically.

scholarly journals What drives the latitudinal gradient in open-ocean surface dissolved inorganic carbon concentration?

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (13) ◽  
pp. 2661-2681 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yingxu Wu ◽  
Mathis P. Hain ◽  
Matthew P. Humphreys ◽  
Sue Hartman ◽  
Toby Tyrrell
Keyword(s):  
Southern Ocean ◽  
High Latitude ◽  
Latitudinal Gradient ◽  
Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Dissolved Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Latitudinal Gradients ◽  
Total Alkalinity ◽  
Global Ocean ◽  
Low Latitude ◽  
Surface Ocean

Abstract. Previous work has not led to a clear understanding of the causes of spatial pattern in global surface ocean dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), which generally increases polewards. Here, we revisit this question by investigating the drivers of observed latitudinal gradients in surface salinity-normalized DIC (nDIC) using the Global Ocean Data Analysis Project version 2 (GLODAPv2) database. We used the database to test three different hypotheses for the driver producing the observed increase in surface nDIC from low to high latitudes. These are (1) sea surface temperature, through its effect on the CO2 system equilibrium constants, (2) salinity-related total alkalinity (TA), and (3) high-latitude upwelling of DIC- and TA-rich deep waters. We find that temperature and upwelling are the two major drivers. TA effects generally oppose the observed gradient, except where higher values are introduced in upwelled waters. Temperature-driven effects explain the majority of the surface nDIC latitudinal gradient (182 of the 223 µmol kg−1 increase from the tropics to the high-latitude Southern Ocean). Upwelling, which has not previously been considered as a major driver, additionally drives a substantial latitudinal gradient. Its immediate impact, prior to any induced air–sea CO2 exchange, is to raise Southern Ocean nDIC by 220 µmol kg−1 above the average low-latitude value. However, this immediate effect is transitory. The long-term impact of upwelling (brought about by increasing TA), which would persist even if gas exchange were to return the surface ocean to the same CO2 as without upwelling, is to increase nDIC by 74 µmol kg−1 above the low-latitude average.

scholarly journals CO<sub>2</sub> perturbation experiments: similarities and differences between dissolved inorganic carbon and total alkalinity manipulations

2009 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 4441-4462 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. G. Schulz ◽  
J. Barcelos e Ramos ◽  
R. E. Zeebe ◽  
U. Riebesell
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Dissolved Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Total Alkalinity ◽  
Carbonate Chemistry ◽  
Surface Ocean ◽  
Seawater Carbonate Chemistry ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

Abstract. Increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) through human activities and invasion of anthropogenic CO2 into the surface ocean alters the seawater carbonate chemistry, increasing CO2 and bicarbonate (HCO3

scholarly journals Robotic observations of high wintertime carbon export in California coastal waters

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 3109-3129 ◽  
Author(s):  
James K. B. Bishop ◽  
Michael B. Fong ◽  
Todd J. Wood
Keyword(s):  
Surface Waters ◽  
Coastal Waters ◽  
Carbon Flux ◽  
Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Dissolved Inorganic Carbon ◽  
High Surface ◽  
Carbon Export ◽  
Santa Barbara ◽  
San Pedro ◽  
Mesopelagic Zone

Abstract. Biologically mediated particulate organic and inorganic carbon (POC and PIC) export from surface waters is the principal determinant of the vertical oceanic distribution of pH and dissolved inorganic carbon and thus sets the conditions for air–sea exchange of CO2; exported organic matter also provides the energy fueling communities in the mesopelagic zone. However, observations are temporally and spatially sparse. Here we report the first hourly-resolved optically quantified POC and PIC sedimentation rate time series from an autonomous Lagrangian Carbon Flux Explorer (CFE), which monitored particle flux using an imaging optical sedimentation recorder (OSR) at depths below 140 m in the Santa Cruz Basin, CA, in May 2012, and in January and March 2013. Highest POC vertical flux ( ∼  100–240 mmol C m−2 d−1) occurred in January, when most settling material was millimeter- to centimeter-sized aggregates but when surface biomass was low; fluxes were  ∼  18 and  ∼  6 mmol C m−2 d−1, respectively, in March and May, under high surface biomass conditions. An unexpected discovery was that January 2013 fluxes measured by CFE were 20 times higher than that measured by simultaneously deployed surface-tethered OSR; multiple lines of evidence indicate strong undersampling of aggregates larger than 1 mm in the latter case. Furthermore, the January 2013 CFE fluxes were about 10 times higher than observed during multiyear sediment trap observations in the nearby Santa Barbara and San Pedro basins. The strength of carbon export in biologically dynamic California coastal waters is likely underestimated by at least a factor of 3 and at times by a factor of 20.

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