scholarly journals Evolution of ancient Lake Ohrid: a tectonic perspective

2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (10) ◽  
pp. 3377-3386 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Hoffmann ◽  
K. Reicherter ◽  
T. Fernández-Steeger ◽  
C. Grützner
Keyword(s):  
Hydrothermal Activity ◽  
Normal Faults ◽  
Lake Ohrid ◽  
Tectonic History ◽  
Neogene Sediments ◽  
History Of ◽  
Basin Formation ◽  
Hazard Level ◽  
Yugoslavian Republic ◽  
Tectonic Features

Abstract. Lake Ohrid Basin is a graben structure situated in the Dinarides at the border of the Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) and Albania. It hosts one of the oldest lakes in Europe and is characterized by a basin and range-like geological setting together with the halfgraben basins of Korca, Erseka and Debar. The basin is surrounded by Paleozoic metamorphics in the northeast and north and Mesozoic ultramafic, carbonatic and magmatic rocks in the east, northwest, west and south. Paleocene to Pliocene units are present in the southwest. With the basin development, Neogene sediments from Pliocene to recent deposited in the lows. There are three major deformation phases: (A) NW–SE shortening from Late Cretaceous to Miocene; (B) uplift and diminishing compression during Messinian – Pliocene; (C) vertical uplift and (N)E–(S)W extension from Pliocene to recent led to the basin formation. Neotectonic activity of the study area concentrates on N–S trending normal faults that bound the Ohrid Basin eastwards and westwards. Seismic activity with moderate to strong events is documented during the last 2000 yrs; the seismic hazard level is among the highest in Albania and Macedonia. Activity of the youngest faults is evidenced by earthquake data and field observations. Morphotectonic features like fault scarps, a stepped series of active normal faults, deformed paleosols, a wind gap and fault-related hydrothermal activity are preserved around Lake Ohrid and allow delineating the tectonic history. It is shown that the Lake Ohrid Basin can be characterized as a seismogenic landscape. This paper presents a tectonic history of the Lake Ohrid Basin and describes tectonic features that are preserved in the recent landscape. The analysis of morphotectonic features is used to derive the deformation history. The stratigraphy of the area is summarized and concentrates on the main units.

scholarly journals Evolution of ancient Lake Ohrid: a tectonic perspective

2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 4641-4664 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Hoffmann ◽  
K. Reicherter ◽  
T. Fernández-Steeger ◽  
C. Grützner
Keyword(s):  
Balkan Peninsula ◽  
Hydrothermal Activity ◽  
Normal Faults ◽  
Lake Ohrid ◽  
Tectonic History ◽  
Half Graben ◽  
Neogene Sediments ◽  
Basin Formation ◽  
Hazard Level ◽  
Yugoslavian Republic

Abstract. Lake Ohrid Basin is a graben structure situated in the Dinarides at the border of the Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) and Albania. It hosts one of the oldest lakes in Europe and is characterized by a basin and range-like geological setting together with the half-graben basins of Korca, Erseka and Debar. The basin is surrounded by Palaeozoic metamorphics in the northeast and north and Mesozoic ultramafic, carbonatic and magmatic rocks in the east, northwest, west and south. Palaeocene to Pliocene units are present in the southwest. With the basin development, Neogene sediments from Pliocene to recent deposited in the lows. Three major deformation phases lead to the basin formation: A) NW–SE shortening from Late Cretaceous to Miocene; B) uplift and diminishing compression during Messinian - Pliocene; C) vertical uplift and (N)E–(S)W extension from Pliocene to recent. Neotectonic activity of the study area concentrates on N–S trending normal faults that flank the Ohrid Basin on the east and west. Seismic activity with moderate to strong events is documented during the last 2000 y; the seismic hazard level is among the highest of the Balkan Peninsula. Activity of the youngest faults is evidenced by earthquake data and field observations. Morphotectonic features like a wind-gap, fault scarps, a stepped series of active normal faults, deformed palaeosols, and fault-related hydrothermal activity are preserved around Lake Ohrid and allow delineating the tectonic history. It is shown that the Lake Ohrid Basin can be characterized as a seismogenic landscape. This paper presents a tectonic history of the Lake Ohrid Basin and describes tectonic features that are preserved in the recent landscape. The analysis of morphotectonic features is used to derive the deformation history. The stratigraphy of the area is summarized and concentrates on the main units.

scholarly journals Late Cretaceous to Paleogene post-obduction extension and subsequent Neogene compression in the Oman Mountains

GeoArabia ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 17-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Fournier ◽  
Claude Lepvrier ◽  
Philippe Razin ◽  
Laurent Jolivet
Keyword(s):  
Late Cretaceous ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Early Miocene ◽  
Normal Faults ◽  
Zagros Mountains ◽  
Lower Eocene ◽  
Oman Mountains ◽  
Tectonic History ◽  
History Of ◽  
Arabian Platform

ABSTRACT After the obduction of the Semail ophiolitic nappe onto the Arabian Platform in the Late Cretaceous, north Oman underwent several phases of extension before being affected by compression in the framework of the Arabia-Eurasia convergence. A tectonic survey, based on structural analysis of fault-slip data in the post-nappe units of the Oman Mountains, allowed us to identify major events of the Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic tectonic history of northern Oman. An early ENE-WSW extensional phase is indicated by synsedimentary normal faults in the Upper Cretaceous to lower Eocene formations. This extensional phase, which immediately followed ductile extension and exhumation of high-pressure rocks in the Saih Hatat region of the Oman Mountains, is associated with large-scale normal faulting in the northeast Oman margin and the development of the Abat Basin. A second extensional phase, recorded in lower Oligocene formations and only documented by minor structures, is characterized by NNE (N20°E) and NW (N150°E) oriented extensions. It is interpreted as the far-field effect of the Oligocene-Miocene rifting in the Gulf of Aden. A late E-W to NE-SW directed compressional phase started in the late Oligocene or early Miocene, shortly after the collision in the Zagros Mountains. It is attested by folding, and strike-slip and reverse faulting in the Cenozoic series. The direction of compression changed from ENE-WSW in the Early Miocene to almost N-S in the Pliocene.

The Volsci Volcanic Field (central Italy): Anatomy of a tectonically controlled, carbonate-seated, volcanic activity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanni Luca Cardello ◽  
Fabrizio Marra ◽  
Danilo Palladino ◽  
Lorenzo Consorti ◽  
Mario Gaeta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Late Phase ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Volcanic Field ◽  
Normal Faults ◽  
High Angle ◽  
Fold And Thrust Belt ◽  
History Of ◽  
Magma System ◽  
Tectonic Features ◽  
Eruptive Centers

<p>The Quaternary Volsci Volcanic Field (VVF) represents one of the products of the west-directed subduction of the Adriatic slab that drove the development of the Apennine mountain belt in central Italy. Here, we present new results on the eruptive history and the diatreme processes of exemplar tectonically controlled carbonate-seated maar-diatreme volcanoes. The VVF is defined by phreatomagmatic surge deposits, rich in accidental carbonate lithics, and subordinate Strombolian scoria fall deposits and lava flows, locally sourced from some tens of monogenetic eruptive centers, mostly consisting of small volume (0.01-0.1 km3) tuff rings and scoria cones. In light of new 40Ar/39Ar geochronological data and compositional characterization of juvenile eruptive products, we refine the history of VVF activity and envisage the implications on the pre-eruptive magma system and the continental subduction processes involved. Leucite-bearing, high-K (HKS) magmas mostly fed the early phase of activity (∼761–539 ka); primitive, plagioclase-bearing (KS) magmas appeared during the climactic phase (∼424–349 ka), partially overlapping with HKS ones, and then prevailed during the late phase of activity (∼300–231 ka). As the volcanic centers cluster along high-angle faults, we investigate the relationships between faulting and explosive magma-water interaction, as well as the distribution pattern of the eruptive centers. New field data allowed to retrieve the fold-and-thrust belt structure associated with the eruptive centers. Analysis of componentry, grain-size, degrees of whiteness and roundness of carbonate lithic inclusions, along with their micropaleontological features, has allowed to establish volcano tectonic correlations. In our interpretation, the clustering of eruptive centers is controlled by tectonic features. Specifically, a first order control is tentatively related to crustal laceration and deep magma injection along a ENE-trending Quaternary lateral tear in the slab and to Mesozoic rift-related normal faults. A second-order control is provided by orogenic structures (mainly thrust and extensional faults). In particular, magma-water explosive interaction occurred at multiple levels (< 2.3 km depth), depending on the structural setting of the Albian-Cenomanian aquifer-bearing carbonates, which are intersected by high-angle faults. The progressive comminution, rounding and whitening of entrained carbonate lithics allow us to trace multistage diatreme processes. Finally, our findings bear implications on volcanic hazard assessment in the densely populated (> 0.4 million people) areas of the Volsci Range and adjoining Pontina Plain and Middle Latin Valley.</p>

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF THE WICHITA UPLIFT AND STRUCTURES IN THE ANADARKO BASIN, SOUTHERN OKLAHOMA

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Molly Turko ◽  
Shankar Mitra
Keyword(s):  
Normal Faults ◽  
Anadarko Basin ◽  
Tectonic History ◽  
Arbuckle Group ◽  
Southern Oklahoma ◽  
Northwestern Margin ◽  
History Of ◽  
Regional Stresses ◽  
Surface Geology ◽  
2D And 3D

We have constructed regional structural transects across the Wichita Uplift and adjacent Anadarko Basin to show the relationship between thick-skinned basement-involved structures and thin-skinned detached fold-thrust structures. Slip from the basement-involved structures in the Wichita Uplift is transferred along two major detachments into the Anadarko Basin. Our interpretation is that along the northwestern margin, the Wichita Uplift is marked by a zone of frontal imbricates forming a triangular wedge with most of the slip dissipated along the Wichita front. Paleozoic units show tight folding with overturned beds in the frontal zone. The uplift is episodic as indicated by the truncation of major faults along unconformities and their subsequent reactivation. In contrast, along the southeast margin, a significant part of the slip is transferred into structures in the Anadarko Basin. These structures are tight faulted-detachment folds that formed above a major detachment within the Springer Shale, cored by broader structures detaching at the base of the Arbuckle Group. Examples include the Carter-Knox, Cement-Chickasha, and Cruce structures. Oblique faults with normal and strike-slip components cut some of these structures, resulting in more complex geometries. We propose that pre-existing normal faults of Precambrian-Cambrian age were either reactivated along the Wichita Uplift, or controlled the location of the Pennsylvanian age structures in the Anadarko Basin. Progressive rotation of regional stresses from northeast-southwest to a more east-northeast-west-southwest direction during the Pennsylvanian impacted the tectonic history of the area. We used 2D and 3D seismic, well log data, and surface geology were used to evaluate the structural styles and tectonic evolution of the Wichita Uplift and the Anadarko Basin.

Tectonic history of the Queen Charlotte Islands and adjacent areas—a model

1981 ◽  
Vol 18 (11) ◽  
pp. 1717-1739 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. Yorath ◽  
R. L. Chase
Keyword(s):  
Fault Zone ◽  
Upper Jurassic ◽  
Normal Faults ◽  
Queen Charlotte Islands ◽  
Tectonic History ◽  
History Of ◽  
Middle Component ◽  
High Level ◽  
Paleozoic Rocks ◽  
Alexander Terrane

The region including Queen Charlotte Islands, Hecate Strait, and Queen Charlotte Sound is underlain by two allochthonous terranes, Wrangellia and the Alexander terrane. The suture between them occurs in central Graham Island and central Hecate Strait and is coincident with the traces of the Sandspit and Rennell Sound fault zones, each of which developed in response to crustal rifting in Queen Charlotte Sound during mid-Tertiary time.The stratigraphic succession comprises four tectonic assemblages. (1) The allochthonous assemblages comprise Paleozoic rocks of the Alexander terrane and Upper Triassic and Jurassic rocks of Wrangellia, which on the basis of paleomagnetic and biogeographical data are clearly exotic. The distribution of these terranes beneath Queen Charlotte Sound and Hecate Strait is supported by geophysical information and subsurface data obtained from offshore wells. (2) The suture assemblage is represented by extremely coarse conglomerates, massive graywackes, and turbidites of Early Cretaceous age, and possibly by Upper Jurassic plutons. (3) The post-suture assemblage is expressed by the tripartite succession of the mid- to Upper Cretaceous Queen Charlotte Group whose middle component, the Honna Formation, comprises polymictic conglomerates that may have resulted from the final accretion of the amalgamated crustal fragments of the Alexander Terrane and Wrangellia to the continental margin. (4) The rift assemblage is expressed by mid- to upper Tertiary volcanics, epizonal plutons, and terrigenous clastics. Rifting is believed to have occurred in Queen Charlotte Sound above a mantle plume and resulted in crustal attenuation through development of listric, crustal-penetrative normal faults, and concurrent extrusion of subaerial volcanics and emplacement of high-level plutons. The attenuation caused northward motion of the Queen Charlotte Islands along the Louscoone Inlet – Sandspit fault zone and subsidence in Queen Charlotte Sound where Lower Miocene marine sediments were deposited within the rift zone. Later, additional rifting in southern Hecate Strait resulted in the reactivation of the old suture zone, manifest as the Rennell Sound fault zone. Concurrent with continued terrigenous deposition and volcanism, the Queen Charlotte Islands moved northwesterly along the Rennell Sound Fault, which disrupted the earlier fault trend. The final rotation of the islands to their modern position was accomplished through left-lateral motion along the Beresford Bay and Langara Faults.

scholarly journals Analysis of Palaeogene strike-slip tectonics along the southern East Greenland margin (Sødalen area)

1969 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 65-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierpaolo Guarnieri
Keyword(s):  
Structural Data ◽  
Field Work ◽  
Strike Slip ◽  
Normal Faults ◽  
Large Area ◽  
East Greenland ◽  
Tectonic History ◽  
History Of ◽  
Host Rocks ◽  
Greenland Margin

This paper describes structural data collected during field work in southern East Greenland, a region characterised by a complex tectonic history. Here, 3D photogeology based on aerial and oblique photographs using high-resolution photogrammetry of a 150 km2 area in Sødalen in southern East Greenland shows ESE–WNW-trending faults cross-cutting Paleocene rift structures and flexure-related normal faults. The kinematic analysis highlights oblique and left-lateral strike-slip movements along faults oriented 120°. Strike-slip and dip-slip kinematic indicators on the walls of the chilled contacts between alkaline E–W-oriented dykes and the volcanic host rocks suggest that the faults and dykes formed at the same time, or maybe the faults were re-activated at a later stage. Palaeostress analysis, performed by inversion of fault-slip data, shows the presence of three different tectonic events. Coupling the 3D photogeological tool with structural analysis at key localities is a fundamental way to understand better the tectonic history of such a large area.

Is there a link between faulting and magmatism in the south-central Aegean Sea?

2012 ◽  
Vol 150 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. KOKKALAS ◽  
A. AYDIN
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Relationship ◽  
Normal Fault ◽  
Aegean Sea ◽  
Hydrothermal Activity ◽  
Strike Slip ◽  
Normal Faults ◽  
Upper Crust ◽  
South Central ◽  
Tectonic Features

AbstractA distinct spatial relationship between surface faulting, magmatic intrusions and volcanic activity exists in the Aegean continental crust. In this paper, we provide detailed structural observations from key onshore areas, as well as compilations of lineament maps and earthquake locations with focal plane solutions from offshore areas to support such a relationship. Although pluton emplacement was associated with low-angle extensional detachments, the NNE- to NE-trending strike-slip faults also played an important role in localizing the Middle Miocene plutonism, providing ready pathways to deeper magma batches, and controlling the late-stage emplacement and deformation of granites in the upper crust. Additionally, the linear arrangements of volcanic centres, from the Quaternary volcanoes along the active South Aegean Volcanic Arc, are controlled primarily by NE-trending faults and secondarily by NW-trending faults. These volcanic features are located at several extensional settings, which are associated with the main NE-trending faults, such as (i) in the extensional steps or relay zones between strike-slip and oblique-normal fault segments, (ii) at the overlap zones between oblique-normal faults associated with an extensional strike-slip duplex and (iii) at the tip zone of a NE-trending divergent dextral strike-slip zone. The NE trend of volcano-tectonic features, such as volcanic cone alignments, concentration of eruptive centres, hydrothermal activity and fractures, indicates the significant role of tectonics in controlling fluid and magma pathways in the Aegean upper crust. Furthermore, microseismicity and focal mechanisms of earthquakes in the area confirm the activity and present kinematics of these NE- trending faults.

Tectonic evolution and significance of Silurian – Early Devonian hinterland-directed deformation in the internal Humber zone of the southern Quebec Appalachians

2003 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 255-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sébastien Castonguay ◽  
Alain Tremblay
Keyword(s):  
New England ◽  
Tectonic Evolution ◽  
Normal Faults ◽  
Early Devonian ◽  
Middle Ordovician ◽  
Tectonic History ◽  
History Of ◽  
Connecticut Valley ◽  
Laurentian Margin ◽  
Nappe Emplacement

In the southern Quebec Appalachians, the early tectonic history of the Laurentian margin (Humber zone) comprises foreland-propagating, northwest-directed thrust faulting, nappe emplacement, and regional prograde metamorphism in response to the obduction of large ophiolitic nappes during the Taconian orogeny. In the internal Humber zone, this event is dated at 462 ± 3 Ma (late Middle Ordovician), which is interpreted to represent the timing of near-peak Taconian metamorphism. Superimposed hinterland-directed structures are accompanied by retrograde metamorphism and consist of back thrusts and normal faults, which respectively delimit the northwestern and southeastern limbs of the Sutton and Notre-Dame mountains anticlinoria, both salient structures of the internal Humber zone of southern Quebec. Geochronologic data on the timing of hinterland-directed deformation vary from 431 to 411 Ma. Two tectonic models are presented and discussed, which may account for the Silurian – Early Devonian evolution of the Laurentian margin: (1) back thrusting and syn- to post-compressional crustal extension in response to the tectonic wedging of basement-cored duplexes inducing delamination of supracrustal rocks; (2) tectonic exhumation of the internal Humber zone by extensional collapse. Evidence for Silurian – Early Devonian extensional tectonism in the Humber zone provides the basement infrastructures necessary for the creation and the onset of sedimentation in the Gaspé Belt basins (e.g., Connecticut Valley – Gaspé synclinorium). Several structural, metamorphic features in the internal Humber zone of the northwestern New England Appalachians yield analogous characteristics with those of southern Quebec and may have shared a similar Silurian – Early Devonian tectonic evolution.

scholarly journals Structural evolution of central Death Valley, California, using new thermochronometry of the Badwater turtleback

Lithosphere ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 436-447
Author(s):  
Travis Sizemore ◽  
Matthew M. Wielicki ◽  
Ibrahim Çemen ◽  
Daniel Stockli ◽  
Matthew Heizler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hanging Wall ◽  
Structural Evolution ◽  
Detachment Fault ◽  
Death Valley ◽  
Normal Faults ◽  
Owens Valley ◽  
Tectonic History ◽  
Brittle Ductile Transition ◽  
History Of ◽  
Copper Canyon

Abstract The Badwater turtleback, Copper Canyon turtleback, and Mormon Point turtleback are three anomalously smooth, ∼2-km-high basement structures in the Black Mountains of Death Valley, California. Their structural evolution is linked to the Cenozoic tectonic history of the region. To explore their evolution, we apply (U-Th)/He, Ar/Ar, and U-Pb analyses, with multi-domain diffusion modeling to 10 samples from the Badwater turtleback. The cooling history of the Badwater turtleback is used as a proxy for its exhumation history as it uplifted from warmer depths. We find slow (<2 °C/m.y.) cooling from ca. 32 to 6 Ma, followed by rapid (120–140 °C/m.y.) cooling from ca. 6 to 4.5 Ma, and finally moderate (30–120 °C/m.y.) cooling occurred from ca. 4.5 Ma until the present. When these data are added to previously published cooling paths of the Copper Canyon turtleback and Mormon Point turtleback, a northwest cooling pattern is broadly evident, consistent with a top-to-NW removal of the hanging wall along a detachment fault. We propose a six-phase tectonic history. Post-orogenic collapse and erosion dominated from ca. 32 to 16 Ma. At 16–14 Ma, a detachment fault formed with a breakaway south and east of the Black Mountains, with normal faults in the hanging wall. Moderate extension continued from 14 to 8 Ma causing exhumation of the turtlebacks through the brittle-ductile transition. Dextral transtension at 7–6 Ma produced a pull-apart basin across the Black Mountains with rapid extension. The locus of deformation transferred to the Panamint and Owens Valley fault systems from 4.5 to 3.5 Ma, slowing extension in the Black Mountains until present.

Tectonic history of the Dent Blanche

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (2.1) ◽  
pp. 1-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paola Manzotti ◽  
Michel Ballèvrei
Keyword(s):  
Tectonic History ◽  
History Of
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