Monitoring of E. coli and Enterococci in Lake Michigan Beach Sand

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jin Li ◽  
Brett Bevers ◽  
Nabila Nafsin ◽  
Qian Liao
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Lake Michigan ◽  
Indicator Bacteria ◽  
Beach Sand ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Sampling Duration ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Mean Concentration

<p>Excessive fecal indicator bacteria concentration leads to swimming advisories that are very common to freshwater beaches. To evaluate the concentration and interaction of indicator bacteria in beach sand and water and to examine the factors that affect bacteria concentration, a study was undertaken at Bradford beach, Milwaukee county on the shore of Lake Michigan. In this research, results from monitoring of E. coli and Enterococci in sand and water from Lake Michigan beach were presented. Bacteria counts were obtained using the IDEXX Most Probable Number (MPN) method. An attempt was made to establish a direct ratio of bacteria counts between the two most common eluents used to detach bacteria from sand, i.e., deionized water (DI) and phosphate buffered saline (PBS). The beach sand bacteria count was analyzed using the EPA CANARY event detection software to identify the onset of periods of anomalous water quality. Analysis of beach sand from this study show that for E. coli, it may be possible to establish a relationship between the results generated using two eluents. Results from the model indicates that sand can be a better potential reservoir for indicator bacteria survival than water as a source. The results also show that CANARY may be useful as an early warning system for monitoring beach contamination and may help to identify any abnormal condition very quickly. Also, in this study, the factors that contributed to the high concentration of bacteria resulting in abnormal water quality events are examined which are the impact of Algae in beach water sample and the rainfall effect during the overall month of sampling duration. CANARY software can best indicate the impact of the presence of Algae on bacteria concentration. The analysis of rainfall effect on bacteria concentration was done using statistical software by determining the significance (p-value) between the seasonal mean concentration of E. coli and the mean concentration of E. coli during the sampling duration and from the analyses it is evaluated that rainfall does affect the bacteria concentration. Moreover, the correlation coefficient indicates greater impact of rainfall event on bacteria concentration relative to the presence of Algae level. Regression analysis was also done to estimate the best model that describes the relation between E. coli and water temperature resulting in weak negative linear relationship between the variables.</p>

scholarly journals Occurrence of Escherichia coli and Enterococci in Cladophora (Chlorophyta) in Nearshore Water and Beach Sand of Lake Michigan

2003 ◽  
Vol 69 (8) ◽  
pp. 4714-4719 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard L. Whitman ◽  
Dawn A. Shively ◽  
Heather Pawlik ◽  
Meredith B. Nevers ◽  
Muruleedhara N. Byappanahalli
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Lake Michigan ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
Indicator Bacteria ◽  
Beach Sand ◽  
Cladophora Glomerata ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Fecal Indicator ◽  
E Coli

ABSTRACT Each summer, the nuisance green alga Cladophora (mostly Cladophora glomerata) amasses along Lake Michigan beaches, creating nearshore anoxia and unsightly, malodorous mats that can attract problem animals and detract from visitor enjoyment. Traditionally, elevated counts of Escherichia coli are presumed to indicate the presence of sewage, mostly derived from nearby point sources. The relationship between fecal indicator bacteria and Cladophora remains essentially unstudied. This investigation describes the local and regional density of Escherichia coli and enterococci in Cladophora mats along beaches in the four states (Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana, and Michigan) bordering Lake Michigan. Samples of Cladophora strands collected from 10 beaches (n = 41) were assayed for concentrations of E. coli and enterococci during the summer of 2002. Both E. coli and enterococci were ubiquitous (up to 97% occurrence), with overall log mean densities (± standard errors) of 5.3 (± 4.8) and 4.8 (± 4.5) per g (dry weight). E. coli and enterococci were strongly correlated in southern Lake Michigan beaches (P < 0.001, R 2 = 0.73, n = 17) but not in northern beaches (P = 0.892, n = 16). Both E. coli and enterococci survived for over 6 months in sun-dried Cladophora mats stored at 4°C; the residual bacteria in the dried alga readily grew upon rehydration. These findings suggest that Cladophora amassing along the beaches of Lake Michigan may be an important environmental source of indicator bacteria and call into question the reliability of E. coli and enterococci as indicators of water quality for freshwater recreational beaches.

Sand, soil, and pigeon droppings: sources of indicator bacteria in the waters of Hanauma Bay, Oahu, Hawaii

1995 ◽  
Vol 31 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 251-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robin Oshiro ◽  
Roger Fujioka
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Indicator Bacteria ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Beach Sand ◽  
Sand Soil ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Pigeon Droppings ◽  
Sand Land ◽  
Land Runoff

To investigate the deteriorating bacteriological water quality of Hanauma Bay, Hawaii, samples of shoreline water, sand, land runoff, and mongoose and pigeon droppings were analysed for fecal coliforms, E. coli and enterococci. The results indicate that the major sources contributing to periodic high levels of bacteria in the waters of the Bay are contaminants of the beach sand, such as pigeon feces.

scholarly journals Bacteriological Quality of Drinking Water in Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

2015 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Javid Ali ◽  
Said Hassan ◽  
Dr Ziaurahman ◽  
Inayat Ur Rahman ◽  
Sadhair Abbas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Micro Organisms

The present study was aimed to isolate and identify micro-organisms load of drinking water of Mardan city, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan. A total of 27 samples of drinking water were collected from different locations of the study area. Total Plate Count was determined by pour plate method, while total coliforms, total fecal coliforms and E. coli were determined by multiple tube fermentation method. Of the total collected samples, 17 (62.96%) samples were contaminated with either one or more than one type of microorganisms. The results of most probable number test showed that 13 (48.15%) samples were unsatisfactory. It was concluded that the water should be treated before consumption for drinking purpose. Regular assessment of the water quality is recommended as regular monitoring of the water quality for improvement not only prevents disease and hazards but also checks the water resources from becoming further polluted. ECOPRINT 21: 1-6, 2014DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/eco.v21i0.11897

Microbiological Food Safety Status of Commercially Produced Tomatoes from Production to Marketing

2016 ◽  
Vol 79 (3) ◽  
pp. 392-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
BRIGITTE N. van DYK ◽  
WILLEKE de BRUIN ◽  
ERIKA M. du PLESSIS ◽  
LISE KORSTEN
Keyword(s):  
Food Safety ◽  
Salmonella Typhimurium ◽  
Contact Surface ◽  
Personal Hygiene ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Source Water ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Processing Facility ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACT Tomatoes have been implicated in various microbial disease outbreaks and are considered a potential vehicle for foodborne pathogens. Traceback studies mostly implicate contamination during production and/or processing. The microbiological quality of commercially produced tomatoes was thus investigated from the farm to market, focusing on the impact of contaminated irrigation and washing water, facility sanitation, and personal hygiene. A total of 905 samples were collected from three large-scale commercial farms from 2012 through 2014. The farms differed in water sources used (surface versus well) and production methods (open field versus tunnel). Levels of total coliforms and Escherichia coli and prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella Typhimurium were determined. Dominant coliforms were identified using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. No pathogens or E. coli were detected on any of the tomatoes tested throughout the study despite the high levels of coliforms (4.2 to 6.2 log CFU/g) present on the tomatoes at the market. The dominant species associated with tomatoes belonged to the genera Enterobacter, Klebsiella, and Citrobacter. Water used on the farm for irrigation considered not fit for purpose according to national agricultural irrigation standards, with high E. coli levels resulting from either a highly contaminated source water (river water at 3.19 log most probable number [MPN]/100 ml) or improper storage of source water (stored well water at 1.72 log MPN/100 ml). Salmonella Typhimurium was detected on two occasions on a contact surface in the processing facility of the first farm in 2012. Contact surface coliform counts were 2.9 to 4.8 log CFU/cm2. Risk areas identified in this study were water used for irrigation and poor sanitation practices in the processing facility. Implementation of effective food safety management systems in the fresh produce industry is of the utmost importance to ensure product safety for consumers.

Environmental Dust Exposure as a Factor Contributing to an Increase in Escherichia coli O157 and Salmonella Populations on Cattle Hides in Feedyards

2008 ◽  
Vol 71 (10) ◽  
pp. 2078-2081 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. F. MILLER ◽  
G. H. LONERAGAN ◽  
D. D. HARRIS ◽  
K. D. ADAMS ◽  
J. C. BROOKS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Positive Sample ◽  
Dust Exposure ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Escherichia Coli O157 ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Airborne Dust ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Dust Generation ◽  
The Impact

A study was conducted to determine the impact of exposure to dust in the cattle load-out area in feedyards on pathogen contamination of cattle hides. A total of 250 cattle hides were sampled during summer and fall months, which are associated with elevated prevalence of Escherichia coli O157 in West Texas. Animals were removed from their home pens and restrained in a chute and sampled prior to exposure to dust generated as a result of a simulated loading exercise. The cattle hides were sampled again after exposure to the loading dust to determine total numbers of pathogens on cattle hides on leaving their home pen (before loading) and on cattle hides after exposure to the dust in the loading area. Air and dirt samples from the home pens and the cattle load-out area were also collected. The presence of E. coli O157 and Salmonella was determined in all the samples, and when a positive sample was identified, the total numbers of these bacteria present were enumerated. The total numbers of pathogens increased after dust exposure; Salmonella counts increased from 1.09 log most probable number (MPN)/cm2 to 1.74 log MPN/cm2 after exposure, and E. coli O157 counts increased from 0.80 to 2.35 log MPN/cm2 after sampling. E. coli O157 and Salmonella were recovered from the air samples during dust generation at 6.66 and 11.1%, respectively. Salmonella and E. coli O157 prevalence was not changed and was not associated with the exposure to the dust. Results indicate airborne dust generated as a result of cattle movement and loading could be an important determining factor in total numbers of pathogens recovered on cattle hides.

Effect of Stress and Resuscitation on Recovery of Indicator Bacteria from Foods Using Hydrophobic Grid-Membrane Filtration

1982 ◽  
Vol 45 (14) ◽  
pp. 1326-1331 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. H. BRODSKY ◽  
P. BOLESZCZUK ◽  
P. ENTIS
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Membrane Filter ◽  
Indicator Bacteria ◽  
Poultry Meat ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Indicator Organism ◽  
Plate Method ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Raw Poultry

The effects of stress and resuscitation on selective enumeration of coliforms, Escherichia coli and enterococci in mechanically deboned raw poultry meat and in dried foods were studied using a hydrophobic grid membrane filter (HGMF) technique. The effects of four different stresses, sublethal heating, freezing, acid pH and drying, were examined on 25 to 30 samples per indicator organism for each type of stress. Counts obtained with resuscitation were compared statistically to direct selective counts for each series of samples. Also, both the direct and resuscitative HGMF results were compared to a 5-tube most probable number method for coliforms and E. coli and to a spread plate method for the enterococci. The use of appropriate resuscitation procedures not only produced a significant increase in counts over the direct HGMF procedure, but also yielded HGMF results that were statistically equivalent to those obtained by conventional methods.

scholarly journals Microbiological monitoring of seawater and sand of beaches Matinhos, Caiobá e Guaratuba-PR, Brazil

2014 ◽  
Vol 36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sumaia Andraus ◽  
Ida Chapaval Pimentel ◽  
Jair Alves Dionísio
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Water Quality ◽  
Health Conditions ◽  
Beach Sand ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Sampling Point ◽  
Chromogenic Substrate ◽  
Fluorogenic Substrate ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Bathing Water Quality

This research aimed to verify the health conditions of seawater and beach sand in the beaches of Matinhos, Caiobá and Guaratuba in Paraná, summer 2004/2005. Total Coliforms (TC), Escherichia coli (EC) and Enterococci (ENT) parameters were evaluated. TC, EC, ENT densities were determined by the Multiple Tube Method and estimated by the most probable number (MPN) using, in that order, chromogenic substrate (X-GAL), fluorogenic substrate MUG, and chromogenic substrate (X-GLU). Only the beaches of Matinhos (sampling point MS5) and Guaratuba (sampling point GA6) have shown bathing water quality. Dry sand presented higher contamination than wet sand, 69.4% and 54.2% respectively. Among the indicators, Enterococci was the most restrictive where 51.4% of the water and 100% of the sand (wet and dry) samples were disqualifieda.

scholarly journals Purification Effect Evaluation of the Designed New Volcanic Soil Adsorption Material Containing Bioreactor for Eutrophic Water Treatment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huiling Fu ◽  
Linxian Ding ◽  
Jingyu Zhai ◽  
Xue-song Wang
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Water Quality Parameters ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Removal Rates ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Eutrophic Water ◽  
Vbnc Bacteria ◽  
The Impact

Abstract To investigate the purification effect of the new adsorption material containing bioreactor and the critical role of non-culture (VBNC) bacteria in eutrophication ecosystem, major water quality parameters and microbial community were determined and analyzed in prepared eutrophic water for 2 years monitoring. The results showed that removal rates of total phosphorus (TP), total nitrogen (TN), chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) ranged of 90.7% - 95.9%, 84.5% - 92.4%, 87.9% - 95.8% and 68.3% - 82.7%, respectively, indicating the designed bioreactor possessed high efficiency in eutrophic water treatment. Although the bioreactor had been operated for 2 years, water from treatment group was more clearer and odorless than control group, exhibiting the long service life of the bioreactor. Stopping operation in August caused the removal rates of major water quality parameters significantly decrease (p < 0.05), revealing stopping operation and high temperature in Summer exerted dual effect on the bioreactor, whereas the impact could be minimized when the bioreactor was running. According to most probable number (MPN) method, the total bacteria under +Rpf treatment were higher than under -Rpf treatment, implying Rpf could resuscitate VBNC bacteria in eutrophication ecosystem. Nine VBNC bacteria were isolated based on the BLAST results of 16S rRNA gene, and these bacteria might contribute to eutrophic water treatment based on their functions, such as phosphorus-collecting and denitrification. Those results provided new insights for engineering technology innovation and had benefit in eutrophic water treatment.

scholarly journals Escherichia Coli Content in Refill Drinking Water (AMIU) in Samatiga District, West Aceh Regency

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 6
Author(s):  
Azwar Azwar ◽  
Safrida Safrida ◽  
Yarmaliza Yarmaliza ◽  
Fitrah Reynaldi ◽  
Arfah Husna
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
World Health ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Escherichia Coli Bacteria

The quality of drinking water supply must be guaranteed. The WHO (World Health Organization) determines water quality by means of E. Coli bacteria. Based on the Minister of Health Regulation No. 492 / MENKES / PER / IV / 2010 The maximum permissible content of E. Coli in drinking water is 0 per 100 ml. The presence of E. coli in water is an indicator of human and animal fecal pollution that can cause diarrhea and even death. Selection of Refillable Drinking Water (AMIU) as an alternative to fulfill drinking water needs is a risk that can endanger health if the quality of AMIU is added if consumers do not pay attention to safety and hygiene. This study aims to see the content of E. coli in Refill Drinking Water (AMIU) in Samatiga District, West Aceh Regency. This research is experimental with cross sectional design using quantitative laboratory examination with the Most Probable Number (MPN) method. The population in this study were all refill drinking water depots that did not have a drinking certificate in Samatiga District, West Aceh Regency. The research sample used a total sampling method of 7 refill drinking water depots. The results of the analysis showed that from all samples as many as 6 samples (85.71%) tested positive for Escherichia coli bacteria and 1 sample (14.29%) tested negative for Escherichia coli bacteria. Based on the calculation of the number of colonies with the MPN / 100 ml table then comparing with the requirements of the Regulation of the Minister of Health of the Republic of Indonesia Number 492 / Menkes / Per / IV / 2010 concerning drinking water quality requirements that the 6 samples tested positive were not suitable for consumption.

scholarly journals Occurrence and correlations between coliphages and anthropogenic viruses in the Massachusetts Bay using enrichment and ICC-nPCR

2005 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicola A. Ballester ◽  
Justin H. Fontaine ◽  
Aaron B. Margolin
Keyword(s):  
Cell Culture ◽  
Sewage Treatment Plant ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Enteric Viruses ◽  
Indicator Bacteria ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Anthropogenic Contamination ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Single Agar

We evaluated a two-step enrichment procedure to detect coliphages and an integrated cell culture-nested polymerase chain reaction (ICC-nPCR) to detect human astrovirus, enteroviruses, rotavirus and adenovirus type 40 and 41 in marine water samples collected by the Massachusetts Water Resource Authority (MWRA). MWRA has been monitoring its receiving waters for coliphages, anthropogenic viruses and indicator bacteria in order to evaluate the impact of Boston's Deer Island Sewage Treatment Plant discharge. Coliphages and enteric viruses were originally assayed using single agar overlay and most probable number cell culture (MPN) methods, respectively. Reanalysis of these samples for enteric viruses by ICC-nPCR demonstrated that 46% were positive for at least one virus compared with 23% with the MPN method. Use of the enrichment method showed a 47% increase in the detection of male specific and somatic coliphages compared with the single agar overlay method. Correlations between the presence of coliphages, enteric viruses and indicator bacteria were based on proximity to the treatment plant discharge, seasonal variations and site levels. The presence of enteric viruses was significantly correlated to coliphages but not to indicator bacteria. Preliminary comparative results demonstrate that effective and efficient monitoring of anthropogenic contamination can be achieved using these more sensitive and specific techniques.

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