scholarly journals Land-use and greenhouse gas balances of peatlands in the Nordic countries – present knowledge and gaps

2009 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 6271-6338 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Maljanen ◽  
B. D. Sigurdsson ◽  
J. Guđmundsson ◽  
H. Óskarsson ◽  
J. T. Huttunen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Present Knowledge ◽  
Nordic Countries ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Peat Soils ◽  
Ecosystem Level ◽  
Co2 Balance ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
Northern Peatlands

Abstract. This article provides an overview of the effects of land-use on the fluxes of methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2) of peatlands in the Nordic countries presented in about 100 studies. In addition, the article identifies the gaps in the present knowledge on the greenhouse gas (GHG) balances associated with the land-use of these northern ecosystems. Northern peatlands have accumulated, as peat, a vast amount of carbon from the atmosphere since the last glaciation. However, past land-use and the present climate have evidently changed their GHG balance. The mean annual GHG balances of undisturbed ombrotrophic and minerotrophic peatlands were surprisingly positive (net sources) of 140 and 380 g CO2 eq m−2, respectively, even if the former was a sink of 63 g CO2 eq m−2 when only the CO2 balance was considered. Drainage of such peatlands for agriculture resulted in the most disadvantageous land-use option for the atmosphere, with the net annual GHG balance increasing to 2190, 2280 and 3140 g CO2 eq m−2 for areas drained for grass swards, cereals or those left fallow, respectively. Even after ceasing of the cultivation practices, N2O emissions remained high and together with the other GHGs resulted in net emissions of 1570 and 500 g CO2 eq m−2, in abandoned and afforested peatlands, respectively. Peat extraction sites were also net sources, 730 g CO2 eq m−2. The cultivation of reed canary grass turned the site to net sink of −330 g CO2 eq m−2 but restoration did not (source of 470 g CO2 eq m−2). Data for afforested extraction sites is lacking. Peat soils originally drained for forestry may act as net sinks of 780 g CO2 eq m−2, and when those sites were restored the sink was 190 g CO2 eq m−2. However, more data is needed to confirm this point. Peat soils submerged under water reservoirs had a mean annual emission of 240 g CO2 eq m−2. In general, there is a lack of studies where all three GHGs have been measured at an ecosystem level, especially in the forested peatlands.

scholarly journals Greenhouse gas balances of managed peatlands in the Nordic countries – present knowledge and gaps

2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. 2711-2738 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Maljanen ◽  
B. D. Sigurdsson ◽  
J. Guðmundsson ◽  
H. Óskarsson ◽  
J. T. Huttunen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Present Knowledge ◽  
Nordic Countries ◽  
Organic Soils ◽  
Peat Extraction ◽  
Gas Fluxes ◽  
The Mean

Abstract. This article provides an overview of the effects of land-use on the fluxes of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) and from peatlands in the Nordic countries based on the field data from about 100 studies. In addition, this review aims to identify the gaps in the present knowledge on the greenhouse gas (GHG) balances associated with the land-use of these northern ecosystems. Northern peatlands have accumulated, as peat, a vast amount of carbon from the atmosphere since the last glaciation. However, the past land-use and present climate have evidently changed their GHG balance. Unmanaged boreal peatlands may act as net sources or sinks for CO2 and CH4 depending on the weather conditions. Drainage for agriculture has turned peatlands to significant sources of GHGs (mainly N2O and CO2). Annual mean GHG balances including net CH4, N2O and CO2 emissions are 2260, 2280 and 3140 g CO2 eq. m−2 (calculated using 100 year time horizon) for areas drained for grass swards, cereals or those left fallow, respectively. Even after cessetion of the cultivation practices, N2O and CO2 emissions remain high. The mean net GHG emissions in abandoned and afforested agricultural peatlands have been 1580 and 500 g CO2 eq. m−2, respectively. Peat extraction sites are net sources of GHGs with an average emission rate of 770 g CO2 eq. m−2. Cultivation of a perennial grass (e.g., reed canary grass) on an abandoned peat extraction site has been shown to convert such a site into a net sink of GHGs (−330 g CO2 eq. m−2). In contrast, despite restoration, such sites are known to emit GHGs (mean source of 480 g CO2 eq. m−2, mostly from high CH4 emissions). Peatland forests, originally drained for forestry, may act as net sinks (mean −780 g CO2 eq. m−2). However, the studies where all three GHGs have been measured at an ecosystem level in the forested peatlands are lacking. The data for restored peatland forests (clear cut and rewetted) indicate that such sites are on average a net sink (190 g CO2 eq. m−2). The mean emissions from drained peatlands presented here do not include emissions from ditches which form a part of the drainage network and can contribute significantly to the total GHG budget. Peat soils submerged under water reservoirs have acted as sources of CO2, CH4 and N2O (mean annual emission 240 g CO2 eq. m−2). However, we cannot yet predict accurately the overall greenhouse gas fluxes of organic soils based on the site characteristics and land-use practices alone because the data on many land-use options and our understanding of the biogeochemical cycling associated with the gas fluxes are limited.

scholarly journals Pineapple Residue Ash Reduces Carbon Dioxide and Nitrous Oxide Emissions in Pineapple Cultivation on Tropical Peat Soils at Saratok, Malaysia

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 1014
Author(s):  
Liza Nuriati Lim Kim Choo ◽  
Osumanu Haruna Ahmed ◽  
Nik Muhamad Nik Majid ◽  
Zakry Fitri Abd Aziz
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Peat Soil ◽  
Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Peat Soils ◽  
Closed Chamber ◽  
Npk Fertilizers ◽  
Npk Fertilizer ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

Burning pineapple residues on peat soils before pineapple replanting raises concerns on hazards of peat fires. A study was conducted to determine whether ash produced from pineapple residues could be used to minimize carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions in cultivated tropical peatlands. The effects of pineapple residue ash fertilization on CO2 and N2O emissions from a peat soil grown with pineapple were determined using closed chamber method with the following treatments: (i) 25, 50, 70, and 100% of the suggested rate of pineapple residue ash + NPK fertilizer, (ii) NPK fertilizer, and (iii) peat soil only. Soils treated with pineapple residue ash (25%) decreased CO2 and N2O emissions relative to soils without ash due to adsorption of organic compounds, ammonium, and nitrate ions onto the charged surface of ash through hydrogen bonding. The ability of the ash to maintain higher soil pH during pineapple growth primarily contributed to low CO2 and N2O emissions. Co-application of pineapple residue ash and compound NPK fertilizer also improves soil ammonium and nitrate availability, and fruit quality of pineapples. Compound NPK fertilizers can be amended with pineapple residue ash to minimize CO2 and N2O emissions without reducing peat soil and pineapple productivity.

Sugarcane fields: sources or sinks for greenhouse gas emissions?

1998 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. L. Weier
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Sugar Industry ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Gas Emissions ◽  
Sugarcane Crop ◽  
Management Procedures ◽  
Degree Of Certainty ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

The quantities of greenhouse gases emitted into the atmosphere from sugarcane fields, and their contribution to the total emissions from Australian agriculture, have never been estimated with any degree of certainty. This review was conducted to collate the available information on greenhouse gas emissions from the Australian sugarcane crop. Estimates were made for the emissions of the 3 major greenhouse gases―carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O)―from known or suspected sources. Sinks for the sequestration of the gases also have been identified. CO2 was found to be emitted during burning of the crop and from trash-blanketed and bare sugarcane fields. Total emissions from these sources in the 1994 season were estimated at 7·6 Mt CO2-C/year. However, the sugarcane crop was identified as a major sink for C, with uptake by the crop in 1994 estimated at 13· 4 Mt CO2-C/year. N2O emanating from sugarcane soils via denitrification following application of fertiliser accounted for 45-78% of total gaseous N emissions. Estimates of N2O emissions from all land under sugarcane in 1994 totalled 4·4 kt N2O-N/year from denitrification with a further 6·3 kt N2O-N emitted from areas that are still burnt. This review suggests changes in management procedures that should limit the opportunities for denitrification in the soil and thus reduce N2O emissions. Methane evolution occurs during the smouldering phase, following burning of the crop, with production estimated at 6·7 kt CH4-C/year in 1994. CH4 oxidation in soil was identified as an important process for removal of atmospheric CH4, as were trash-blanketed soils. Although these figures are our best estimate of gaseous production from sugarcane fields, there still remains a degree of uncertainty due to sampling variability and because of the extrapolation to the entire sugarcane area. However, the coupling of new laser techniques with known micrometeorological methods will allow for a more precise sampling of greenhouse gas emissions over a larger area. Estimates would thus be more representative, resulting in a greater degree of confidence being placed in them by the sugar industry.

scholarly journals Comparing national greenhouse gas budgets reported in UNFCCC inventories against atmospheric inversions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhu Deng ◽  
Philippe Ciais ◽  
Zitely A. Tzompa-Sosa ◽  
Marielle Saunois ◽  
Chunjing Qiu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Land Use Change ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Wood Products ◽  
Carbon Uptake ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Gulf Region ◽  
Ch4 Emissions ◽  
Atmospheric Inversions

Abstract. In support of the Global Stocktake of the Paris Agreement on Climate change, this study presents a comprehensive framework to process the results of atmospheric inversions in order to make them suitable for evaluating UNFCCC national inventories of land-use carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and removals, corresponding to the Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry and waste sectors. We also deduced anthropogenic methane (CH4) emissions regrouped into fossil and agriculture and waste emissions, and anthropogenic nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from inversions. To compare inversions with national reports, we compiled a new global harmonized database of national emissions and removals from periodical UNFCCC inventories by Annex I countries, and from sporadic and less detailed emissions reports by Non-Annex I countries, given by National Communications and Biennial Update Reports. The method to reconcile inversions with inventories is applied to selected large countries covering 78 % of the global land carbon uptake for CO2, as well as emissions and removals in the land use, land use change and forestry sector, and top-emitters of CH4 and N2O. Our method uses results from an ensemble of global inversions produced by the Global Carbon Project for the three greenhouse gases, with ancillary data. We examine the role of CO2 fluxes caused by lateral transfer processes from rivers and from trade in crop and wood products, and the role of carbon uptake in unmanaged lands, both not accounted for by the rules of inventories. Here we show that, despite a large spread across the inversions, the median of available inversion models points to a larger terrestrial carbon sink than inventories over temperate countries or groups of countries of the Northern Hemisphere like Russia, Canada and the European Union. For CH4, we find good consistency between the inversions assimilating only data from the global in-situ network and those using satellite CH4 retrievals, and a tendency for inversions to diagnose higher CH4 emissions estimates than reported by inventories. In particular, oil and gas extracting countries in Central Asia and the Persian Gulf region tend to systematically report lower emissions compared to those estimated by inversions. For N2O, inversions tend to produce higher anthropogenic emissions than inventories for tropical countries, even when attempting to consider only managed land emissions. In the inventories of many non-Annex I countries, this can be tentatively attributed to either a lack of reporting indirect N2O emissions from atmospheric deposition and from leaching to rivers, or to the existence of natural sources intertwined with managed lands, or to an under-estimation of N2O emission factors for direct agricultural soil emissions. The advantage of inversions is that they provide insights on seasonal and interannual greenhouse gas fluxes anomalies, e.g. during extreme events such as drought or abnormal fire episodes, whereas inventory methods are established to estimate trends and multi-annual changes. As a much denser sampling of atmospheric CO2 and CH4 concentrations by different satellites coordinated into a global constellation is expected in the coming years, the methodology proposed here to compare inversion results with inventory reports could be applied regularly for monitoring the effectiveness of mitigation policy and progress by countries to meet the objective of their pledges.

scholarly journals Soil Greenhouse Gas Emissions under Different Land-Use Types in Savanna Ecosystems of Kenya

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheila Wachiye ◽  
Lutz Merbold ◽  
Timo Vesala ◽  
Janne Rinne ◽  
Matti Räsänen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
P Value ◽  
Land Use Types ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

Abstract. For effective climate change mitigation strategies, adequate data on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from a wide range of land-use and land cover types area prerequisite. However, GHG field measurement data are still scarce for many land-use types in Africa, causing a high uncertainty in GHG budgets. To address this knowledge gap, we present in situ measurements of carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O), and methane (CH4) emissions in the lowland part of southern Kenya. We conducted chamber measurements on gas exchange from four dominant land-use types (LUTs) and included (1) cropland, (2) grazed savanna, (3) bushland, and (4) conservation land. Between 29 November 2017 to 3 November 2018, eight measurement campaigns were conducted accounting for regional seasonality (including wet and dry seasons and transitions periods) in each LUT. Mean CO2 emissions for the whole observation period were significantly higher (p-value 

scholarly journals Effect of reed canary grass cultivation on greenhouse gas emission from peat soil at controlled rewetting

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 595-606 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Karki ◽  
L. Elsgaard ◽  
P. E. Lærke
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Ecosystem Respiration ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Bioenergy Crops ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Reed Canary Grass ◽  
Ghg Emission ◽  
Ch4 Emissions ◽  
Canary Grass

Abstract. Cultivation of bioenergy crops in rewetted peatland (paludiculture) is considered as a possible land use option to mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. However, bioenergy crops like reed canary grass (RCG) can have a complex influence on GHG fluxes. Here we determined the effect of RCG cultivation on GHG emission from peatland rewetted to various extents. Mesocosms were manipulated to three different ground water levels (GWLs), i.e. 0, −10 and −20 cm below the soil surface in a controlled semi-field facility. Emissions of CO2 (ecosystem respiration, ER), CH4 and N2O from mesocosms with RCG and bare soil were measured at weekly to fortnightly intervals with static chamber techniques for a period of 1 year. Cultivation of RCG increased both ER and CH4 emissions, but decreased the N2O emissions. The presence of RCG gave rise to 69, 75 and 85% of total ER at −20, −10 and 0 cm GWL, respectively. However, this difference was due to decreased soil respiration at the rising GWL as the plant-derived CO2 flux was similar at all three GWLs. For methane, 70–95% of the total emission was due to presence of RCG, with the highest contribution at −20 cm GWL. In contrast, cultivation of RCG decreased N2O emission by 33–86% with the major reductions at −10 and −20 cm GWL. In terms of global warming potential, the increase in CH4 emissions due to RCG cultivation was more than offset by the decrease in N2O emissions at −10 and −20 cm GWL; at 0 cm GWL the CH4 emissions was offset only by 23%. CO2 emissions from ER were obviously the dominant RCG-derived GHG flux, but above-ground biomass yields, and preliminary measurements of gross photosynthetic production, showed that ER could be more than balanced due to the photosynthetic uptake of CO2 by RCG. Our results support that RCG cultivation could be a good land use option in terms of mitigating GHG emission from rewetted peatlands, potentially turning these ecosystems into a sink of atmospheric CO2.

scholarly journals The Role of Anaerobic Digestion in Reducing Dairy Farm Greenhouse Gas Emissions

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 2612
Author(s):  
Alun Scott ◽  
Richard Blanchard
Keyword(s):  
Anaerobic Digestion ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Dairy Farm ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Farming System ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Ghg Reduction ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
The Impact

Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from dairy farms are significant contributors to global warming. However, much of the published work on GHG reduction is focused on either methane (CH4) or nitrous oxide (N2O), with few, if any, considering the interactions that changes to farming systems can have on both gases. This paper takes the raw data from a year of activity on a 300-cow commercial dairy farm in Northern Ireland to more accurately quantify GHG sources by use of a simple predictive model based on IPCC methodology. Differing herd management policies are examined together with the impact of integrating anaerobic digestion (AD) into each farming system. Whilst significant success can be predicted in capturing CH4 and carbon dioxide (CO2) as biogas and preventing N2O emissions, gains made can be lost in a subsequent process, negating some or all of the advantage. The process of extracting value from the captured resource is discussed in light of current farm parameters together with indications of other potential revenue streams. However, this study has concluded that despite the significant potential for GHG reduction, there is little incentive for widespread adoption of manure-based farm-scale AD in the UK at this time.

scholarly journals Effect of reed canary grass cultivation on greenhouse gas emission from peat soil at controlled rewetting

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 13309-13341
Author(s):  
S. Karki ◽  
L. Elsgaard ◽  
P. E. Lærke
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Ecosystem Respiration ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Bioenergy Crops ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Reed Canary Grass ◽  
Ghg Emission ◽  
Ch4 Emissions ◽  
Canary Grass

Abstract. Cultivation of bioenergy crops in rewetted peatland (paludiculture) is considered as a possible land use option to mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. However, bioenergy crops like reed canary grass (RCG) can have a complex influence on GHG fluxes. Here we determined the effect of RCG cultivation on GHG emission from peatland rewetted to various extents. Mesocosms were manipulated to three different ground water levels (GWL), i.e., 0, −10 and −20 cm below the soil surface in a controlled semi-field facility. Emissions of CO2 (ecosystem respiration, ER), CH4 and N2O from mesocosms with RCG and bare soil were measured at weekly to fortnightly intervals with static chamber techniques for a period of one year. Cultivation of RCG increased both ER and CH4 emissions, but decreased the N2O emissions. The presence of RCG gave rise to 69, 75 and 85% of total ER at −20, −10 and 0 cm GWL, respectively However, this difference was due to decreased soil respiration at the rising GWL as the plant-derived CO2 flux was similar at all three GWL. For methane, 70–95% of the total emission was due to presence of RCG, with the highest contribution at −20 cm GWL. In contrast, cultivation of RCG decreased N2O emission by 33–86% with the major reductions at −10 and −20 cm GWL. In terms of global warming potential, the increase in CH4 emissions due to RCG cultivation was more than off-set by the decrease in N2O emissions at −10 and −20 cm GWL; at 0 cm GWL the CH4 emissions was offset only by 23%. CO2 emissions from ER obviously were the dominant RCG-derived GHG flux, but above-ground biomass yields, and preliminary measurements of gross photosynthetic production, show that ER could be more than balanced due to the uptake of CO2 by RCG. Our results support that RCG cultivation could be a good land use option in terms of mitigating GHG emission from rewetted peatlands, potentially turning these ecosystems into a sink of atmospheric CO2.

scholarly journals Greenhouse gas emissions from the grassy outdoor run of organic broilers

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 11529-11575
Author(s):  
B. Meda ◽  
C. R. Flechard ◽  
K. Germain ◽  
P. Robin ◽  
M. Hassouna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Emission Factor ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Spatial Integration ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
Organically Grown ◽  
Broiler House ◽  
Ipcc Default ◽  
Ghg Fluxes

Abstract. Nitrous oxide (N2O), methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes over the grassy outdoor run of organically grown broilers were monitored using static chambers over two production batches in contrasted seasons. Measured N2O and CH4 fluxes were extremely variable in time and space for both batches, with fluxes ranging from a small uptake by soil to large emissions peaks, the latter of which always occurred in the chambers located closest to the broiler house. In general, fluxes decreased with increasing distance to the broiler house, demonstrating that the foraging of broilers and the amount of excreted nutrients (carbon, nitrogen) largely control the spatial variability of emissions. Spatial integration by kriging methods was carried out to provide representative fluxes on the outdoor run for each measurement day. Mechanistic relationships between plot-scale estimates and environmental conditions (soil temperature and water content) were calibrated in order to fill gaps between measurement days. Flux integration over the year 2010 showed that around 3 ± 1 kg N2O-N ha−1 were emitted on the outdoor run, equivalent to 0.9 % of outdoor N excretion and substantially lower than the IPCC default emission factor of 2 %. By contrast, the outdoor run was found to be a net CH4 sink of about −0.56 kg CH4-C ha−1, though this sink compensated less than 1.5 % (in CO2 equivalents) of N2O emissions. The net greenhouse gas (GHG) budget of the outdoor run is explored, based on measured GHG fluxes and short-term (1.5 yr) variations in soil organic carbon.

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