Trace element emissions during the 2018 Kilauea Lower East Rift Zone eruption

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily Mason ◽  
Penny Wieser ◽  
Emma Liu ◽  
Evgenia Ilyinskaya ◽  
Marie Edmonds ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rift Zone ◽  
Initial Conditions ◽  
Lava Lake ◽  
Major And Trace Elements ◽  
Small Contribution ◽  
Reaction Models ◽  
Low Temperature Chemistry ◽  
Hsc Chemistry ◽  
Atmospheric Reaction ◽  
Plume Composition

<p>The 2018 eruption on the Lower East Rift Zone of Kilauea volcano, Hawai’i released unprecedented fluxes of gases (>200 kt/d SO<sub>2</sub>) and aerosol into the troposphere [1,2]. The eruption affected air quality across the island and lava flows reached the ocean, forming a halogen-rich plume as lava rapidly boiled and evaporated seawater.</p><p>We present the at-source composition – gas and size-segregated aerosol – of both the magmatic plume (emitted from ‘Fissure 8’, F8) and the lava-seawater interaction plume (ocean entry, OE), including major gas species, and major and trace elements in non-silicate aerosol. Trace metal and metalloid (TMM) emissions during the 2018 eruption were the highest recorded for Kilauea, and the magmatic ‘fingerprint’ of TMMs (X/SO<sub>2</sub> ratios) in the 2018 plume is consistent with measurements made at the summit lava lake in 2008 [3], and with other rift and hotspot volcanoes [4,5].</p><p>We show that the OE plume composition predominantly reflects seawater composition with a small contribution from plagioclase +/- ash. However, elevated concentrations of some TMMs (Bi, Cd, Cu, Zn, Ag) with affinity for Cl-speciation in the gas phase cannot be accounted for by the silicate correction and therefore may derive from degassing of lava in the presence of elevated Cl<sup>-</sup>. In the case of silver and copper, concentrations in the OE plume are elevated above both the F8 plume and seawater.</p><p>At-vent speciation of TMMs in the F8 plume during oxidation (following a correction for ash contributions) was assessed using a Gibbs Energy Minimization algorithm (HSC chemistry, Outotec Research). We also demonstrate the sensitivity of speciation in the plume to the concentration of common ligand-forming elements, chlorine and sulfur. These results could be used as initial conditions in atmospheric reaction models to investigate how plume composition evolves as low-temperature chemistry takes over.</p><p>References:</p><p>[1] Neal C et al. (2019) Science</p><p>[2] Kern C et al. (2019) AGU Fall meeting abstract V43C-0209</p><p>[3] Mather T et al. (2012) GCA 83:292-323</p><p>[4] Zelenzki et al. (2013) Chem Geol 357:95-116</p><p>[5] Gauthier P-J et al. (2016) J Geophys 121:1610-1630</p>

scholarly journals Petrologic Insights into Rift Zone Magmatic Interactions from the 2011 Eruption of Kīlauea Volcano, Hawaiʻi

2019 ◽  
Vol 60 (11) ◽  
pp. 2051-2075
Author(s):  
Brett H Walker ◽  
Michael O Garcia ◽  
Tim R Orr
Keyword(s):  
Trace Element ◽  
Rift Zone ◽  
Magma Mixing ◽  
Major And Trace Elements ◽  
Kilauea Volcano ◽  
The Other ◽  
Least Squares Regression ◽  
Mixing Processes ◽  
Residual Magma ◽  
Kīlauea Volcano

Abstract The high frequency of historical eruptions at Kīlauea Volcano presents an exceptional opportunity to address fundamental questions related to the transport, storage, and interaction of magmas within rift zones. The Nāpau Crater area on Kīlauea’s East Rift Zone (ERZ) experienced nine fissure eruptions within 50 years (1961–2011). Most of the magma intruded during these frequent eruptions remained stored within the rift zone, creating a potential magma mixing depot within the ERZ. The superbly monitored and sampled 2011 eruption (Puʻu ʻŌʻō episode 59) presents an extraordinary opportunity to evaluate magma mixing processes within the ERZ. Whole-rock, glass, and olivine compositions were determined, not only for lava from the 2011 eruption, but also for a new suite of Nāpau Crater area samples from the 1963, 1965, 1968, 1983, and 1997 eruptions, as well as the previously undocumented 1922 eruption. Whole-rock XRF data revealed two geochemically distinct magma batches for episode 59: one less evolved (∼6·6 wt % MgO, 0·46 wt % K2O) than the other (∼6·2 wt % MgO, 0·58 wt % K2O). Episode 59 lava is remarkably aphyric (∼0·1 vol. % phenocrysts), making use of mineralogy to identify parent magma affinities problematic. Linear compositional trends of whole-rock major and trace elements, and reversely zoned olivine crystals indicate episode 59 lavas underwent magma mixing. Least squares regression calculations and plots of major and trace element data, were used to evaluate whether the episode 59 samples are products of mixing summit-derived magma with residual magma from previous Nāpau Crater area eruptions. The regression results and trace element ratios are inconsistent with previously proposed mixing scenarios, but they do support mixing between summit-derived magma and residual magma from the 1983 and 1997 Nāpau Crater area eruptions. These magmas were stored in physically and chemically distinct pods at depths of 1·6–3·0 km prior to mixing with new magma intruded from the summit to produce the episode 59 lava. One pod contained a fractionated equivalent of 1983 lava, and the other a hybrid of compositions similar to 1983 and 1997 lavas. The petrology of episode 59 lava demonstrates that magmas from two previous eruptions (1983 and 1997) were available to mix with magma intruded from the summit region. This study clarifies the pre-eruptive history of the mixed episode 59 lava, and elucidates the evolution of the volcano's magmatic system in a region of frequent eruptions.

Gas emissions from the resumption of eruptive activity at Kīlauea Volcano’s summit in December 2020.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christoph Kern ◽  
Patricia Nadeau ◽  
Tamar Elias ◽  
Peter Kelly ◽  
Allan Lerner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Sulfur Dioxide ◽  
Rift Zone ◽  
Lava Lake ◽  
Optical Absorption Spectroscopy ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
Gas Emissions ◽  
Ongoing Research ◽  
Volcanic Plumbing System ◽  
Lava Effusion

<p>Kīlauea Volcano (Hawaii, USA) had been in a state of quiescence since the end of the historic 2018 eruption on its lower East Rift Zone. Tapping the volcanic plumbing system at elevations around 300 m well below the volcano’s 1200 m summit, the 2018 eruption drained magma from the volcano’s summit reservoir and East Rift Zone, causing the drainage of a decade-old subaerial lava lake followed by widespread caldera collapse. Two years later, on the evening of 20 December 2020, the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) once again detected a glow within the now vastly deepened Halemaʻumaʻu Crater at Kīlauea’s summit. A new eruption had begun. Observations over the next few days revealed lava flowing from three vents in the wall of the crater and into its base. A water lake, which had formed in 2019 – 2020 from groundwater infiltration, boiled off within hours and the crater began rapidly filling with lava. Over the first 3 days of the eruption, the new lava lake filled the lowermost ~150 m of the summit crater, and sulfur dioxide (SO<sub>2</sub>) emission rates sometimes exceeded 30,000 metric tons per day (t/d) as measured by Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (DOAS) traverses recorded both from the ground and by helicopter. These vigorous SO<sub>2</sub> emissions were also clearly detected by the Tropospheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) aboard the Sentinal-5 Precursor satellite, and comparisons of the ground-based data with those collected by TROPOMI are the topic of ongoing research. Lava effusion and gas emission rates then tailed off and, from 26 December to 2 January, DOAS measurements indicated SO<sub>2</sub> emissions of ~5,000 t/d, similar to the average emission rate from Kīlauea’s summit lava lake throughout most of the volcano’s 2008-2018 eruption. Data from a continuous Multiple Gas Analyzer System (MultiGAS) installed approximately 1.3 km downwind of the active vents indicate that the carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) to SO<sub>2</sub> molar ratio of the emitted gas is low (0.3 ± 0.1), consistent with a model in which the erupted lava has been previously degassed in carbon dioxide but is only now degassing the more soluble sulfur as it reaches the surface. Further MultiGAS measurements performed with an unoccupied aircraft system (UAS) show that the gas composition varies throughout the emitted plume, but that the primary constituents are water vapor (~80-90% molar), carbon dioxide (~3%), and sulfur dioxide (~7-16%), while hydrogen sulfide is below the detection limit of the instrumentation. As of 11 January 2021, lava effusion and gas emissions appear to be slowly decreasing in vigor, but it is as yet unclear whether the eruption will continue to weaken and end within the coming weeks, or whether Kīlauea Volcano will once again harbor a sustained subaerial lava lake for months or years to come.</p>

scholarly journals Magmatic processes under Villarrica stratovolcano (Central Southern Volcanic Zone, Chile).

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Fugmann ◽  
Jacqueline Vander Auwera ◽  
Olivier Namur ◽  
Tonin Bechon ◽  
Olivier Bolle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mantle Wedge ◽  
Lava Lake ◽  
Major And Trace Elements ◽  
Geochemical Data ◽  
Volcanic Zone ◽  
Southern Volcanic Zone ◽  
Thermodynamic Simulations ◽  
Rapid Ascent ◽  
Thin Crust ◽  
Eruptive Centers

<p>Magmatic arcs are usually considered to be major sites of new continental crust formation. However, the detailed differentiation processes that produce the characteristic calc-alkaline trends are still controversial. More particularly, the depth of differentiation in the arc crustal column and possible changes during the lifespan of a volcano are current subject of discussion.</p><p>The Central Southern Volcanic Zone (CSVZ) in Chile is characterized by a thin crust (~ 35 km; Hickey-Vargas et al., 2016) and by the presence of a major dextral transpressional crustal scaled structure (Liquiñe-Ofqui Fault Zone), two features that favor a rapid ascent of magmas from the mantle wedge to the surface. Recent petrological data acquired on volcanoes of the CSZV further indicate that most of the differentiation takes place at about 0.2 GPa, a depth corresponding to a major intracrustal discontinuity. However, for Villarrica stratovolcano (VR; 39.3°S, 71.6°W), estimates suggest two depths of differentiation, respectively at 0.8 and 0.2 GPa (Morgado et al. 2015, 2017).</p><p>VR is one of the most active volcanoes in the Andean Cordilleras. Since the mid 80’s, it has been constantly degasing through an open conduit filled by a summit lava lake. Several Holocene, monogenetic small eruptive centers (SECs) surround VR which forms together with Quetrupillán and Lanin stratovolcanoes a NW-SE oriented chain. It gives thus a perfect opportunity to study how the mentioned features influence the differentiation processes, their corresponding depth and the observed differentiation trends. VR is mainly composed of basaltic andesites and basaltic lavas and pyroclasts with less andesitic lavas and minor dacitic – rhyodacitic domes, while rocks from Quetrupillán and Lanin are compositionally more evolved (e.g. Hickey-Vargas et al., 1989).</p><p>Here we present mineral compositions (plagioclase, olivine, clinopyroxene) and whole-rock (lavas, pyroclasts) geochemical data for different units of VR as well as for some nearby SECs (Los Nevados, Chaillupén, San Jorge). The WR data combined with published analyses define a single differentiation trend extending from ~50 – 71 wt.% SiO<sub>2</sub>, with a compositional “Daly” gap between 58 – 62 wt.% SiO<sub>2</sub>. Moreover, a few VR samples have high Mg# up to 62 (SiO<sub>2</sub> 50.3-52.6, MgO 7.98 wt.%) and a tholeiitic affinity (e.g. AFM, K<sub>2</sub>O/Yb vs. Ta/Yb). The most mafic, tholeiitic basalts found in the area where produced by the proximate San Jorge SEC (Mg# 69, SiO<sub>2</sub> 50.6, MgO 9.5 wt.%) and interpreted by McGee et al. (2019) as reflecting a deep, melt-exhausted region of the mantle wedge. Major- and trace elements data together with supportive mass balance modelling and thermodynamic simulations with rhyolite-MELTS imply fractional crystallization as a major differentiation process.</p>

The Effect of Pentosan Polysulphate (SP54) on the Fibrinolytic Enzyme System - A Human Volunteer and Experimental Animal Study

1985 ◽  
Vol 54 (04) ◽  
pp. 833-837 ◽  
Author(s):  
N A Marsh ◽  
P M Peyser ◽  
L J Creighton ◽  
M Mahmoud ◽  
P J Gaffney
Keyword(s):  
Plasminogen Activator ◽  
Surface Effect ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Vena Cava ◽  
Tissue Type ◽  
Similar Response ◽  
Small Contribution ◽  
Thrombosis Model ◽  
Pentosan Polysulphate

SummaryPentosan polysulphate causes an increase in plasminogen activator activity in plasma both after oral ingestion and after subcutaneous injection. The effect is greatest after 3 h and has disappeared by 6 h. Repeat doses by mouth over 5 days elicit a similar response. The recorded increase in activity is due largely to the release of tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) from the endothelium according to the antigen assay although there could be a small contribution from Factor XH-related “intrinsic” fibrinolysis induced in vitro. SP54 enhances activity ex vivo by a non-specific surface effect, and this phenomenon may contribute the increased levels of activity seen in vitro. Administration of SP54 to animals elicits a similar increase in activator activity, the intramuscular route being slightly more effective. Results with an inferior vena cava thrombosis model in the rat suggest that pentosan polysulphate may induce a thrombolytic effect.

Sebuah Generalisasi Baru Barisan Fibonacci-Lucas

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Musraini M Musraini M ◽  
Rustam Efendi ◽  
Rolan Pane ◽  
Endang Lily
Keyword(s):  
Recurrence Relation ◽  
Initial Conditions ◽  
Lucas Sequence ◽  
Binet’S Formula

Barisan Fibonacci dan Lucas telah digeneralisasi dalam banyak cara, beberapa dengan mempertahankan kondisi awal, dan lainnya dengan mempertahankan relasi rekurensi. Makalah ini menyajikan sebuah generalisasi baru barisan Fibonacci-Lucas yang didefinisikan oleh relasi rekurensi B_n=B_(n-1)+B_(n-2),n≥2 , B_0=2b,B_1=s dengan b dan s bilangan bulat  tak negatif. Selanjutnya, beberapa identitas dihasilkan dan diturunkan menggunakan formula Binet dan metode sederhana lainnya. Juga dibahas beberapa identitas dalam bentuk determinan.   The Fibonacci and Lucas sequence has been generalized in many ways, some by preserving the initial conditions, and others by preserving the recurrence relation. In this paper, a new generalization of Fibonacci-Lucas sequence is introduced and defined by the recurrence relation B_n=B_(n-1)+B_(n-2),n≥2, with ,  B_0=2b,B_1=s                          where b and s are non negative integers. Further, some identities are generated and derived by Binet’s formula and other simple methods. Also some determinant identities are discussed.

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