The ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter – First Martian Year in Orbit

The Trace Gas Orbiter, TGO, has in March 2020 concluded its first Martian year in its 400km, 74 degrees inclination, science orbit. It has been a highly successful year, starting with the rise, plateau and decay of the major Global Dust Storm in the summer of 2018. This has enabled interesting results to be derived on the water vapour distribution, dynamic behaviour and upward transport as a consequence of the dust storm. The characterisation of the minor species and trace gasses is continuing and a large number of profiles is produced every day. A dedicated search of methane has shown that there is no methane above an altitude of a few km, with an upper limit established at about 20 ppt (2&#8729;10-11). The solar occultation technique used by the spectrometers has definitely proven its strength, both for its high sensitivity and for its capability of making high resolution altitude profiles of the atmosphere. Climatological studies have been initiated and will become more important now that a full year has passed, even if the full potential will be visible only after a few Martian years of operation. The FREND instrument has characterised the hydrogen in the shallow sub-surface on a global scale at a spatial resolution much better than previous missions have been able. It has found areas at surprisingly low latitudes with significant amounts of sub-surface hydrogen, most likely in the form of water ice. The CaSSIS camera has made a high number of images over a large variety of targets, including the landing sites of the 2020 ESA and NASA rovers, Oxia Planum and the Jezero Crater. Stereo imaging has enabled topographic information and precise 3-D landscape synthesis.This presentation will summarise the highlights of the first Martian year and discuss planned activities for the near and medium term future.The ExoMars programme is a joint activity by the European Space Agency (ESA) and ROSCOSMOS, Russia. It consists of the ExoMars 2016 mission, launched 14 March 2016, with the Trace Gas Orbiter, TGO, and the Entry Descent and Landing Demonstrator, EDM, named Schiaparelli, and the ExoMars 2020 mission, to be launched in July/August 2020, carrying a Rover and a surface science platform to the surface of Mars.

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The ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter - First Martian Year in Orbit

10.5194/epsc2020-802 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Håkan Svedhem ◽

Oleg Korablev ◽

Igor Mitrofanov ◽

Daniel Rodionov ◽

Nicolas Thomas ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Surface Science ◽

Dust Storm ◽

European Space Agency ◽

High Sensitivity ◽

Daily Basis ◽

Global Scale ◽

Trace Gas ◽

Full Potential ◽

Water Ice ◽

Space Agency

The Trace Gas Orbiter, TGO, concluded its first Martian year in orbit in March 2020. It has been a highly successful Martian year, starting with the rise, plateau and decay of the major Global Dust Storm in the summer of 2018. This has enabled interesting results to be derived on the dynamic behaviour as a consequence of the dust storm. One of the significant observations is a strong upward transport of water vapour that has been found during this time. Characterisations of the minor species and trace gasses are continuing and large numbers of profiles are being produced on a daily basis. A dedicated search of methane has shown that there is no methane above an altitude of a few km, with an upper limit established at about 20 pptv (2&#8729;10-11).The solar occultation technique applied by the spectrometers has definitely proven its strength, both for its high sensitivity and for its capability of making high-resolution altitude profiles of several parameters in the atmosphere. Climatological studies, benefitting from the 400km, 74 degrees inclination non-solar synchronous orbit, have been initiated and will become more important now that a full year has passed, even if the full potential will be visible only after a few Martian years of operation. The FREND instrument has characterised the hydrogen in the shallow sub-surface on a global scale, at a spatial resolution much better than previous missions have been able to do. It has found areas at surprisingly low latitudes with significant amounts of sub-surface hydrogen, most likely in the form of water ice. The CaSSIS camera has made a high number of images over a large variety of targets, including the landing sites of the 2020 NASA and 2022 ESA rovers, Oxia Planum and the Jezero Crater. Stereo imaging has enabled topographic information and precise 3-D landscape synthesis.This presentation will summarise the highlights of the first Martian year and discuss planned activities for the near and medium term future.The ExoMars programme is a joint activity by the European Space Agency (ESA) and ROSCOSMOS, Russia. It consists of the ExoMars 2016 mission, launched 14 March 2016, with the Trace Gas Orbiter, TGO, and the Entry Descent and Landing Demonstrator, EDM, named Schiaparelli, and the ExoMars 2020 mission, to be launched in July/August 2020, carrying a Rover and a surface science platform to the surface of Mars.

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The ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter – Progress and future studies

10.5194/egusphere-egu21-16216 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Håkan Svedhem ◽

AnnCarine Vandaele ◽

Oleg Korablev ◽

Igor Mitrofanov ◽

Nicolas Thomas

Keyword(s):

Surface Science ◽

Dust Storm ◽

European Space Agency ◽

Daily Basis ◽

Global Scale ◽

Seasonal Effects ◽

Trace Gas ◽

Full Potential ◽

Water Ice ◽

Space Agency

The Trace Gas Orbiter, TGO, is now well into its second Martian year of operations. The first year has been a highly successful Martian year, starting with the rise, plateau and decay of the major Global Dust Storm in the summer of 2018. This has enabled interesting results to be derived on the dynamic behaviour as a consequence of the dust storm. A significant observations is the strong upward transport of water vapour that has been found during the dust storm. HCl has been detected for the first time in the Martian atmosphere, and characterisations of the other minor species and trace gasses are continuing. A large numbers of profiles are being produced on a daily basis. The dedicated search of methane is continuing and still shows that there is no methane above an altitude of a few km, with an upper limit established at about 20 pptv (2&#8729;10-11).We now have a full Martian year of observations after the Global dust storm, and seasonal effects can now be studied under normal conditions. Climatological studies, benefitting from the 400km, 74 degrees inclination non-solar synchronous orbit, have been initiated, even if the full potential will be visible only after a few Martian years of operation. The FREND instrument has characterised the hydrogen in the shallow sub-surface on a global scale, at a spatial resolution much better than previous missions have been able to do. It has found areas at surprisingly low latitudes with significant amounts of sub-surface hydrogen, most likely in the form of water ice. The CaSSIS camera has made a well above 15,000 of images over a large variety of targets, including the landing sites of the 2020 NASA and 2022 ESA rovers, Jezero Crater and Oxia Planum. Stereo imaging has enabled topographic information and precise 3-D landscape synthesis.This presentation will summarise the highlights and recent results and discuss planned activities for the near and medium term future.The ExoMars programme is a joint activity by the European Space Agency (ESA) and ROSCOSMOS, Russia. It consists of the ExoMars 2016 mission, launched 14 March 2016, with the Trace Gas Orbiter, TGO, and the Entry Descent and Landing Demonstrator, EDM, named Schiaparelli, and the ExoMars 2022 mission, to be launched in September 2022, carrying a Rover and a surface science platform to the surface of Mars.

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Validation of MIPAS IMK/IAA methane profiles

Atmospheric Measurement Techniques ◽

10.5194/amt-8-5251-2015 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 8 (12) ◽

pp. 5251-5261 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

A. Laeng ◽

J. Plieninger ◽

T. von Clarmann ◽

U. Grabowski ◽

G. Stiller ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Atmospheric Chemistry ◽

Michelson Interferometer ◽

European Space Agency ◽

Trace Gas ◽

Mixing Ratios ◽

Air Sampler ◽

Solar Occultation ◽

Space Agency ◽

Scanning Imaging ◽

Satellite Instruments

Abstract. The Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS) is an infrared (IR) limb emission spectrometer on the Envisat platform. It measures trace gas distributions during day and night, pole-to-pole, over an altitude range from 6 to 70 km in nominal mode and up to 170 km in special modes, depending on the measurement mode, producing more than 1000 profiles day−1. We present the results of a validation study of methane, version V5R_CH4_222, retrieved with the IMK/IAA (Institut für Meteorologie und Klimaforschung, Karlsruhe/Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia, Grenada) MIPAS scientific level 2 processor. The level 1 spectra are provided by the ESA (European Space Agency) and version 5 was used. The time period covered is 2005–2012, which corresponds to the period when MIPAS measured trace gas distributions at a reduced spectral resolution of 0.0625 cm−1. The comparison with satellite instruments includes the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment Fourier Transform Spectrometer (ACE-FTS), the HALogen Occultation Experiment (HALOE), the Solar Occultation For Ice Experiment (SOFIE) and the SCanning Imaging Absorption spectroMeter for Atmospheric CHartographY (SCIAMACHY). Furthermore, comparisons with MkIV balloon-borne solar occultation measurements and with air sampling measurements performed by the University of Frankfurt are presented. The validation activities include bias determination, assessment of stability, precision validation, analysis of histograms and comparison of corresponding climatologies. Above 50 km altitude, MIPAS methane mixing ratios agree within 3 % with ACE-FTS and SOFIE. Between 30 and 40 km an agreement within 3 % with SCIAMACHY has been found. In the middle stratosphere, there is no clear indication of a MIPAS bias since comparisons with various instruments contradict each other. In the lower stratosphere (below 25 km) MIPAS CH4 is biased high with respect to satellite instruments, and the most likely estimate of this bias is 14 %. However, in the comparison with CH4 data obtained from cryogenic whole-air sampler (cryosampler) measurements, there is no evidence of a high bias in MIPAS between 20 and 25 km altitude. Precision validation is performed on collocated MIPAS–MIPAS pairs and suggests a slight underestimation of its uncertainties by a factor of 1.2. No significant evidence of an instrumental drift has been found.

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The Global Water Body Layer from TanDEM-X Interferometric SAR Data

Remote Sensing ◽

10.3390/rs13245069 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (24) ◽

pp. 5069

Author(s):

Jose-Luis Bueso-Bello ◽

Michele Martone ◽

Carolina González ◽

Francescopaolo Sica ◽

Paolo Valdo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Water Body ◽

European Space Agency ◽

Water Layer ◽

Global Scale ◽

Data Set ◽

Primary Input ◽

Water Detection ◽

Space Agency ◽

Digital Elevation ◽

Global Water

The interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) data set, acquired by the TanDEM-X (TerraSAR-X add-on for Digital Elevation Measurement) mission (TDM), represents a unique data source to derive geo-information products at a global scale. The complete Earth’s landmasses have been surveyed at least twice during the mission bistatic operation, which started at the end of 2010. Examples of the delivered global products are the TanDEM-X digital elevation model (DEM) (at a final independent posting of 12 m × 12 m) or the TanDEM-X global Forest/Non-Forest (FNF) map. The need for a reliable water product from TanDEM-X data was dictated by the limited accuracy and difficulty of use of the TDX Water Indication Mask (WAM), delivered as by-product of the global DEM, which jeopardizes its use for scientific applications, as well. Similarly as it has been done for the generation of the FNF map; in this work, we utilize the global data set of TanDEM-X quicklook images at 50 m × 50 m resolution, acquired between 2011 and 2016, to derive a new global water body layer (WBL), covering a range from −60∘ to +90∘ latitudes. The bistatic interferometric coherence is used as the primary input feature for performing water detection. We classify water surfaces in single TanDEM-X images, by considering the system’s geometric configuration and exploiting a watershed-based segmentation algorithm. Subsequently, single overlapping acquisitions are mosaicked together in a two-step logically weighting process to derive the global TDM WBL product, which comprises a binary averaged water/non-water layer as well as a permanent/temporary water indication layer. The accuracy of the new TDM WBL has been assessed over Europe, through a comparison with the Copernicus water and wetness layer, provided by the European Space Agency (ESA), at a 20 m × 20 m resolution. The F-score ranges from 83%, when considering all geocells (of 1∘ latitudes × 1∘ longitudes) over Europe, up to 93%, when considering only the geocells with a water content higher than 1%. At global scale, the quality of the product has been evaluated, by intercomparison, with other existing global water maps, resulting in an overall agreement that often exceeds 85% (F-score) when the content in the geocell is higher than 1%. The global TDM WBL presented in this study will be made available to the scientific community for free download and usage.

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Martian Water Ice Clouds During the 2018 Global Dust Storm as Observed by the ACS‐MIR Channel Onboard the Trace Gas Orbiter

Journal of Geophysical Research Planets ◽

10.1029/2019je006300 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 125 (3) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

A. Stcherbinine ◽

M. Vincendon ◽

F. Montmessin ◽

M. J. Wolff ◽

O. Korablev ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dust Storm ◽

Trace Gas ◽

Ice Clouds ◽

Water Ice

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The operational cloud retrieval algorithms from TROPOMI on board Sentinel-5 Precursor

10.5194/amt-2017-128 ◽

2017 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Diego G. Loyola ◽

Sebastián Gimeno García ◽

Ronny Lutz ◽

Fabian Romahn ◽

Robert J. D. Spurr ◽

...

Keyword(s):

European Space Agency ◽

Recognition Algorithm ◽

Trace Gas ◽

Infrared Sensors ◽

Cloud Parameters ◽

Cloud Properties ◽

Low Clouds ◽

Space Agency ◽

Retrieval Algorithms ◽

Data Record

Abstract. This paper presents the operational cloud retrieval algorithms for the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) on board the European Space Agency Sentinel-5 Precursor (S5P) mission scheduled for launch in 2017. Two algorithms working in tandem are used for retrieving cloud properties: OCRA (Optical Cloud Recognition Algorithm) and ROCINN (Retrieval of Cloud Information using Neural Networks). OCRA retrieves the cloud fraction using TROPOMI measurements in the UV/VIS spectral regions and ROCINN retrieves the cloud top height (pressure) and optical thickness (albedo) using TROPOMI measurements in and around the oxygen A-band in the NIR. Cloud parameters from TROPOMI/S5P will be used not only for enhancing the accuracy of trace gas retrievals, but also for extending the satellite data record of cloud information derived from oxygen A-band measurements, a record initiated with GOME/ERS-2 over twenty years ago. Use of the oxygen A-band generates complementary cloud information (especially for low clouds), as compared to traditional thermal infrared sensors (as used in most meteorological satellites) that are less sensitive to low clouds due to reduced thermal contrast. The OCRA and ROCINN algorithms are integrated in the S5P operational processor UPAS (Universal Processor for UV/VIS/NIR Atmospheric Spectrometers), and we present here UPAS cloud results using OMI and GOME-2 measurements. In addition, we examine anticipated challenges for the TROPOMI/S5P cloud retrieval algorithms and we discuss the future validation needs for OCRA and ROCINN.

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The impact of the ozone effective temperature on satellite validation using the Dobson spectrophotometer network

10.5194/amt-2015-343 ◽

2016 ◽

Author(s):

M. E. Koukouli ◽

M. Zara ◽

C. Lerot ◽

K. Fragkos ◽

D. S. Balis ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Effective Temperature ◽

Scale Validation ◽

European Space Agency ◽

Correlation Coefficients ◽

Global Scale ◽

Post Process ◽

Space Agency ◽

The World ◽

Effective Temperatures ◽

The Impact

Abstract. The main aim of the paper is to demonstrate an approach for post-processing of the Dobson spectrophotometers total ozone columns [TOCs] in order to compensate for their known stratospheric effective temperature (Teff) dependency and its resulting effect on the usage of the Dobson TOCs for satellite TOCs validation. The Dobson observations employed are those routinely submitted to the World Ozone and UV Data Centre (WOUDC) of the World Meteorological Organization whereas the effective temperatures have been extracted from two sources: the European Space Agency, ESA, Ozone Climate Change Initiative, Ozone-CCI, GODFIT version 3 (GOME-type Direct FITting) algorithm applied to the GOME2/MetopA, GOME2A, observations as well as the one derived from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) outputs. Both temperature sources are evaluated utilizing co-located Ozonesonde measurements also retrieved from the WOUDC database. Both GODFIT_v3 and ECMWF Teffs are found to be unbiased against the ozonesonde observations and to agree with high correlation coefficients, especially for latitudes characterized by high seasonal variability in Teff. The validation analysis shows that, when applying the GODFIT_v3 effective temperatures in order to post-process the Dobson TOC, the mean difference between Dobson and GOME2A GODFIT_v3 TOCs moves from 0.63 &pm; 0.66 to 0.26 &pm; 0.46 % in the Northern Hemisphere and from 1.25 &pm; 1.20 to 0.80 &pm; 0.71 % in the Southern Hemisphere. The existing solar zenith angle dependency of the differences has been smoothed out, with near-zero dependency up to the 60 to 65° bin and the highest deviation decreasing from 2.38 &pm; 6.6 to 1.37 &pm; 6.4 % for the 80 to 85° bin. We conclude that the global scale validation of satellite TOCs against collocated Dobson measurements benefits from a post-correction using suitably estimated Teffs.

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First validation of Aeolus wind observations by airborne Doppler Wind Lidar measurements

10.5194/amt-2019-432 ◽

2020 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Benjamin Witschas ◽

Christian Lemmerz ◽

Alexander Geiß ◽

Oliver Lux ◽

Uwe Marksteiner ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Early Stage ◽

European Space Agency ◽

Global Scale ◽

Data Sets ◽

Random Errors ◽

Space Agency ◽

Lidar Measurements ◽

Wind Lidar ◽

German Aerospace ◽

First Time

Abstract. Soon after the launch of Aeolus on 22 August 2018, the first ever wind lidar in space developed by the European Space Agency (ESA) has been providing profiles of the component of the wind vector along the instrument's line-of-sight (LOS) on a global scale. In order to validate the quality of Aeolus wind observations, the German Aerospace Center (Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V., DLR) recently performed two airborne campaigns over Central Europe deploying two different Doppler wind lidars (DWL) on-board the DLR Falcon aircraft. The first campaign – WindVal III – was conducted from 5 November 2018 until 5 December 2018 and thus, still within the commissioning phase of the Aeolus mission. The second campaign – AVATARE (Aeolus Validation Through Airborne Lidars in Europe) – was performed from 6 May 2019 until 6 June 2019. Both campaigns were flown out of the DLR site in Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany. All together, 10 satellite underflights with 19 flight legs covering more than 7500 km of Aeolus swaths were performed and used to validate the early stage wind data product of Aeolus by means of collocated airborne wind lidar observations for the first time. For both campaign data sets, the statistical comparison of Aeolus data and the data of the reference lidar (2-µm DWL) on-board the Falcon aircraft shows enhanced systematic and random errors compared with the bias and precision requirements defined for Aeolus. In particular, the systematic errors are determined to be 2.1 m/s (Rayleigh) and 2.3 m/s (Mie) for WindVal III and −4.6 m/s (Rayleigh) and −0.2 m/s (Mie) for AVATARE. The corresponding random errors are determined to be 4.0 m/s (Rayleigh) and 2.2 m/s (Mie) for WindVal III, and 4.4 m/s (Rayleigh) and 2.2 m/s (Mie) for AVATARE. Potential reasons for those errors are analyzed and discussed.

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EXPLORING CLOUD-BASED PLATFORMS FOR RAPID INSAR TIME SERIES ANALYSIS

ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences ◽

10.5194/isprs-archives-xliii-b3-2021-171-2021 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol XLIII-B3-2021 ◽

pp. 171-176

Author(s):

A. Piter ◽

M. Vassileva ◽

M. Haghshenas Haghighi ◽

M. Motagh

Keyword(s):

European Space Agency ◽

Global Scale ◽

Synthetic Aperture ◽

Deformation Analysis ◽

Limiting Factor ◽

Time Deformation ◽

Space Agency ◽

Multi Temporal ◽

Sar Data ◽

Interferometric Sar

Abstract. The idea of near real-time deformation analysis using Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data as a response to natural and anthropogenic disasters has been an interesting topic in the last years. A major limiting factor for this purpose has been the non-availability of both spatially and temporally homogeneous SAR datasets. This has now been resolved thanks to the SAR data provided by the Sentinel-1A/B missions, freely available at a global scale via the Copernicus program of the European Space Agency (ESA). Efficient InSAR analysis in the era of Sentinel demands working with cloud-based platforms to tackle problems posed by large volumes of data. In this study, we explore a variety of existing cloud-based platforms for Multi-Temporal Interferometric SAR (MTI) analysis and discuss their opportunities and limitations.

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Ice clouds detection with NOMAD-LNO onboard ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter

10.5194/egusphere-egu21-14775 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Luca Ruiz Lozano ◽

Özgür Karatekin ◽

Véronique Dehant ◽

Giancarlo Bellucci ◽

Fabrizio Oliva ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Trace Gas ◽

Storm Event ◽

Ice Clouds ◽

Seasonal Behavior ◽

Water Ice ◽

The United Kingdom ◽

Space Agency ◽

Dust Storm Event ◽

Italian Space Agency ◽

Ice Detection

This work takes advantage of the NOMAD spectrometer observations, on board the 2016 ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter. ExoMars is an ESA-Roscosmos joint mission consisting of a rover and an orbiter (Trace Gas Orbiter - TGO). The Nadir and Occultation for Mars Discovery (NOMAD) is one of the four instruments on board TGO. The instrument is a suite of three spectrometers designed to observe the atmosphere and the surface of Mars in the UV, visible and IR. For this study, the Limb, Nadir and Occultation (LNO) channel, operating in the IR, is selected [1][2]. &#160;We focus on specific signatures in the [2.3 - 3.8 &#956;m] range of NOMAD-LNO in order to study the possible detection of clouds at these wavelengths in the infrared.For this study, we have selected the order 169 ([2611.8 nm - 2632.7 nm]) located in the vicinity of 2.7 &#181;m CO2/H2O ices absorption band. We search for the presence of ice clouds in MY 34 (LS = 150&#176; - 360&#176;) and MY 35 for observations with a solar zenith angle below 80 degrees.&#160; The detection method is adapted from Bellucci et al., 2019 [3] and L. Ruiz Lozano et al., 2020 [4]. &#160;The initial results indicate a number of detections in the Tharsis region consistent with the known &#8216;W&#8217; clouds [6][7].&#160; Finally, these results will be compared with the NOMAD-UVIS observations ([230 nm - 310 nm]) obtained at the same TGO orbits.Acknowledgements The NOMAD experiment is led by the Royal Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy (IASB-BIRA), assisted by Co-PI teams from Spain (IAA-CSIC), Italy (INAF-IAPS), and the United Kingdom (Open University). This project acknowledges funding by the Belgian Science Policy Office (BELSPO), the Belgian Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique &#8211; FNRS under grant number 30442502 (ET_HOME) and the FRIA, with the financial and contractual coordination by the ESA Prodex Office (PEA 4000103401, 4000121493), by Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (MCIU) and by European funds under grants PGC2018-101836-B-I00 and ESP2017-87143-R (MINECO/FEDER), as well as by UK Space Agency through grants ST/R005761/1, ST/P001262/1, ST/R001405/1 and ST/R001405/1 and Italian Space Agency through grant 2018-2-HH.0.&#160;References [1] A.C. Vandaele et al., 2015. Optical and radiometric models of the NOMAD instrument part I: the UVIS channel. Optics Express, 23(23):30028&#8211;30042. [2] E. Neefs et al., 2015. NOMAD spectrometer on the ExoMars trace gas orbiter mission: part 1&#8212;design, manufacturing and testing of the infrared channels. Applied optics, 54(28):8494&#8211;8520. [3] G. Bellucci et al., 2019. TGO/NOMAD Nadir observations during the 2018 global dust storm event, EPSC-DPS 2019 [4] L. Ruiz Lozano et al., 2020. Use of TGO-NOMAD nadir observations for ice detection, EPSC Abstracts, Vol. 14, Virtual EPSC 2020, EPSC2020-748. [5] M. Vincendon, et al., 2011. New near&#8208;IR observations of mesospheric CO2 and H2O clouds on Mars, J. Geophys. Res., 116, E00J02, doi:10.1029/2011JE003827. [6] J. L. Benson, et al., 2003. The seasonal behavior of water ice clouds in the Tharsis and Valles Marineris regions of Mars: Mars Orbiter Camera Observations, Icarus, Volume 165, Issue 1, 2003, Pages 34-52, ISSN 0019-1035, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0019-1035(03)00175-1.

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