Long-range air transport in Northern Eurasia: Seasonal ozone variations and implications for regional ozone budget

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yury Shtabkin ◽  
Konstantin Moiseenko ◽  
Andrey Skorokhod ◽  
Elena Berezina
Keyword(s):  
Long Range ◽  
Total Mass ◽  
Transport Model ◽  
Surface Ozone ◽  
Lower Troposphere ◽  
Chemical Transport ◽  
Air Transport ◽  
Ozone Production ◽  
Northern Eurasia ◽  
Near Surface

<p>Effect of photochemically active species emissions on near-surface air composition in industrial regions is non-local and in many cases can be traced in transcontinental scale. Largescaled plumes of polluted air defined by observations of tracer species on background stations and calculations with chemical-transport models are examples of this effect. In this work we use GEOS-Chem chemical transport model to make an assessment of influence have anthropogenic and biogenic emissions in Europe, European territory of Russia (ETR) and Siberia on total ozone generation taking into account common non-linear properties of O<sub>3</sub>–NO<sub>x</sub>–СО–VOC system. It is shown that increasing of ozone production rate due to regional anthropogenic emissions of NO<sub>x</sub> leads to substantial (up to 20 ppbv) increase of near-surface ozone concentrations in mid-latitudes traced up to 120E. The predominant role of long-range air transport against regional sources of photochemical ozone production was determined for the most part of European Russia and Siberia.<br>We also make a numerical assessment of ozone balance in Europe, ETR and Siberia. Annual ozone total mass in lower troposphere (from surface to 800 hPa) for Europe, ETR and Siberia depending on region is 1.5–2.4 Tg in warm period (1 April – 30 September) and 1.3–2.2 Tg in cold period (1 October - 31 March). Ozone production in chemical processes with a high degree of accuracy (about 99%) is balanced by total atmospheric transport, while absolute variations in O<sub>3 </sub>total mass do not exceed 0.5 Tg/year in Europe and 0.4 Tg/year in Siberia.<br>This work was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research under grant 18-35-20031.</p>

scholarly journals Effect of regional precursor emission controls on long-range ozone transport – Part 1: short-term changes in ozone air quality

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 7033-7077
Author(s):  
J. J. West ◽  
V. Naik ◽  
L. W. Horowitz ◽  
A. M. Fiore
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Long Range ◽  
Surface Ozone ◽  
Source Region ◽  
Lower Troposphere ◽  
Ozone Production ◽  
Nox Emissions ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Source Regions ◽  
Ozone Transport

Abstract. Observations and models demonstrate that ozone and its precursors can be transported between continents and across oceans. We model the influences of 10% reductions in anthropogenic nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions from each of nine world regions on surface ozone air quality in that region and all other regions. In doing so, we quantify the relative importance of long-range transport between all source-receptor pairs, for direct short-term ozone changes. We find that for population-weighted concentrations during the three-month "ozone-season", the strongest inter-regional influences are from Europe to the Former Soviet Union, East Asia to Southeast Asia, and Europe to Africa. The largest influences per unit of NOx reduced, however, are seen for source regions in the tropics and Southern Hemisphere, which we attribute mainly to greater sensitivity to changes in NOx in the lower troposphere, and secondarily to increased vertical convection to the free troposphere in tropical regions, allowing pollutants to be transported further. Results show, for example, that NOx reductions in North America are ~20% as effective per unit NOx in reducing ozone in Europe during summer, as NOx reductions from Europe itself. Reducing anthropogenic emissions of non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) and carbon monoxide (CO) by 10% in selected regions, can have as large an impact on long-range ozone transport as NOx reductions, depending on the source region. We find that for many source-receptor pairs, the season of greatest long-range influence does not coincide with the season when ozone is highest in the receptor region. Reducing NOx emissions in most source regions causes a larger decrease in export of ozone from the source region than in ozone production outside of the source region.

scholarly journals Effect of regional precursor emission controls on long-range ozone transport – Part 1: Short-term changes in ozone air quality

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (16) ◽  
pp. 6077-6093 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. West ◽  
V. Naik ◽  
L. W. Horowitz ◽  
A. M. Fiore
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Long Range ◽  
Surface Ozone ◽  
Source Region ◽  
Lower Troposphere ◽  
Ozone Production ◽  
Nox Emissions ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Source Regions ◽  
Ozone Transport

Abstract. Observations and models demonstrate that ozone and its precursors can be transported between continents and across oceans. We model the influences of 10% reductions in anthropogenic nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions from each of nine world regions on surface ozone air quality in that region and all other regions. In doing so, we quantify the relative importance of long-range transport between all source-receptor pairs, for direct short-term ozone changes. We find that for population-weighted concentrations during the three-month "ozone-season", the strongest inter-regional influences are from Europe to the Former Soviet Union, East Asia to Southeast Asia, and Europe to Africa. The largest influences per unit of NOx reduced, however, are seen for source regions in the tropics and Southern Hemisphere, which we attribute mainly to greater sensitivity to changes in NOx in the lower troposphere, and secondarily to increased vertical convection to the free troposphere in tropical regions, allowing pollutants to be transported further. Results show, for example, that NOx reductions in North America are ~20% as effective per unit NOx in reducing ozone in Europe during summer, as NOx reductions from Europe itself. Reducing anthropogenic emissions of non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) and carbon monoxide (CO) by 10% in selected regions, can have as large an impact on long-range ozone transport as NOx reductions, depending on the source region. We find that for many source-receptor pairs, the season of greatest long-range influence does not coincide with the season when ozone is highest in the receptor region. Reducing NOx emissions in most source regions causes a larger decrease in export of ozone from the source region than in ozone production outside of the source region.

scholarly journals A new diagnostic for tropospheric ozone production

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter M. Edwards ◽  
Mathew J. Evans
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Tropospheric Ozone ◽  
Transport Model ◽  
Chemical Transport ◽  
Ozone Production ◽  
Chemical Transport Model ◽  
Organic Species ◽  
Earth’S Climate ◽  
Oxidation Of Organics

Abstract. Tropospheric ozone is important for the Earth’s climate and air quality. It is produced during the oxidation of organics in the presence of nitrogen oxides. Due to the range of organic species emitted and the chain like nature of their oxidation, this chemistry is complex and understanding the role of different processes (emission, deposition, chemistry) is difficult. We demonstrate a new methodology for diagnosing ozone production based on the processing of bonds contained within emitted molecules, the fate of which is determined by the conservation of spin of the bonding electrons. Using this methodology to diagnose ozone production in the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model, we demonstrate its advantages over the standard diagnostic. We show that the number of bonds emitted, their chemistry and lifetime, and feedbacks on OH are all important in determining the ozone production within the model and its sensitivity to changes. This insight may allow future model-model comparisons to better identify the root causes of model differences.

Effects of Dry Deposition on Surface Ozone over South Asia Inferred from a Regional Chemical Transport Model

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 321-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amit Sharma ◽  
Narendra Ojha ◽  
Tabish U. Ansari ◽  
Som K. Sharma ◽  
Andrea Pozzer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Asia ◽  
Dry Deposition ◽  
Transport Model ◽  
Surface Ozone ◽  
Chemical Transport ◽  
Chemical Transport Model

scholarly journals Impact of land–water sensitivity contrast on MOPITT retrievals and trends over a coastal city

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 3521-3542
Author(s):  
Ian Ashpole ◽  
Aldona Wiacek
Keyword(s):  
Transport Model ◽  
Weighted Least Squares ◽  
Temporal Trends ◽  
Lower Troposphere ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Surface Level ◽  
Coastal City ◽  
Water Sensitivity ◽  
Land Water ◽  
Co Concentrations

Abstract. We compare MOPITT Version 7 (V7) Level 2 (L2) and Level 3 (L3) carbon monoxide (CO) products for the 1∘×1∘ L3 grid box containing the coastal city of Halifax, Canada (longitude −63.58∘, latitude 44.65∘), with a focus on the seasons DJF and JJA, and highlight a limitation in the L3 products that has significant consequences for the temporal trends in near-surface CO identified using those data. Because this grid box straddles the coastline, the MOPITT L3 products are created from the finer spatial resolution L2 products that are retrieved over both land and water, with a greater contribution from retrievals over water because more of the grid box lies over water than land. We create alternative L3 products for this grid box by separately averaging the bounded L2 retrievals over land (L3L) and water (L3W) and demonstrate that profile and total column CO (TCO) concentrations, retrieved at the same time, differ depending on whether the retrieval took place over land or water. These differences (ΔRET) are greatest in the lower troposphere (LT), where mean retrieved volume mixing ratios (VMRs) are greater in L3W than L3L, with maximum mean differences of 11.6 % (14.3 ppbv, p=0.001) at the surface level in JJA. Retrieved CO concentrations are more similar, on average, in the middle and upper troposphere (MT and UT), although large differences (in excess of 40 %) do infrequently occur. TCO is also greater in L3W than L3L in both seasons. By analysing L3L and L3W retrieval averaging kernels and simulations of these retrievals, we demonstrate that, in JJA, ΔRET is strongly influenced by differences in retrieval sensitivity over land and water, especially close to the surface where L3L has significantly greater information content than L3W. In DJF, land–water differences in retrieval sensitivity are much less pronounced and appear to have less of an impact on ΔRET, which analysis of wind directions suggests is more likely to reflect differences in true profile concentrations (i.e. real differences). The original L3 time series for the 1∘×1∘ grid box containing Halifax (L3O) corresponds much more closely to L3W than L3L, owing to the greater contribution from L2 retrievals over water than land. Thus, in JJA, variability in retrieved CO concentrations close to the surface in L3O is suppressed compared to L3L, and a declining trend detected using weighted least squares (WLS) regression analysis is significantly slower in L3O (strongest surface level trend identifiable is −1.35 (±0.35) ppbv yr−1) than L3L (−2.85 (±0.60) ppbv yr−1). This is because contributing L2 retrievals over water are closely tied to a priori CO concentrations used in the retrieval, owing to their lack of near-surface sensitivity in JJA, and these are based on monthly climatological CO profiles from a chemical transport model and therefore have no yearly change (surface level trend in L3W is −0.60 (±0.33) ppbv yr−1). Although our analysis focuses on DJF and JJA, we demonstrate that the findings also apply to MAM and SON. The results that we report here suggest that similar analyses be performed for other coastal cities before using MOPITT surface CO.

scholarly journals Coupling between surface ozone and leaf area index in a chemical transport model: strength of feedback and implications for ozone air quality and vegetation health

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (19) ◽  
pp. 14133-14148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shan S. Zhou ◽  
Amos P. K. Tai ◽  
Shihan Sun ◽  
Mehliyar Sadiq ◽  
Colette L. Heald ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Leaf Area Index ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Dry Deposition ◽  
Transport Model ◽  
Surface Ozone ◽  
Chemical Transport ◽  
Chemical Transport Model ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Ozone Levels

Abstract. Tropospheric ozone is an air pollutant that substantially harms vegetation and is also strongly dependent on various vegetation-mediated processes. The interdependence between ozone and vegetation may constitute feedback mechanisms that can alter ozone concentration itself but have not been considered in most studies to date. In this study we examine the importance of dynamic coupling between surface ozone and leaf area index (LAI) in shaping ozone air quality and vegetation. We first implement an empirical scheme for ozone damage on vegetation in the Community Land Model (CLM) and simulate the steady-state responses of LAI to long-term exposure to a range of prescribed ozone levels (from 0 to 100 ppb). We find that most plant functional types suffer a substantial decline in LAI as ozone level increases. Based on the CLM-simulated results, we develop and implement in the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model a parameterization that computes fractional changes in monthly LAI as a function of local mean ozone levels. By forcing LAI to respond to ozone concentrations on a monthly timescale, the model simulates ozone–LAI coupling dynamically via biogeochemical processes including biogenic volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions and dry deposition, without the complication from meteorological changes. We find that ozone-induced damage on LAI can lead to changes in ozone concentrations by −1.8 to +3 ppb in boreal summer, with a corresponding ozone feedback factor of −0.1 to +0.6 that represents an overall self-amplifying effect from ozone–LAI coupling. Substantially higher simulated ozone due to strong positive feedbacks is found in most tropical forests, mainly due to the ozone-induced reductions in LAI and dry deposition velocity, whereas reduced isoprene emission plays a lesser role in these low-NOx environments. In high-NOx regions such as the eastern US, Europe, and China, however, the feedback effect is much weaker and even negative in some regions, reflecting the compensating effects of reduced dry deposition and reduced isoprene emission (which reduces ozone in high-NOx environments). In remote, low-LAI regions, including most of the Southern Hemisphere, the ozone feedback is generally slightly negative due to the reduced transport of NOx–VOC reaction products that serve as NOx reservoirs. This study represents the first step to accounting for dynamic ozone–vegetation coupling in a chemical transport model with ramifications for a more realistic joint assessment of ozone air quality and ecosystem health.

The differing impact of air stagnation on near-surface ozone across Europe

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
José M. Garrido-Pérez ◽  
Carlos Ordóñez ◽  
Ricardo García-Herrera ◽  
Jordan L. Schnell
Keyword(s):  
Climate Model ◽  
Surface Ozone ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Ozone Production ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Daily Maximum Temperature ◽  
Daily Maximum ◽  
Southern Europe ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Photochemical Production

<p>Daily maximum temperature is known to be the meteorological variable that mostly controls the afternoon near-surface ozone concentrations during summer. Air stagnation situations, characterised by stable weather conditions and poor ventilation, also lead to the accumulation of pollutants and regional ozone production close to the surface. This work evaluates the joint effect of daily maximum temperature and a simplified air stagnation index on surface ozone observations in eight regions of Europe during summer 1998-2015.</p><p>As expected, the correlations of MDA8 O<sub>3</sub> (maximum daily 8-h running average ozone) with temperature are higher than with stagnation for most regions. Nevertheless, stagnation can also be considered as a good predictor of ozone, especially in the regions of central/southern Europe, where the correlation coefficients between MDA8 O<sub>3</sub> and the percentage of stagnant area are within the range 0.50–0.70. MDA8 O<sub>3</sub> consistently increases over central/southern Europe under stagnant conditions, but this is not always the case in the north. Under non-stagnant conditions and daily maximum temperatures within 20-25 ºC (typical temperatures of fair weather conditions that allow photochemical production), northern Europe is affected by southerly advection that often brings aged air masses from more polluted areas, increasing the MDA8 O<sub>3</sub> mixing ratios.</p><p>We have also found that the ozone diurnal cycles in the central/southern regions exhibit large amplitudes, with above-average daytime and below-average night-time concentrations, when stagnation occurs. Stagnant nights are often associated with stable shallow planetary boundary layer and, presumably, enhanced dry deposition and chemical destruction of ozone. After sunrise, mixing with air from air from the residual layer, accumulation of ozone and precursors, and photochemical production seem to be the main mechanisms involved in the build-up of daytime ozone.</p><p>According to previous studies, some of the central/southern European regions where stagnation has a clear impact on ozone have undergone significant upward trends in air stagnation in the past and are also likely to experience increases in the future. However, our study has identified other regions with unclear responses of summer ozone to the occurrence of stagnation. This indicates that climate model projections of increases in stagnation should not directly be translated into enhanced summer ozone pollution if the sensitivity of this pollutant to stagnation has not been proved for a particular region.</p>

scholarly journals Seasonal Prediction Skill of Northern Extratropical Surface Temperature Driven by the Stratosphere

2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (12) ◽  
pp. 4463-4475 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liwei Jia ◽  
Xiaosong Yang ◽  
Gabriel Vecchi ◽  
Richard Gudgel ◽  
Thomas Delworth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Model ◽  
Lower Troposphere ◽  
Polar Vortex ◽  
Seasonal Prediction ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Northern Eurasia ◽  
Stratospheric Polar Vortex ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Predictive Skill

This study explores the role of the stratosphere as a source of seasonal predictability of surface climate over Northern Hemisphere extratropics both in the observations and climate model predictions. A suite of numerical experiments, including climate simulations and retrospective forecasts, are set up to isolate the role of the stratosphere in seasonal predictive skill of extratropical near-surface land temperature. It is shown that most of the lead-0-month spring predictive skill of land temperature over extratropics, particularly over northern Eurasia, stems from stratospheric initialization. It is further revealed that this predictive skill of extratropical land temperature arises from skillful prediction of the Arctic Oscillation (AO). The dynamical connection between the stratosphere and troposphere is also demonstrated by the significant correlation between the stratospheric polar vortex and sea level pressure anomalies, as well as the migration of the stratospheric zonal wind anomalies to the lower troposphere.

scholarly journals Potential of multispectral synergism for observing ozone pollution by combining IASI-NG and UVNS measurements from EPS-SG satellite

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorenzo Costantino ◽  
Juan Cuesta ◽  
Emanuele Emili ◽  
Adriana Coman ◽  
Gilles Foret ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Transport Model ◽  
Lower Troposphere ◽  
Real Data ◽  
Satellite Observations ◽  
Maximum Sensitivity ◽  
Ozone Pollution ◽  
Chemical Transport Model ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Multispectral Method

Abstract. Present and future satellite observations offer a great potential for monitoring air quality on daily and global basis. However, measurements from currently in orbit satellites do not allow using a single sensor to probe accurately surface concentrations of gaseous pollutants such as tropospheric ozone (Liu et al., 2010). Using single-band approaches based on spaceborne measurements of either thermal infrared radiance (TIR, Eremenko et al., 2008) or ultraviolet reflectance (UV, Liu et al., 2010) only ozone down to the lower troposphere (3 km) may be observed. A recent multispectral method (referred to as IASI+GOME-2) combining the information of IASI and GOME-2 (both onboard MetOp satellites) spectra, respectively from the TIR and UV, has shown enhanced sensitivity for probing ozone at the lowermost troposphere (LMT, below 3 km of altitude) with maximum sensitivity down to 2.20 km a.s.l. over land, while sensitivity for IASI or GOME-2 only peaks at 3 to 4 km at lowest (Cuesta et al., 2013). Future spatial missions will be launched in the upcoming years, such as EPS-SG, carrying new-generation sensors of IASI and GOME-2 (respectively IASI-NG and UVNS) that will enhance the capacity to observe ozone pollution and particularly by synergism of TIR and UV measurements. In this work we develop a pseudo-observation simulator and evaluate the potential of future EPS-SG satellite observations through IASI-NG+UVNS multispectral method to observer near-surface O3. The pseudo-real state of atmosphere (nature run) is provided by the MOCAGE (MOdèle de Chimie Atmosphérique à Grande Échelle) chemical transport model. Simulations are calibrated by careful comparisons with real data, to ensure the best consistency between pseudo-reality and reality, as well as between the pseudo-observation simulator and existing satellite products. We perform full and accurate forward and inverse radiative transfer calculations for a period of 4 days (8–11 July 2010) over Europe. In the LMT, there is a remarkable agreement in the geographical distribution of O3 partial columns, calculated between the surface and 3 km of altitude, between IASI-NG+UVNS pseudo-observations and the corresponding MOCAGE pseudo-reality. With respect to synthetic IASI+GOME-2 products, IASI-NG+UVNS shows a higher correlation between pseudo-observations and pseudo-reality, enhanced by about 11 %. The bias on high ozone retrieval is reduced and the average accuracy increases by 22 %. The sensitivity to LMT ozone is enhanced on average with 154 % (from 0.29 to 0.75, over land) and 208 % (from 0.21 to 0.66, over ocean) higher degrees of freedom. The mean height of maximum sensitivity for the LMT peaks at 1.43 km over land and 2.02 km over ocean, respectively 1.03 km and 1.30 km below that of IASI+GOME-2. IASI-NG+UVNS shows also good retrieval skill in the surface-2 km altitude range with a mean DOF (degree of freedom) of 0.52 (land) and 0.42 (ocean), and an average Hmax (altitude of maximum sensitivity) of 1.29 km (land) and 1.96 km (ocean). Unique of its kind for retrieving ozone layers of 2–3 km thickness, in the first 2–3 km of the atmosphere, IASI-NG+UVNS is expected to largely enhance the capacity to observe ozone pollution from space.

scholarly journals Vehicle induced turbulence and atmospheric pollution

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul A. Makar ◽  
Craig Stroud ◽  
Ayodeji Akingunola ◽  
Junhua Zhang ◽  
Shuzhan Ren ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Radiative Transfer ◽  
Nitrogen Dioxide ◽  
Transport Model ◽  
Lower Troposphere ◽  
Chemical Transport ◽  
Vertical Transport ◽  
Anthropogenic Sources ◽  
Chemical Transport Model ◽  
Human Environment ◽  
Mean Square Errors

Abstract. Theoretical models of the Earth's atmosphere adhere to an underlying concept of flow driven by radiative transfer and the nature of the surface over which the flow is taking place: heat from the sun and/or anthropogenic sources are the sole sources of energy driving atmospheric constituent transport. However, another source of energy is prevalent in the human environment at the very local scale – the transfer of kinetic energy from moving vehicles to the atmosphere. We show that this source of energy, due to being co-located with combustion emissions, can influence their vertical distribution to the extent of having a significant influence on lower troposphere pollutant concentrations throughout North America. The effect of vehicle-induced turbulence on freshly emitted chemicals remains notable even when taking into account more complex urban radiative transfer-driven turbulence theories at high resolution. We have designed a parameterization to account for the at-source vertical transport of freshly emitted pollutants from mobile emissions resulting from vehicle-induced turbulence, in analogy to sub-grid-scale parameterizations for plume rise emissions from large stacks. This parameterization allows vehicle-induced turbulence to be represented at the scales inherent 3D chemical transport models, allowing its impact over large regions to be represented, without the need for the computational resources and much higher resolution of large eddy simulation models. Including this sub-grid-scale parameterization for the vertical transport of emitted pollutants due to vehicle-induced turbulence into a 3D chemical transport model of the atmosphere reduces pre-existing North American nitrogen dioxide biases by a factor of eight, and improves most model performance scores for nitrogen dioxide, particulate matter and ozone (for example, reductions in root mean square errors of 20, 9 and 0.5 percent, respectively).

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