Impact of earthquakes and its dependence on magnitude: testing the Greek seismicity

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ioanna Triantafyllou ◽  
Gerassimos Papadopoulos ◽  
Efthimios Lekkas
Keyword(s):  
Time Interval ◽  
Environment Impact ◽  
Earthquake Catalogues ◽  
Earthquake Parameters ◽  
Gradual Improvement ◽  
Research And Innovation ◽  
Magnitude Conversion ◽  
Property Losses ◽  
Instrumental Period ◽  
Earthquake Impact

<p>Strong earthquakes cause significant impact on both the built and natural environment. Impact databases are of fundamental importance for seismic risk assessment in a region. Such data include human and property losses as well as secondary effects including ground failures and tsunamis. The earthquake impact, EI, depends on many factors, one of the most important being the earthquake magnitude, M. To test the dependence of EI on M we selected the Greek seismicity which is the highest in the Mediterranean region with record of earthquakes since the antiquity. Although various descriptive and parametric earthquake catalogues as well as inventories of intensity observation points are available for Greece no database for EI has been organized so far. For a first time we organized a Greek Earthquake Impact Database (GEID) which covers the time interval from 1800 to 2019 and includes earthquake parameters and three main quantitative impact elements: building damage, fatalities and injuries. Data on tsunami impact are also included in the GEID. A long number of sources have been utilized, some of them remaining unknown so far in the seismological community. To select the most appropriate magnitude for each earthquake event occurring in the instrumental period of seismology, i.e. from 1900 onwards, we compared the catalogues produced by the ISC-GEM and by three academic institutions. After completeness testing and examination for magnitude homogeneity we performed magnitude closeness analysis and produced formulas for magnitude conversion from one catalogue to another. For the 19<sup>th</sup> century earthquakes we again compared various catalogues, collected new data from documentary sources and compiled a new catalogue by re-calculating macroseismic magnitudes equivalent to Mw from intensity/M relations developed for Greek earthquakes of the instrumental period. We found that for single earthquake events the level of impact generally depends on magnitude but this is not valid for offshore events. However, the time distribution of the three impact elements over the period examined showed a relative decrease of the totally collapsed buildings which implied drastic decrease of the fatality rate but not of the injuries rate. This is attributed to the gradual improvement of the building construction particularly after the enforcement of antiseismic building codes in the country. Τhe first author was supported by the Hellenic Foundation for Research and Innovation (HFRI) and the General Secretariat for Research and Technology (GSRT), under the HFRI PhD Fellowship grant (GA. no. 490).</p>

scholarly journals A new earthquake catalogue for Bulgaria and the conterminous Balkan high hazard region

2007 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 345-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. J. Bayliss ◽  
P. W. Burton
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Hazard Assessment ◽  
Earthquake Catalogue ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Magnitude Conversion ◽  
Historical Catalogue ◽  
Balkan Area ◽  
High Hazard ◽  
Instrumental Period ◽  
Conversion Equation ◽  
International Seismological Centre

Abstract. A new homogenous earthquake catalogue covering Bulgaria and the surrounding Balkan area has been created with intention of performing a consistent seismic hazard assessment across the region. In keeping with modern requirements of cataloguing seismicity, this catalogue has been made homogenous as far as possible with regards to magnitude, which has been provided on any of four different reported scales for each event; mb, Ms, Mw and ML. A key historical catalogue for the region has been used to represent the early instrumental period of earthquake recording (1900 to 1963), whilst data have been obtained from the International Seismological Centre (ISC), National Earthquake Information Center (NEIC) and National Observatory of Athens (NOA) to cover the instrumental period of earthquake recording (1964 to 2004). ISC data have also been used to develop a new mb→Ms magnitude conversion equation for the catalogued region. Application of this new magnitude conversion relation, in combination with other selected magnitude scale correlations, ensures reported magnitudes can be systematically rendered onto homogenized Ms and Mw scales for all earthquakes. This catalogue contains 3681 events with homogenized magnitudes ≥4.0 Mw, for the time interval 1900 to 2004 (inclusive), located in the region bounded by 39°–45° N, 19°–29° E, at focal depths of 0.0 km to 401.0 km and in a magnitude range 4.0≤Mw≤7.2. Selected large magnitude (M≥6.0 Ms) earthquakes have had their reported magnitudes reassessed – and adjusted if necessary – in light of work by other authors. Applied statistical approaches aimed at determining the lower threshold to magnitude completeness suggest this catalogue is complete down to a homogenized surface-wave magnitude of 4.6 Ms.

scholarly journals Complementing regional moment magnitudes to GCMT: a perspective from the rebuilt International Seismological Centre Bulletin

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 1957-1985
Author(s):  
Domenico Di Giacomo ◽  
James Harris ◽  
Dmitry A. Storchak
Keyword(s):  
Body Wave ◽  
Moment Tensor ◽  
Specific Area ◽  
Centroid Moment Tensor ◽  
Earthquake Catalogues ◽  
Origin Time ◽  
Earthquake Parameters ◽  
Short Period ◽  
The Moment ◽  
International Seismological Centre

Abstract. Seismologists and geoscientists often need earthquake catalogues for various types of research. This input usually contains basic earthquake parameters such as location (longitude, latitude, depth, and origin time), as well as magnitude information. For the latter, the moment magnitude Mw has become the most sought after magnitude scale in the seismological community to characterize the size of an earthquake. In this contribution we provide an informative account of the Mw content for the newly rebuilt Bulletin of the International Seismological Centre (ISC, http://www.isc.ac.uk, last access: May 2021), which is regarded as the most comprehensive record of the Earth's seismicity. From this data, we extracted a list of hypocentres with Mw from a multitude of agencies reporting data to the ISC. We first summarize the main temporal and spatial features of the Mw provided by global (i.e. providing results for moderate to great earthquakes worldwide) and regional agencies (i.e. also providing results for small earthquakes in a specific area). Following this, we discuss their comparisons, by considering not only Mw but also the surface wave magnitude MS and short-period body wave magnitude mb. By using the Global Centroid Moment Tensor solutions as an authoritative global agency, we identify regional agencies that best complement it and show examples of frequency–magnitude distributions in different areas obtained both from the Global Centroid Moment Tensor alone and complemented by Mw from regional agencies. The work done by the regional agencies in terms of Mw is fundamental to improve our understanding of the seismicity of an area, and we call for the implementation of procedures to compute Mw in a systematic way in areas currently not well covered in this respect, such as vast parts of continental Asia and Africa. In addition, more studies are needed to clarify the causes of the apparent overestimation of global Mw estimations compared to regional Mw. Such difference is also observed in the comparisons of Mw with MS and mb. The results presented here are obtained from the dataset (Di Giacomo and Harris, 2020, https://doi.org/10.31905/J2W2M64S) stored at the ISC Dataset Repository (http://www.isc.ac.uk/dataset_repository/, last access: May 2021).

scholarly journals An investigation of five generation and regeneration industries using DEA

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Malek Hassanpour ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Time Interval ◽  
Data Envelopment ◽  
Friedman Test ◽  
Environment Impact ◽  
Dea Model ◽  
Environment Impact Assessment ◽  
Criteria Importance ◽  
Decision Making Model ◽  
Engineering Projects

The data envelopment analysis (DEA) has employed to figure out the efficiency of various engineering projects in the Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) plan and Post-EIA. The procedure allocated to comprise the input and output variables within industries by the present study. The study was used both weighing systems of the Friedman test and the CRiteria Importance Through Intercriteria Correlation (CRITIC) model in the estimation of DEA. The objective of the research sought to find the efficiency of industries for the time interval before the establishment of industries and in the screening step of identification of projects. The findings manifested a classification of industries based on the DEA model and in both weighing systems. Using different weighing systems creates different categories via DEA. Overall, the DEA model is an essential decision-making model in the screening step of EIA.

scholarly journals Time-predictable model applicability for earthquake occurrence in northeast India and vicinity

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 993-1002 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Panthi ◽  
D. Shanker ◽  
H. N. Singh ◽  
A. Kumar ◽  
H. Paudyal
Keyword(s):  
Active Regions ◽  
Northeast India ◽  
United States Geological Survey ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Plate Boundaries ◽  
Generation Model ◽  
Earthquake Occurrence ◽  
Earthquake Catalogues ◽  
Repeat Time ◽  
Earthquake Generation

Abstract. Northeast India and its vicinity is one of the seismically most active regions in the world, where a few large and several moderate earthquakes have occurred in the past. In this study the region of northeast India has been considered for an earthquake generation model using earthquake data as reported by earthquake catalogues National Geophysical Data Centre, National Earthquake Information Centre, United States Geological Survey and from book prepared by Gupta et al. (1986) for the period 1906–2008. The events having a surface wave magnitude of Ms≥5.5 were considered for statistical analysis. In this region, nineteen seismogenic sources were identified by the observation of clustering of earthquakes. It is observed that the time interval between the two consecutive mainshocks depends upon the preceding mainshock magnitude (Mp) and not on the following mainshock (Mf). This result corroborates the validity of time-predictable model in northeast India and its adjoining regions. A linear relation between the logarithm of repeat time (T) of two consecutive events and the magnitude of the preceding mainshock is established in the form LogT = cMp+a, where "c" is a positive slope of line and "a" is function of minimum magnitude of the earthquake considered. The values of the parameters "c" and "a" are estimated to be 0.21 and 0.35 in northeast India and its adjoining regions. The less value of c than the average implies that the earthquake occurrence in this region is different from those of plate boundaries. The result derived can be used for long term seismic hazard estimation in the delineated seismogenic regions.

Detection and tracking of atmospheric blocks: a Lagrangian flow network approach

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noémie Ehstand ◽  
Reik Donner ◽  
Cristóbal López ◽  
Emilio Hernández-García
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Heat Waves ◽  
Atmospheric Transport ◽  
Extreme Weather Events ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Atmospheric Blocking ◽  
Horizon 2020 ◽  
Research And Innovation

<p><span>In the past decades, boreal summers have been characterized by a number extreme weather events such as heat waves, droughts and heavy rainfall periods with significant social, economic and</span> <span>environmental impacts. One of the most outstanding</span> <span>examples</span> <span>occurred in the summer of 2010 when</span> <span>an anomalously strong heatwave persisted over Eastern Europe for several weeks while extreme rainfalls struck</span> <span>Pakistan, leading</span> <span>to the</span> <span>country’s worst floods in record history. Both </span>events were related to the presence of an anomalously persistent atmospheric blocking situation - that is a large-scale, nearly stationary, atmospheric pressure pattern - over <span>Eastern Europe</span>.</p><p><span>The high impact of blocking events has motivated numerous studies. However, there is not yet a comprehensive</span> <span>theory explaining their onset, maintenance and decay</span> <span>and their prediction</span> <span>remains a challenge. </span></p><p><span>In this work, we</span> <span>employ a Lagrangian dynamics based, complex</span> <span>network description of the atmospheric transport to study</span> <span>the connectivity</span> <span>patterns associated with</span> <span>atmospheric blocking events. The network is constructed by associating nodes</span> <span>to regions of the atmosphere and establishing links based on the flux of material between these nodes</span> <span>during a given time interval, as described in</span> <span>Ser-Giacomi et al. [1]. One can then</span> <span>use the tools and metrics developed in the context of graph theory to explore the atmospheric flow properties. In particular, we demonstrate the ability of measures such as the network degree, entropy and harmonic closeness centrality to</span> <span>trace the spatio-temporal characteristics of atmospheric blocking events.</span></p><p><span>[1] E. Ser-Giacomi, V. Rossi, C. López, E. Hernández-García, <em>Chaos</em> 25(3), 036404 (2015)</span></p><p><strong> </strong></p><p>This research was conducted as part of the CAFE Innovative Training Network (Climate Advanced Forecasting of sub-seasonal Extremes, http://www.cafes2se-itn.eu/) which has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 813844.</p>

scholarly journals Temporal Adaptive Changes in Contractility and Fatigability of Diaphragm Muscles from Streptozotocin-Diabetic Rats

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Brotto ◽  
Leticia Brotto ◽  
J.-P. Jin ◽  
Thomas M. Nosek ◽  
Andrea Romani
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Treatment ◽  
Contractile Function ◽  
Fiber Type ◽  
Calcium Sensitivity ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Gradual Improvement ◽  
Tetanic Force ◽  
Streptozotocin Induced Diabetes ◽  
Streptozotocin Diabetic Rats

Diabetes is characterized by ventilatory depression due to decreased diaphragm (DPH) function. This study investigated the changes in contractile properties of rat DPH muscles over a time interval encompassing from 4 days to 14 weeks after the onset of streptozotocin-induced diabetes, with and without insulin treatment for 2 weeks. Maximum tetanic force in intact DPH muscle strips and recovery from fatiguing stimulation were measured. An early (4-day) depression in contractile function in diabetic DPH was followed by gradual improvement in muscle function and fatigue recovery (8 weeks). DPH contractile function deteriorated again at 14 weeks, a process that was completely reversed by insulin treatment. Maximal contractile force and calcium sensitivity assessed in Triton-skinned DPH fibers showed a similar bimodal pattern and the same beneficial effect of insulin treatment. While an extensive analysis of the isoforms of the contractile and regulatory proteins was not conducted, Western blot analysis of tropomyosin suggests that the changes in diabetic DPH response depended, at least in part, on a switch in fiber type.

scholarly journals A survey of the past earthquakesin the Eastern Adriatic (14th to early 19th century)

2009 ◽  
Vol 47 (2-3) ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Albini
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Background Information ◽  
Historical Earthquake ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Earthquake Catalogues ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
Earthquake Parameters ◽  
Earthquake Records

Focusing on the Eastern Adriatic region, from Zadar in the north to Corfu in the south, the background information supporting our knowledge of the seismicity in the time-span 14th to early 19th century is discussed from the point of view of the historical earthquake records. The late 19th century seismological compilations turn out to be those responsible for the uneven spatial and temporal distribution of seismicity suggested by current parametric earthquake catalogues. This awareness asked for a comprehensive reappraisal of the reliability and completeness of the available historical earthquake records. This task was addressed by retrieving in the original version the information already known, by putting the records in the historical context in which they were produced, and finally by sampling historical sources so far not considered. Selected case histories have been presented in some detail also. This material altogether has shown that i) current parameterisation of past earthquakes in the Eastern Adriatic should be reconsidered in the light of a critically revised interpretation of the available records; ii) collecting new evidence in sources and repositories, not fully exploited so far, is needed. This should aim mostly at overcoming another limitation affecting the evaluation of full sets of earthquake parameters, that is the few observations available for each earthquake. In this perspective, an optimistic assessment of the potential documentation on this area is proposed.

scholarly journals Complementing regional moment magnitudes to GCMT: a perspective from the rebuilt ISC Bulletin

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Domenico Di Giacomo ◽  
James Harris ◽  
Dmitry A. Storchak
Keyword(s):  
Body Wave ◽  
Moment Tensor ◽  
Specific Area ◽  
Centroid Moment Tensor ◽  
Earthquake Catalogues ◽  
Origin Time ◽  
Earthquake Parameters ◽  
Short Period ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Work Done

Abstract. Seismologists and geoscientists in general often need earthquake catalogues for various types of research. This input usually contains basic earthquake parameters such as location (longitude, latitude, depth and origin time) as well as magnitude information. For the latter, the moment magnitude Mw has became the most sought after magnitude scale in the seismological community to characterize the size of an earthquake. In this contribution we provide an informative account of the Mw content for the newly rebuilt Bulletin of the International Seismological Centre (ISC, http://www.isc.ac.uk/), which is regarded as the most comprehensive record of the Earth's seismicity. From it, we extracted a list of hypocentres with Mw from a multitude of agencies reporting data to the ISC. We first summarize the main temporal-spatial features of the Mw provided by global agencies (i.e., providing results for moderate to great earthquakes worldwide) and regional ones (i.e., also providing results or small earthquakes in a specific area). Then we discuss their comparisons, not only by considering Mw but also the surface wave magnitude MS and short-period body wave magnitude mb. By using the Global Centroid Moment Tensor solutions as authoritative global agency, we identify regional agencies that best complement it and show examples of frequency-magnitude distributions in different areas obtained both from the Global Centroid Moment Tensor alone and complemented by Mw from regional agencies. The work done by the regional agencies in terms of Mw is fundamental to improve our understanding of the seismicity of an area and we call for the implementation of procedures to compute Mw in a systematic way in areas currently not well covered in this respect, such as vast parts of continental Asia and Africa. In addition, more studies are needed to clarify the causes of the apparent overestimation of global Mw estimations compared to regional Mw. Such difference is also observed in the comparisons of Mw with MS and mb. The results presented here are obtained from the dataset (Di Giacomo and Harris, 2020, https://doi.org/10.31905/J2W2M64S) stored at the ISC Dataset Repository (http://www.isc.ac.uk/dataset_repository/).

scholarly journals Millennial Record of Earthquakes in the Carpathian-Pannonian Region: Historical and Archaeoseismology

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 284-301
Author(s):  
Miklós Kázmér ◽  
Erzsébet Győri
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Hazard ◽  
Historical Data ◽  
Seismic Events ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Earthquake Catalogues ◽  
Earthquake Parameters ◽  
The Past ◽  
First Millennium ◽  
Eighteenth And Nineteenth Centuries ◽  
Short Essay

This is a short essay on earthquakes in the Carpathian-Pannonian region and its surroundings. Earthquakes have been recorded using seismographs since 1902 in Hungary. The relatively small number of seismic events and the long return period of major earthquakes make it necessary to use historical data in order to assess seismic hazard. Historical earthquake catalogues aim for exhaustiveness both in time and space, but they are limited by the lack of documentary data. A simple arithmetical assessment is provided to estimate our lack of knowledge of past seismic events. All destructive earthquakes of the twentieth century (above magnitude 5) are included in the catalogue (100%). Of the seismic events which took place in the seventeenth, eighteenth, and nineteenth centuries, only 23% are on record, while this figure drops to 4.6 percent for the eleventh–sixteenth centuries and 0.2 percent for the first millennium AD. On average, we have no information about 90% of the destructive earthquakes which occurred in the Carpathian-Pannonian region over the course of the past two millennia. According to both instrumental measurements and historical sources, there were relatively few earthquakes in the central era of the period of time in question. This era coincides roughly with the two centuries of Ottoman rule (the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries). Were there really few earthquakes over the course of these two centuries, or we do not have the relevant records? We contend that warfare resulted in the destruction of settlements and the annihilation of documents. Fragile historical documents can be supplemented by the study of robust edifices, an approach to the study of the past which is known as archaeoseismology. Evidence of damage and destruction can be identified, and earthquake parameters can be assessed. One can find evidence corroborating other sources indicating an earthquake (e.g. Savaria), and one can also identify traces of previously unknown seismic events (Visegrád). One can also assign intensity values to the existing historical records. Damage observed to a Roman road in Savaria, to the medieval donjon of Nagyvázsony offers support for our fundamental contention. In order to understand the seismic hazard that was faced in the Carpathian-Pannonian region, renewed study of historical sources and new archaeoseismological investigations are needed.

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