Testing different methods for the extraction and purification of leaf and phloem sugars for oxygen isotope analysis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melanie Egli ◽  
Marco M. Lehmann ◽  
Nadine Brinkmann ◽  
Roland A. Werner ◽  
Matthias Saurer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Isotope ◽  
Isotope Analysis ◽  
Isotopic Signature ◽  
Phloem Tissue ◽  
Oxygen Isotope Fractionation ◽  
Isotopic Signatures ◽  
Extraction And Purification ◽  
Oxygen Isotopic ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact

<p>Oxygen isotope analysis of plant material, such as sugars in different tissues, provides an important tool to understand how plants function, interact with their environment and also cope with climate change. Knowing how to extract and purify carbohydrates without artificially altering their oxygen isotope ratio (<em>δ</em><sup>18</sup>O) is therefore essential.</p><p>We aimed to resolve the impact of different steps on sugars' <em>δ</em><sup>18</sup>O values during their extraction and purification from leaf and phloem tissue. More precisely, we investigated (1) different drying processes (oven- vs freeze-drying), and (2) how extraction and purification affect leaf sugars. To clearly see fractionation and exchange processes, these experiments were performed using <sup>18</sup>O-labelled water. We further examined (3) the influence of different EDTA media and immersion times to facilitate sugar exudation and subsequent yield from twig phloem tissue. Finally, we analysed (4) the sugar phloem composition, as well as the individual compounds’ carbon isotopic signatures (<em>δ</em><sup>13</sup>C).</p><p>Comparison of freeze- and oven-dried sugars showed lower <em>δ</em><sup>18</sup>O memory effects and more consistent oxygen isotopic signatures across different sugars, indicating lyophilisation as the more reliable method. The extraction and purification can be conducted without significant oxygen isotope fractionation. However, <sup>18</sup>O-depletion was observed when sugars were dissolved and dried multiple times. This suggests that additional dissolution and drying steps should best be avoided whenever possible. Different immersion times and exudation media during twig phloem extraction revealed to have a substantial influence on the phloem sugars' overall oxygen isotopic signature, their composition, and the individual compounds' <em>δ</em><sup>13</sup>C values.</p><p>Our research illustrates which precautions during sample preparation – from drying to extracting and purifying – need to be taken when plant sugars and their oxygen isotopic signature are of interest. Regarding the preservation of the phloem sugars' original <em>δ</em><sup>18</sup>O values and stabilising their composition (prevention of sucrose degradation) as much as possible, we recommend a short immersion time of approx. 1 hour. After a thorough initial rinse of the tissue, the sap should be eluted in pure water without any additives (no EDTA). This further reduces the possibility of hexoses to exchange oxygen with that of the surrounding water.</p>

scholarly journals C / N ratio, stable isotope (δ<sup>13</sup>C, δ<sup>15</sup>N), and <i>n</i>-alkane patterns of bryophytes along hydrological gradients of low-centred polygon of the Siberian Arctic

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Romy Zibulski ◽  
Felix Wesener ◽  
Heinz Wilkes ◽  
Birgit Plessen ◽  
Luidmila A. Pestryakova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Level ◽  
Isotopic Signature ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Specific Level ◽  
Δ13c And Δ15n ◽  
Lena River ◽  
Isotopic Signatures ◽  
Microbial Symbiosis ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The Individual

Abstract. Mosses are a major component of the arctic vegetation, particularly of wetlands. We present C / N ratio, δ13C and δ15N data of 400 moss samples belonging to 10 species that were collected along hydrological gradients within polygonal mires located on the southern Taymyr Peninsula and the Lena River delta in northern Siberia. Additionally, n alkane patterns of six of these taxa were investigated. The aim of the study is to see whether the inter- and intra-specific differences in biochemical and isotopic signatures are indicative of habitat with particular respect to water-level. Overall, we find high variability in all investigated parameters. The C / N ratios range between 15.4 and 70.4 (median: 42.9) and show large variations at intra-specific level. However, species preferring a dry habitat (xero-mesophilic mosses) show higher C / N ratios than those preferring a wet habitat (meso-hygrophilic mosses). We assume that this mainly originates from the association of mosses from wet habitats with microorganisms which supply them with nitrogen. Furthermore, because of the stability provided by water, they do not need to invest in a sturdy stem-structure and accordingly have lower C contents in their biomass. The δ13C values range between −37.0 and 22.5 ‰ (median = −27.8 ‰). The δ15N values range between −6.59 and +1.69 ‰ (median = 2.17 ‰).We find differences in δ13C and δ15N signatures between both habitat types and, for some species of the meso-hygrophilic group, a significant relation between the individual habitat water-level and isotopic signature was inferred as a function of microbial symbiosis. The n alkane distribution also shows differences primarily between xero-mesophilic and meso-hygrophilic mosses, i.e. having a dominance of n-alkanes with long (n-C29, n-C31) and intermediate chain lengths (n-C25), respectively. Overall, our results reveal that biochemical and isotopic signals of certain moss taxa from polygonal wetlands are characteristic of their habitat and can thus be used in (palaeo-)environmental studies.

scholarly journals Technical Note: A simple method for vaterite precipitation in isotopic equilibrium: implications for bulk and clumped isotope analysis

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 17361-17390 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Kluge ◽  
C. M. John
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Isotope ◽  
Isotope Fractionation ◽  
Isotope Analysis ◽  
Technical Note ◽  
Major Constituent ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Oxygen Isotope Fractionation ◽  
Clumped Isotope ◽  
Synthetic Precipitation ◽  
A Minor

Abstract. Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) plays an important role in the natural environment as a major constituent of the skeleton and supporting structure of marine life and has high economic importance as additive in food, chemicals and medical products. Pure CaCO3 occurs in the three different polymorphs calcite, aragonite and vaterite, whereof calcite is the most abundant and best characterized mineral. In contrast, little is known about the rare polymorph vaterite, in particular with regard to the oxygen isotope fractionation between H2O and the mineral. Synthetic precipitation of vaterite in the laboratory typically involves rapid processes and isotopic non-equilibrium, which excludes isotope studies focused on characterization of vaterite at equilibrium conditions. Here, we used a new experimental approach that enables vaterite mineral formation from an isotopically equilibrated solution. The solution consists of a ~ 0.007 mol L-1 CaCO3 solution that is saturated with NaCl at room temperature (up to 6.5 mol L-1). Vaterite precipitated as single phase or major phase (≥ 94%) in experiments performed between 23 and 91 °C. Only at 80 °C was vaterite a minor phase with a relative abundance of 27%. The high mineral yield of up to 235 mg relative to a total dissolved CaCO3 amount of 370 mg enables an investigation of the oxygen isotope fractionation between mineral and water, and the determination of clumped isotope values in vaterite.

scholarly journals Metabolic Routing of Dietary Nutrients in Birds: Effects of Dietary Lipid Concentration on δ13C of Depot Fat and Its Ecological Implications

The Auk ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 124 (3) ◽  
pp. 916-925 ◽  
Author(s):  
David W. Podlesak ◽  
Scott R. McWilliams
Keyword(s):  
Isotope Analysis ◽  
Isotopic Signature ◽  
Dietary Lipid ◽  
Dietary Lipids ◽  
Isotopic Signatures ◽  
Dietary Nutrients ◽  
High Lipid ◽  
Ecological Implications ◽  
Fat Stores ◽  
Dendroica Coronata

Abstract During migration, many songbirds eat primarily fruit while depositing fat. Given that some fruits contain mostly carbohydrate and others contain mostly lipid, the ability of birds to fatten may depend on the macronutrient composition of the fruit. Stable isotopes of carbon may be useful in determining the source of nutrients used for synthesizing fat, because the enzyme that regulates the transfer of carbon skeletons from carbohydrate into fat synthesis has a higher affinity for 12C than for 13C, whereas dietary lipids can be directly incorporated into animal fat. Thus, fat stores of animals that are synthesized directly from dietary lipid should have isotopic signatures similar to dietary lipid, whereas biosynthesis of fats from dietary carbohydrates should produce changes in isotopic signatures. We tested these predictions by manipulating the concentrations and isotopic signatures of macronutrients in diets fed to Yellow-rumped Warblers (Dendroica coronata). The δ13C of depot fat in birds fed high-lipid diets was similar to that of dietary lipid, whereas δ13C of depot fat in birds fed low-lipid diets indicated that a combination of dietary lipid and carbohydrate were used to synthesize depot fat. Models that incorporated 8% discrimination between dietary carbohydrate and depot fat consistently estimated the proportion of dietary lipid and carbohydrate routed into depot fat. Stable-isotope analysis of macronutrients in the diet of wild birds combined with estimates of the effects of diet composition on the isotopic signature of depot fat in birds offer a method to identify the relative importance of nutritional resources used by songbirds to deposit fat. Rutas Metabólicas de Nutrientes Dietarios en Aves: Efectos de la Concentración de Lípidos Dietarios sobre δ13C en los Depósitos de Grasa y sus Implicancias Ecológicas

Oxygen Isotope Fractionation and the Structure of Aqueous Alkali Halide Solutions

1977 ◽  
Vol 32 (12) ◽  
pp. 1419-1425 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Bopp ◽  
K. Heinzinger ◽  
A. Klemm
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Isotope ◽  
Isotope Effects ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Alkali Halides ◽  
Md Simulations ◽  
Ionic Species ◽  
Bulk Water ◽  
Oxygen Isotope Fractionation ◽  
Plausible Assumption ◽  
The Individual

Abstract The oxygen isotope effects between H2O and D2O solutions of various alkali-halides and the respective pure solvents have been measured by means of the CO2 equilibration technique. In general, the effects for H2O are smaller than those for D2O. With "hydration numbers" estimated from the angular distributions of the water dipoles around the ions obtained from MD-simulations and with the plausible assumption that in highly concentrated LiCl solutions the effect is purely cationic, the measured effects are separated into effects between the hydration shells of the individual ionic species (Li, Na, K, Cs, CI, Br, I) and bulk water. The cationic effects thus obtained are compared with the corresponding effects between free water-cation-pairs and bulk water calculated on the basis of the energy surfaces published by Kistenmacher et al. It is found that, in general, the trends coincide but the former effects are smaller than the latter ones.

scholarly journals A universal carbonate ion effect on stable oxygen isotope ratios in unicellular planktonic calcifying organisms

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 7575-7591
Author(s):  
P. Ziveri ◽  
S. Thoms ◽  
I. Probert ◽  
M. Geisen ◽  
G. Langer
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Isotope ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Planktonic Foraminifera ◽  
Seawater Temperature ◽  
Oxygen Isotopic Composition ◽  
Oxygen Isotope Fractionation ◽  
Oxygen Isotope Ratios ◽  
Extant Species ◽  
Oxygen Isotopic ◽  
New Biomarkers

Abstract. The oxygen isotopic composition (δ18O) of calcium carbonate of planktonic calcifying organisms is a key tool for reconstructing both past seawater temperature and salinity. The calibration of paloeceanographic proxies relies in general on empirical relationships derived from experiments on extant species. Laboratory experiments have more often than not revealed that variables other than the target parameter influence the proxy signal, which makes proxy calibration a challenging task. Understanding these secondary or "vital" effects is crucial for increasing proxy accuracy and possibly for developing new biomarkers. We present data from laboratory experiments showing that oxygen isotope fractionation during calcification in the coccolithophore Calcidiscus leptoporus and the calcareous dinoflagellate Thoracosphaera heimii is dependent on carbonate chemistry of seawater in addition to its dependence on temperature. A similar result has previously been reported for planktonic foraminifera, suggesting that the [CO32−] effect on δ18O is universal for unicellular calcifying planktonic organisms. The slopes of the δ18O/[CO32−] relationships range between −0.0243 (μmol kg−1)−1 (calcareous dinoflagellate T. heimii) and the previously published 0.0022 (μmol kg−1)−1 (non-symbiotic planktonic foramifera Orbulina universa), while C. leptoporus has a slope of 0.0048 (μmol kg−1)−1. We present a simple conceptual model, based on the contribution of δ18O-enriched HCO3− to the CO32− pool in the calcifying vesicle, which can explain the [CO32−] effect on δ18O for the different unicellular calcifiers. This approach provides a new insight into biological fractionation in calcifying organisms. The large range in δ18O/[CO32−] slopes should possibly be explored as a means for paleoreconstruction of surface [CO32−], particularly through comparison of the response in ecologically similar planktonic organisms.

Oxygen isotope fractionation between gypsum and its formation waters: Implications for past chemistry of the Kawah Ijen volcanic lake, Indonesia

2020 ◽  
Vol 105 (5) ◽  
pp. 756-763
Author(s):  
Sri Budhi Utami ◽  
Vincent J. van Hinsberg ◽  
Bassam Ghaleb ◽  
Arnold E. van Dijk
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Isotope ◽  
Isotope Fractionation ◽  
Historical Record ◽  
Oxygen Isotopic Composition ◽  
Volcanic Lake ◽  
Oxygen Isotope Fractionation ◽  
Crater Lakes ◽  
Oxygen Isotopic ◽  
Fractionation Factors ◽  
Kawah Ijen

Abstract Gypsum (CaSO4·2H2O) provides an opportunity to obtain information from both the oxygen isotopic composition of the water and sulfate of its formation waters, where these components are commonly sourced from different reservoirs (e.g., meteoric vs. magmatic). Here, we present δ18O values for gypsum and parent spring waters fed by the Kawah Ijen crater lake in East Java, Indonesia, and from these natural samples derive gypsum-fluid oxygen isotope fractionation factors for water and sulfate group ions of 1.0027 ± 0.0003‰ and 0.999 ± 0.001‰, respectively. Applying these fractionation factors to a growth-zoned gypsum stalactite that records formation waters from 1980 to 2008 during a period of passive degassing, and gypsum cement extracted from the 1817 eruption tephra fall deposit, shows that these fluids were in water-sulfate oxygen isotopic equilibrium. However, the 1817 fluid was &gt;5‰ lighter. This indicates that the 1817 pre-eruption lake was markedly different, and had either persisted for a much shorter duration or was more directly connected to the underlying magmatic-hydrothermal system. This exploratory study highlights the potential of gypsum to provide a historical record of both the δ18Owater and δ18Osulfate of its parental waters, and provides insights into the processes acting on volcanic crater lakes or any other environment that precipitates gypsum.

Oxygen isotopes of bovid teeth as archives of paleoclimatic variations in archaeological deposits of the Ganga plain, India

2004 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shikha Sharma ◽  
Michael M Joachimski ◽  
Heinz J Tobschall ◽  
Indra B Singh ◽  
Devi P Tewari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Isotope ◽  
Isotope Analysis ◽  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Isotope Ratios ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Ganga Plain ◽  
Cultural Changes ◽  
Bulk Oxygen ◽  
Oxygen Isotopic ◽  
Mammalian Teeth

Oxygen isotope analysis was performed on enamel phosphate of mammalian teeth from archaeological sites Kalli Pachchhim and Dadupur in the central Ganga plain and Charda in the northern Ganga plain. The bulk oxygen isotopic compositions of enamel phosphate from third molars (M3) of Bos indicus individuals belonging to different cultural periods were used to understand the climatic changes during the past 3600 cal yr B.P. Oxygen isotope ratios indicate humid conditions around 3600 cal yr B.P., followed by a trend toward drier conditions until around 2800 cal yr B.P. Then from 2500 to 1500 cal yr B.P. there is a trend toward higher humidity, followed by the onset of a dry period around 1300 cal yr B.P. The study of intratooth δ18O variations in teeth from different periods demonstrates that the monsoon seasonality was prominent. Spatial changes in the amount of annual rainfall are also reflected in the δ18O values. Teeth derived from areas with intense rainfall have lighter isotope ratios compared to teeth from regions receiving less rain, but they show similar seasonal patterns. The long-term paleoclimatic variations reflected by fluctuations in bulk δ18Op values from M3 teeth match well with the regional paleoenvironmental records and show a good correlation to the cultural changes that took place during this time span in Ganga plain.

scholarly journals A universal carbonate ion effect on stable oxygen isotope ratios in unicellular planktonic calcifying organisms

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 1025-1032 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Ziveri ◽  
S. Thoms ◽  
I. Probert ◽  
M. Geisen ◽  
G. Langer
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Isotope ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Planktonic Foraminifera ◽  
Seawater Temperature ◽  
Oxygen Isotopic Composition ◽  
Oxygen Isotope Fractionation ◽  
Oxygen Isotope Ratios ◽  
Extant Species ◽  
Oxygen Isotopic

Abstract. The oxygen isotopic composition (δ18O) of calcium carbonate of planktonic calcifying organisms is a key tool for reconstructing both past seawater temperature and salinity. The calibration of paloeceanographic proxies relies in general on empirical relationships derived from field experiments on extant species. Laboratory experiments have more often than not revealed that variables other than the target parameter influence the proxy signal, which makes proxy calibration a challenging task. Understanding these secondary or "vital" effects is crucial for increasing proxy accuracy. We present data from laboratory experiments showing that oxygen isotope fractionation during calcification in the coccolithophore Calcidiscus leptoporus and the calcareous dinoflagellate Thoracosphaera heimii is dependent on carbonate chemistry of seawater in addition to its dependence on temperature. A similar result has previously been reported for planktonic foraminifera, supporting the idea that the [CO32−] effect on δ18O is universal for unicellular calcifying planktonic organisms. The slopes of the δ18O/[CO32−] relationships range between –0.0243‰ (μmol kg−1)−1 (calcareous dinoflagellate T. heimii) and the previously published –0.0022‰ (μmol kg−1)−1 (non-symbiotic planktonic foramifera Orbulina universa), while C. leptoporus has a slope of –0.0048 ‰ (μmol kg−1)−1. We present a simple conceptual model, based on the contribution of δ18O-enriched HCO3− to the CO32− pool in the calcifying vesicle, which can explain the [CO32−] effect on δ18O for the different unicellular calcifiers. This approach provides a new insight into biological fractionation in calcifying organisms. The large range in δ18O/[CO32−] slopes should possibly be explored as a means for paleoreconstruction of surface [CO32−], particularly through comparison of the response in ecologically similar planktonic organisms.

scholarly journals Technical Note: A simple method for vaterite precipitation for isotopic studies: implications for bulk and clumped isotope analysis

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 3289-3299 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Kluge ◽  
C. M. John
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Isotope ◽  
Isotope Fractionation ◽  
Isotope Analysis ◽  
Technical Note ◽  
Major Constituent ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Oxygen Isotope Fractionation ◽  
Clumped Isotope ◽  
Synthetic Precipitation ◽  
A Minor

Abstract. Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) plays an important role in the natural environment as a major constituent of the skeleton and supporting structure of marine life and has high economic importance as an additive in food, chemicals and medical products. Anhydrous CaCO3 occurs in the three different polymorphs calcite, aragonite and vaterite, whereof calcite is the most abundant and best characterized mineral. In contrast, little is known about the rare polymorph vaterite, in particular with regard to the oxygen isotope fractionation between H2O and the mineral. Synthetic precipitation of vaterite in the laboratory typically involves rapid processes and isotopic non-equilibrium, which excludes isotope studies focused on the characterization of vaterite under equilibrium conditions. Here, we used a new experimental approach that enables vaterite mineral formation from an isotopically equilibrated solution. The solution consists of a ~0.007 mol L−1 CaCO3 solution that is saturated with NaCl at room temperature (up to 6.4 mol L−1). Vaterite precipitated as single phase or major phase (≥94%) in experiments performed between 23 and 91 °C. Only at 80 °C was vaterite a minor phase with a relative abundance of 27%. The high mineral yield per experiment of up to 235 mg relative to the initially dissolved CaCO3 amount of on average 360 mg enables an investigation of the oxygen isotope fractionation between the mineral and water, and the determination of clumped isotope values in vaterite.

scholarly journals Whisker isotopic signature depicts migration patterns and multi-year intra- and inter-individual foraging strategies in fur seals

2009 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 830-832 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Cherel ◽  
L. Kernaléguen ◽  
P. Richard ◽  
C. Guinet
Keyword(s):  
Population Level ◽  
Isotopic Signature ◽  
Trophic Niche ◽  
Foraging Strategies ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Dietary History ◽  
Isotopic Signatures ◽  
Fur Seals ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Antarctic Fur Seals

The movement and dietary history of individuals can be studied using stable isotope records in archival keratinous tissues. Here, we present a chronology of temporally fine-scale data on the trophic niche of otariid seals by measuring the isotopic signature of serially sampled whiskers. Whiskers of male Antarctic fur seals breeding at the Crozet Islands showed synchronous and regular oscillations in both their δ 13 C and δ 15 N values that are likely to represent their annual migrations over the long term (mean 4.8 years). At the population level, male Antarctic fur seals showed substantial variation in both δ 13 C and δ 15 N values, occupying nearly all the ‘isotopic space’ created by the diversity of potential oceanic habitats (from high Antarctica to the subtropics) and prey (from Antarctic krill to subantarctic and subtropical mesopelagic fishes). At the individual level, whisker isotopic signatures depict a large diversity of foraging strategies. Some seals remained in either subantarctic or Antarctic waters, while the migratory cycle of most animals encompassed a wide latitudinal gradient where they fed on different prey. The isotopic signature of whiskers, therefore, revealed new multi-year foraging strategies of male Antarctic fur seals and is a powerful tool for investigating the ecological niche during cryptic stages of mammals' life.

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